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NABLUS Skip to content Filistin’de tarihî bir şehir.
Kudüs’ün kuzeyinde, 881 m. yükseklikteki Tûr (Gerizîm) ile yüksekliği 940 m. olan Selîmiye (Îbal) dağları arasında kuzeybatı-güneydoğu doğrultusunda uzanan bir vadide kurulmuştur. Doğu-batı ve kuzey-güney ticaret güzergâhında bulunması, stratejik konumu ve su kaynaklarının bolluğu sayesinde tarih boyunca önemli bir yerleşim merkezi olmuştur. Şehrin adı, milâttan sonra 70 yılında Kudüs’ü yahudilerden alan Roma İmparatoru Flavius Vespasianus şerefine 72’de kurulan ve Flavius hânedanına nisbetle Flavia Grekçe Neapolis (yeni şehir) kelimelerinden oluşan Flavia Neapolis’e dayanır. Tevrat’ta geçen ve Nablus’la (Nâbulus) aynı yer olduğu iddia edilen Şekim şehri ise daha eski bir yerleşim merkezi olup günümüzde Nablus’a bağlı Balâta köyü mevkiindedir.
Nablus’un bulunduğu bölgenin bilinen ilk sakinleri Ken‘ânîler’dir. Milâttan önce II. binyılda İsrâiloğulları’nın bölgeyi işgal etmesiyle Ke‘nânîler hâkimiyeti sona erdi. Şehir, milâttan önce X. yüzyılda Kudüs merkezli İsrâiloğulları yönetimine karşı çıkan ve giderek farklı bir yahudi mezhebine dönüşen Sâmirîler’in eline geçti. Milâttan önce VIII. yüzyılda Asurlular’ın bölgeyi ele geçirmesi ve Sâmirî ileri gelenlerini sürgüne göndermesine rağmen geride kalanlar sonraki asırlarda siyasî güçlerini arttırmayı başardılar. Asırlarca Sâmirîler’in yoğun biçimde yaşadıkları ve siyasî hâkimiyetlerini devam ettirdikleri bölgede milâdî 70’li yıllarda kurulan Roma hâkimiyeti döneminde hıristiyanların sayısı giderek çoğaldı. Ardından Sâmirîler’le hıristiyanlar arasındaki mücadele şiddetlendi ve V. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Gerizîm dağında bulunan Sâmirî Tapınağı yıkılarak yerine büyük bir kilise inşa edildi. 520’lerde bu kilise papazının Sâmirîler tarafından öldürülmesi üzerine Sâmirîler’in bir kısmı katledildi, önemli bir kısmı sürgüne gönderildi, bir kısmı da Hıristiyanlığı seçti.
15 (636) yılında Nablus, Amr b. Âs tarafından barış yoluyla fethedilince gayri müslim halk cizye ve haraç ödemek suretiyle şehirde kalmaya devam etti. Emevîler döneminde bölgeye Arap kabileleri yerleştirildi. Bizans yönetiminde hıristiyanların baskılarına mâruz kalan Sâmirîler’in büyük kısmı zaman içinde müslüman oldu. Şehrin fetihten IV. (X.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Fâtımî idaresine girinceye kadarki durumu hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. Fâtımî yönetiminin ilk yıllarında Nablus’un Cerrâhîler’in hâkimiyetinde olduğu ileri sürülür. V. (XI.) yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Selçuklular’la Fâtımîler arasında mücadeleye sahne olan şehir, kısa bir süre Selçuklu hâkimiyetinde kalmakla birlikte 491’de (1098) tekrar Fâtımîler’in eline geçti. Ertesi yıl Haçlılar tarafından işgal edildi ve Kudüs Krallığı’na tâbi oldu. Sadece iç kalesi olan Nablus, Haçlı hâkimiyetinde iken (531/1137) Dımaşk Atabegliği’ne bağlı kuvvetlerin saldırısına uğradı. Rebîülâhir 583’te (Haziran 1187) Hittîn Savaşı’nın ardından Eyyûbî ordularınca fethedildi. Memlükler devrinde önce Gazze nâibliğine bağlı bir valilik haline getirildi, VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılda Kudüs nâibliğinin kurulmasından sonra buraya bağlandı. Bu dönemde Nablus valileri emîr-i tablhâne veya emîr-i aşere gibi orta ve küçük rütbeli Memlük emîrleri arasından tayin ediliyordu. Önemli bir ticaret merkezi olan şehir Memlük dönemi boyunca genişlemeye devam etti.
