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NAKÎBÜLEŞRAF Skip to content Seyyid ve şeriflerle ilgili işlere bakan yetkili.
Sözlükte “vekil, bir topluluğun başkanı” anlamındaki nakīb kelimesiyle Hz. Muhammed’in, kızı Fâtıma’nın iki oğlundan Hasan’ın soyunu ifade eden eşrâf tan (tekili şerîf) oluşan terkip, peygamber soyundan gelenlerle ilgilenmek üzere kurulan teşkilâtın sorumlusu için kullanılmıştır. Resûl-i Ekrem’in ailesi, yakın akrabası ve soyundan gelenler müslümanlar nazarında müstesna bir mevkiye sahip olmuş, bunları sayıp sevmenin dinî bir vecîbe olduğu kabul edilmiş (bk. ÂL; EHL-i BEYT) ve onlarla ilgili bazı hizmetleri ifa etmek üzere görevliler tayin edilmiştir. Böylece zamanla nikābet müessesesi ortaya çıkmış, bununla ilgili görevlilere de nakib , nakībü’l-eşrâf ve nakībü’n-nükabâ gibi isimler verilmiştir.
Resûlullah gibi ailesi ve akrabaları da zekât ve sadaka alamadıkları için kendilerine ganimetten pay ayrılmış, Resûl-i Ekrem bu payı dağıtmak üzere Hz. Ali’yi görevlendirmiş, Hz. Ali bu görevini Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Ömer devrinde de sürdürmüştür. Halife Ömer tarafından kurulan divan teşkilâtında hisselerin tesbitinde Hz. Peygamber’e yakınlığın önemli bir unsur olarak dikkate alınması ve feyden pay alacakların isimlerinin tescil edilmesi, Resûl-i Ekrem’in soyu ve akrabasının tesbitine imkân sağladığı gibi böyle bir akrabalık iddiasında bulunanlara da (müteseyyid) engel teşkil etmiştir. Ehl-i beyt’e karşı genellikle olumsuz bir tavır içinde olan Emevîler’den sonra Abbâsîler’in iktidara gelmesi nikābet müessesesinin oluşumuna zemin hazırladı. Âl-i Abbas soyundan gelenlerle (Abbâsîler) Âl-i Ebû Tâlib (Hz. Ali ile Fâtıma) soyundan gelenlerin (Tâlibîler) kayıtlarını tutmak için merkezde “nakībü’l-ensâb” adı verilen bir görevli belirlendi. Her iki aile mensuplarının kayıtları ayrı tutulmakla birlikte Abbâsî ve Tâlibî nikābeti bazan birleştirilmiştir. Uygulama yayılınca her bölgede bu görevi yerine getirecek bir kişi belirlendi ve buna “nakib”, nakiblerin bağlı bulunduğu kişiye de “nakībü’n-nükabâ” unvanı verildi. Halife Mütevekkil-Alellah devrinde (847-861) Ömer er-Ruhhacî’nin Tâlibîler’in işlerini üstlendiği (Taberî, IX, 266), halifeler nezdinde itibar sahibi olan ve İbn Tûmâr diye bilinen Ahmed b. Abdüssamed b. Sâlih’in (ö. 302/914-15) hem Abbâsî hem Tâlibîler’in nakibliğini şahsında birleştirdiği, vefatından sonra da bu görevin oğlu Muhammed’e geçtiği (Safedî, VII, 65-66) nakledilmektedir. Genellikle Tâlibîler ve Abbâsîler için kendi soylarından nakib görevlendirilir, bu vazifenin hac emirliği, kadılık, hatiplik ve vezirlikle birleştirildiği de olurdu. Nakībü’n-nükabâlar halife menşuruyla tayin edilir ve kendilerine “el-Murtazâ zü’l-mecdeyn, er-Rızâ zü’l-fahreyn, Nûrü’l-hüdâ, et-Tâhir” gibi unvanlar verilirdi. Bunlar bazan elçilik için tercih edilir, ayrıca resmî karşılama törenlerinde protokolde yer alırlardı. Bu dönemde nakiblerin görevleri Hz. Peygamber’in soyuna mensup kişilerin kayıtlarını tutmak, evliliklerinde denklik kuralına uymalarını sağlamak, haklarını korumak ve onların başkalarının haklarına riayet etmesini sağlamak, fey ve ganimetlerden kendilerine düşen payları dağıtmak ve suç işleyenlerin cezalarını belirlemekti.