Ortaçağ İslâm coğrafyacıları, Nablus’u iki kutsal dağ arasındaki vadide ortasından geçen ırmağın iki tarafında taştan evleri bulunan kozmopolit bir şehir olarak niteler ve çok miktarda zeytin ağacının yetiştiği bu verimli şehri “küçük Dımaşk” olarak adlandırır. İbn Battûta kendi döneminde Nablus’tan Mısır ve Suriye’ye zeytinyağı ihraç edildiğini kaydeder (er-Riḥle , s. 60-61). Bu devirde Nablus, karpuz ve keçi boynuzu üretiminde önemli bir yer tuttuğu gibi şeker üretiminde de önde geliyordu.
Şehir 922 (1516) sonbaharında Osmanlı yönetimine girdi. Canbirdi Gazâlî’nin Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı 926’da (1520) başlattığı isyan sırasında Nablus ileri gelenleri Osmanlı safında yer aldı. Nablus, Osmanlı dönemi idarî taksimatında daha çok sancak merkezi olarak kaldı. Başlangıçtan itibaren Şam eyaletine bağlı olan Nablus XVIII. yüzyılın başında Trablusşam eyaletine, kısa bir süre sonra da tekrar Şam’a bağlandı. Bu değişiklikler esas itibariyle hac kafilelerinin güvenlik ve erzak ihtiyacını temine yönelikti. Nablus’un Şam eyaletinin uç sancağı olması dolayısıyla devlet otoritesi gevşek tutuldu ve eşraf hâkimiyeti kırılmadı. Özellikle âyanların etkili olduğu XVIII. yüzyılda Nablus’ta bazı karışıklıklar çıktı. Bu yüzyılın son çeyreğinden 1831’de Mısır Valisi Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın oğlu İbrâhim’in yönetimine girinceye kadar Nablus çoğunlukla Sayda vilâyetine bağlı kaldı. Bunun sebebi, Cezzâr Ahmed Paşa gibi güçlü bir yöneticinin uzun süre emîr-i haclık göreviyle birlikte Şam ve Sayda valiliklerinde bulunmasıydı. Onun idareciliği sırasında Nablus, Avrupa ile olan pamuk ve hububat ticaretinde önemli bir yere sahip olmuştu.
İbrâhim Paşa’nın yönetimi sürerken 1834’te Nablus’ta isyan çıktı. İsyanın bastırılması sırasında Nablus şehri tahribata uğradı ve halkı büyük kayıplar verdi. 1841’de tekrar Osmanlı idaresine girdikten sonra eşraftan İbrâhim Paşa yönetimini destekleyenlerle isyan edenler arasında derin husumet oluştu ve 1859’a kadar süren çatışmalar meydana geldi. Nablus Tanzimat döneminde Kudüs mutasarrıflığına, Kudüs de Sayda vilâyetine bağlıydı. 1863’te Kudüs’ten ayrılarak mutasarrıflık derecesine yükseltildi. 1864 Vilâyet Nizamnâmesi’ne göre bölgenin idarî taksimatı yeniden düzenlendiğinde Sayda, Şam ve Trablusşam vilâyetleri Suriye vilâyeti adı altında birleştirilince Nablus bu yeni vilâyete dahil edildi. 1887’de kurulan Beyrut vilâyetine bağlanan Nablus’un bu konumu Osmanlı Devleti’nin bölgeden çekildiği 1918 yılına kadar devam etti.
Osmanlı idaresi zamanında Tanzimat’a kadar Nablus’ta valinin yanında mütesellim olarak Tokan, Cerrâr, Abdülhâdî ve Nimr gibi eşraf aileleri mensupları görev yaptı. Tanzimat’ın ardından kaymakam veya mutasarrıflar merkezden tayin edildi. Siyasî otorite açısından Şam veya Sayda vilâyetine bağlanan Nablus adlî bakımdan Kudüs kadılığının yetki alanı içinde bulunuyordu. Nablus nâibleri Kudüs kadısı tarafından tayin edilir ve ona bağlı kalırdı. Tanzimat öncesi dönemde Nablus nâiblerinin bölgenin Bustânî, Cevherî, Dekkāk, Hâlidî ve Temîmî gibi ulemâ ailelerinden seçildiği görülmektedir. 1860’lardan sonra Nablus nâiblerini doğrudan Anadolu kazaskerliği tayin etmiştir.
Osmanlı hâkimiyeti devrinde bölgenin kalabalık şehirlerinden biri olan Nablus XVI. yüzyıl tahrirlerine göre altı mahalleye ayrılmıştı (Kaysâriye, Akabe, Garb, Yâsmîne, Habele, Karyûn/Debbûre). Burada çoğunluğu oluşturan müslümanlar yanında yahudiler, Sâmirîler ve hıristiyanlar da bulunuyordu. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinde 984’ü müslüman, yetmiş biri yahudi, yirmi dokuzu Sâmirî ve on beşi hıristiyan olmak üzere toplam 1099 hâneye ulaşan bir nüfus vardı (yaklaşık 5-6000 kişi). Yüzyılın sonuna doğru bu nüfusta kısmî bir azalma meydana geldi. Müslümanların hâne sayısı 796’ya, yahudilerin on beşe, Sâmirîler’in yirmiye düşmüş, hıristiyanlar ise on sekiz hâneye yükselmişti (toplam 849 hâne, yaklaşık 4000 kişi). Kaysâriye dışındaki mahallelerde bütün bu dinî grup mensupları bir arada oturuyordu. Şehirde XVI. yüzyılda bir tabakhâne, boyahâne, kumaş imalâtı yapılan dükkânlar bulunuyordu. Ticarî hayatın durumuna işaret eden ihtisap vergisi yüzyılın sonuna doğru 20.000 akçeden 33.000 akçeye yükselmişti. XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında Evliya Çelebi şehirde sekiz mahalle ve 4060 evden söz eder. Ev sayısına göre nüfusun XVI. yüzyıla göre artmış olduğu düşünülebilir (yaklaşık 10.000 kişi). Burada ayrıca birçok cami, mescid, yedi medrese, yedi zâviye, yedi mektep, iki hamam, 370 dükkânlı çarşı ve han mevcuttu. Evliya Çelebi, kalesinin bir tepe üzerinde olduğunu bildirir. 1880’lerin ortalarında Nablus şehrinde 1389 hânede ikamet eden 7399 kişi mevcut olup bunun 7060’ı müslüman, 246’sı hıristiyan, on üçü yahudi ve sekseni Sâmirî idi. 703 dükkân ve mağazanın yanı sıra küçük büyük on dört camisi, dört kilisesi ve iki havrası vardı (Re’fet, s. 176). Nablus sancağının nüfusu 1912’de 152.000’e ulaşmış olup bu sayının 21.072’si Nablus şehrinde yaşamaktaydı. Şehrin nüfus dağılımı ise 20.168 müslüman, 427 Ortodoks, 108 Katolik, 180 Protestan, 160 Sâmirî ve yirmi dokuzu yahudi şeklindeydi (Walid al-Arid, s. 142).
Osmanlı döneminde Nablus bölge ticareti bakımından önemli bir merkez haline geldi. Kuzey-güney ve doğu-batı koridorunda kurulmuş olması dolayısıyla dört tarafla güçlü ticarî bağlantısı vardı. Nablus tüccarları sahilde Gazze, Yafa, Hayfa ve Akkâ, kuzeyde Nâsıra, Taberiye ve Safed, güneyde Ramallah, Kudüs ve Halîl, kuzeydoğuda Havran ile ticarî ilişkiler geliştirmişlerdi. Bölgeler arası ticaret bakımından öncelikle Kahire ve Şam ile, daha sonra Halep, Musul ve Bağdat ile bağlar kurulmuştu. Nablus bu bölgelere sabun, pamuk, zeytinyağı ve tekstil ürünleri ihraç ederken pirinç, şeker, baharat, ipek ve bakır ithal ediyordu. Şam-Medine yolunu kullanan hac kervanları da Nablus’un ticarî hayatına önemli katkı sağlamaktaydı (Doumani, s. 23-24). Ticarî faaliyetleri kolaylaştıracak kara yolları yanında Osmanlılar’ın son döneminde Nablus-Tülkerm ve Nablus-Hayfa arasındaki demiryolu bağlantıları tamamlanmıştı.