Diğer İslâm ülkelerinde de görülen nakîbüleşraflık müessesesinin ilgi alanında zamanla bir daralma oldu. Fâtımî, Eyyûbî, İlhanlı ve Memlükler’de teşkilât sadece Hasan ve Hüseyin soyundan gelenlerle ilgilenmeye başladı. Anadolu Selçukluları’nda da seyyid ve şeriflerin kayıtlarının tutularak nesep kargaşasının önlenmesi, gelirlerinin temini ve ticarî faaliyette bulunanlara vergi muafiyeti sağlanması gibi işleri yürüten görevlilerin varlığı bilinmektedir.
Osmanlılar’da benzeri bir müessesenin ihdasıyla ilgili ilk bilgiler Yıldırım Bayezid dönemine kadar iner. Seyyid ve şeriflerle ilgilenmek üzere Yıldırım Bayezid zamanında 802 Ramazanında (Mayıs 1400) bir makam ihdas edildiği ve bu makama ilk olarak Bağdat eşrafından, Bursa’da İshâkıyye (Kâzerûniyye) zâviyesi postnişini Seyyid Muhammed Nattâ‘ Hüseynî’nin getirildiği bilinmektedir. Ankara Savaşı’ndan sonra Timur ordularına esir düşen ve serbest bırakılmasının ardından Hicaz’a giden Seyyid Muhammed Nattâ‘, II. Murad zamanında (1421-1444) Bursa’ya dönerek tekrar eski görevine başladı. Vefatı üzerine yerine büyük oğlu Zeynelâbidin geçti.
Bu makamın Osmanlı Devleti’nde kurumlaşma süreci açısından önemli dönüm noktası, II. Bayezid’in 900’de (1494) bu göreve hocası Seyyid Abdullah’ın oğlu Seyyid Mahmud’u maaşlı olarak tayin etmesiyle gerçekleşti. Bu tarihe kadar görevliler devletten düzenli bir ücret almaz ve “nâzır” unvanıyla anılırlardı. Yeni tayinle birlikte, Memlük yönetimindeki Mısır ve Suriye gibi merkezlerde aynı görevde bulunan kişinin nakîbüleşraf unvanını kullanmasından hareketle Osmanlı Devleti’nde de bu unvan benimsendi. Nakîbüleşraf unvanını kullanan ilk kişi olan Seyyid Mahmud vefatına (ö. 944/1537 [?]) kadar bu görevde kaldı.
Zamanla Osmanlı hiyerarşisinde önemli bir yer edinen nakîbüleşraf genellikle sâdât arasından ve ilmiye mensuplarından seçilirdi. Bunlar XVII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar ömür boyu vazifede kalmışlar, daha sonra ise çeşitli sebeplerle azledilmiş veya görevden feragat etmişlerdir. Daha önce kadı, kazasker veya şeyhülislâm olanlar bulunduğu gibi iki görevi aynı anda yürütenler de vardı (Ahmed Rifat, s. 28-33; Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı, s. 167). Osmanlı nakîbüleşrafları İstanbul’da ikamet ederdi; diğer şehirlerde sâdât arasından belli bir süre için seçilen nakîbüleşraf kaymakamları bulunurdu. Bunlarda bir derecelendirmeye gidilmişti. Meselâ İstanbul’da bulunan nakîbüleşraf Kudüs nakîbüleşraf kaymakamını, o da Filistin bölgesindeki kaza ve mutasarrıflıkların nakîbüleşraf kaymakamlarını tayin ederdi. Kaymakamların görev alanının bir kaza veya sancak sınırlarını aştığı da olurdu (Walid al-Arid, s. 47). Nakîbüleşraf kaymakamlığı önemli bir nüfuz ve maddî gelir kaynağıydı. Dolayısıyla bunlar genellikle nüfuzlu ailelerden seçilirdi. Bazan da Şam örneğinde olduğu gibi şeyhülmeşâyih ve nakîbüleşraflık görevlerinin bir kişiye verildiği olurdu (Schilcher, s. 109).
Nakîbüleşraflar görevlerini genellikle kendi ikametgâhlarında yerine getirirlerdi, ancak II. Abdülhamid döneminde (1876-1909) Yıldız Sarayı semtinde ayrı bir mekân tahsis edilmişti. Nakîbüleşraftan sonraki en yetkili kişiye “alemdar”, diğer memurlara da “çavuş” denirdi. Alemdarın en önemli görevi sancak-ı şerifi taşımak olduğu için bu unvanı almıştı. Konaklarında, suç işleyen sâdâtı hapsedecekleri özel yerleri bulunurdu. Hükümetle yazışmalarını doğrudan sadrazamla yaparlardı.