1918’de Filistin bölgesinin İngilizler’in eline geçmesiyle Nablus’ta Osmanlı hâkimiyeti sona erdi. 1918-1920 yıllarında İngiliz askerî idaresinde kaldı ve 1920 San Remo Konferansı’nda Filistin’in İngiliz manda idaresine verilmesiyle Nablus da aynı yönetime dahil edildi. 1927’de meydana gelen depremde şehir çok ağır hasar gördü. 1930’lu yıllarda Filistin’e yahudi göçüne karşı mücadele veren Arap direnişinin en önemli merkezlerinden biri oldu. 1948’de İsrail Devleti’nin kuruluşuna karşı başlatılan savaş sonrasında Ürdün Devleti’nin idaresine girdi. Ürdün nehrinin Batı kesiminde kaldığı için Batı Yaka (Şeria) olarak adlandırılan bölgede İsrail’le mücadelede Filistinliler’ce üs olarak kullanıldı. Haziran 1967’de Altı Gün Savaşı’nın ardından İsrail tarafından işgal edildi. Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü lideri Yâsir Arafat, kurtuluş mücadelesini bizzat yönetmek üzere Temmuz 1967’de Nablus’a yerleşti. 1970’lerden itibaren yahudi ailelerinin yerleşimine açıldı. 1987’de başlayan intifâda hareketinde en önemli merkezlerden biri oldu ve buraya Nabluslular’ın İsrail ordusuna karşı sergiledikleri tavrın sertliğini ifade etmek için “cebelü’n-nâr” (ateş dağı) ismi verildi. 1995’te Filistin Özerk Yönetimi’ne bağlandı. Halen Batı Şeria’nın en büyük şehri olup ticaret, eğitim, sağlık ve turizm bakımından en önemli merkezidir. Filistin yönetimine bağlı en büyük üniversite olan Câmiatü’n-necâhi’l-vataniyye burada bulunmakta ve 10.000 öğrenciyi barındırmaktadır. Bugün Nablus vilâyetinin tahminî nüfusu 302.000 olup şehrin nüfusu 133.000’dir. Nablus şehri günümüzde önemli bir zeytinyağı ve sabun üretimi merkezidir. Ayrıca Nablus sınırları içerisinde üç Filistin mülteci kampında 27.000 civarında mültecinin yanı sıra İsrail tarafından kurulan on dört yahudi yerleşim merkezinde yaklaşık 10.000 yahudi bulunmaktadır. Sâmirî sayısı ise 300 civarındadır.
Son yıllarda İsrail tarafından uygulanan duvarla ablukaya alma ve sindirme politikaları sonucu 1997’de % 14 olan işsizlik oranı 2005 sonu itibariyle % 80’e çıkmıştır. Bu durum Nablus’ta giderek artan gerginliğin önemli sebepleri arasında sayılmaktadır. Ocak 2006 milletvekili seçimlerinde Nablus’un altı milletvekilinden beşi İsrail’e karşı sert tavırlarıyla bilinen Hareketü’l-mukāvemeti’l-İslâmiyye (Hamas) mensuplarından seçilmiştir.
Nablus bölgenin başta gelen tarihî şehirlerinden biridir. Yahudi inanışına göre Tevrat’ta geçen, Hz. İbrâhim’in oğlu İshak’ı kurban etme teşebbüsü burada gerçekleşmiş, Hz. Ya‘kūb bu bölgede yaşamış ve oğlu Yûsuf buradan kaçırılarak Mısır’a götürülmüştür. Nablus’un İslâm öncesi dönemine ait tarihî yerleri Sâmirîler’ce kutsal addedilen Gerizîm (Cerizîm) dağı, Hz. Ya‘kūb’a ait olduğuna inanılan su kuyusu ve Hz. Yûsuf’a ait olduğuna inanılan türbedir. Nablus Sâmirîleri her yıl nisan ayında kutladıkları Pesah bayramı sırasında Gerizîm dağında kurban kesme geleneğini devam ettirmektedir. Romalılar’ın II. yüzyılda yaptığı, bugün kalıntıları mevcut bulunan 6-7000 kişilik anfiteatr da önemli tarihî mekânlardandır. Ayrıca Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin kiliseden camiye çevirdiği el-Câmiu’l-kebîr (Câmiu’s-Salâhî), Yâsmîne mahallesinde 678-689’da (1279-1290) Sultan Kalavun tarafından inşa edilen Câmiu’l-hadrâ (Evliya Çelebi’de Sinan Paşa Camii), Câmiu’l-Hânâbile, Câmiu’n-Nasr, Câmiu’l-enbiyâ başlıca tarihî eserler arasında sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Beshara Doumani, Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900 , Berkeley 1995.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 265-268 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.