Bu makamın önemli görevlerinden biri de seyyid ve şeriflerin şeceresini kaydederek müteseyyidlerin seyyidlere sağlanan imtiyaz ve imkânlardan istifadesini engellemekti. Lutfi Paşa’ya göre XVI. yüzyılda birçok müteseyyid ortaya çıkmış ve bu durum kayıt defterlerinin önemini arttırmıştı (Kütükoğlu, s. 98). Merkezde ve taşrada seyyid ve şeriflerin kayıtlı olduğu nakîbüleşraf defterleri bulunurdu. Nakîbüleşraflar seyyidlik beratının verilmesi, sâdâta sağlanan askerlik ve örfî vergi muafiyetlerinin uygulanması, lehte ve aleyhte vuku bulan davalara müdahil olunması, suçluların cezalandırılması ve evlilik işlemlerinde bu defterlere başvururlardı.
Merasimlerde nakîbüleşrafların önemli bir yeri vardı. Biat, muayede, Kılıç kuşanma ve mevlid gibi törenlerinin yanı sıra XIX. yüzyılda uygulanmaya başlanan cülûs ve velâdet günlerinde nakîbüleşraflar şeyhülislâmlarla birlikte ön sıralarda yer alır ve zaman zaman tören duasını yaparlardı. III. Selim’in cülûsu esnasında ilk biatı dualarla Nakîbüleşraf Derviş Efendi yapmıştı. III. Ahmed, I. Mahmud, III. Mustafa ve I. Abdülhamid’e şeyhülislâm ve nakîbüleşraf beraberce, IV. Mustafa, II. Mahmud ve Abdülmecid’e sadece nakîbüleşraf Kılıç kuşandırmıştır. Padişahın bizzat sefere katıldığı zamanlarda nakîbüleşraf da bir kısım sâdât ile iştirak eder ve sancak-ı şerifin yanından ayrılmazdı. Diğer seferlerde ise nakîbüleşrafı temsilen alemdar katılır ve sancağı taşırdı. Bu durumda nakîbüleşraf ordunun uğurlanması ve karşılanması törenlerine iştirak ederdi.
Seyyid ve şerifler özel kıyafet giyerlerdi. Bunun için Osmanlı öncesi dönemde yeşil, siyah ve kırmızı gibi farklı renklerin seçildiği görülür. Osmanlı döneminde ise Abbâsîler’de başlayan ve daha sonra sıkça kullanılan yeşil sarık giyme âdeti düzenli biçimde uygulandı. Hatta Osmanlılar, yeşil rengi şeriflerin alâmeti saydıklarından Mekke emîri olan şerife gönderilen nâmelerin keselerinin, hil‘atlerin ve harvanîlerin yeşil renkte olmasına özen gösterirlerdi. Nakîbüleşrafın resmî elbisesi XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren kazasker elbisesiyle aynı olup en belirgin farkı kavuğu üzerine yeşil sarmasıydı. Nakîbüleşraflık hilâfetin ilgasıyla birlikte kaldırılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), IX, 266; Mâverdî, el-Ahkâmü’s-sultâniyye: İslâmda Hilâfet ve Devlet Hukuku (trc. Ali Şafak), İstanbul 1976, s. 104-107; Safedî, el-Vâfî, VII, 65-66; Mecdî, Şekāik Tercümesi, II-V, bk. İndeks; Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, Zübde-i Vekayiât (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), Ankara 1995, bk. İndeks; Ahmed Rifat, Osmanlı Toplumunda Sâdât-ı Kirâm ve Nakibüleşrâflar: Devhatü’n-nukabâ (haz. Hasan Yüksel – M. Fatih Köksal), Sivas 1998; Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı, s. 161-172; a.mlf., Mekke-i Mükerreme Emirleri, Ankara 1972, s. 4-12; L. S. Schilcher, Families in Politics: Damascene Factions and Estates of the 18th and 19th Centuries, Stuttgart 1985, s. 109, 124-131, 194-211; Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, “Lütfi Paşa Âsafnâmesi”, Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan, İstanbul 1991, s. 98; M. Winter, Egyptian Society under Ottoman Rule: 1517-1798, London 1992, s. 185-195; a.mlf., “The Ashrāf and Niqābat al-Ashrāf in Egypt in Ottoman and Modern Times”, AAS, XIX (1985), s. 17-41; Walid al-Arid, XIX. Yüzyılda Cebel-i Nablus (doktora tezi, 1992), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 46-59; Abdeljelil Temimi, Etudes sur les relations arabo-ottomanes et turques, Zaghouan 2000, s. 17-24; Murat Sarıcık, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Nakîbül-Eşrâflık Kurumu”, Türkler (nşr. Hasan Celal Güzel v.dğr.), Ankara 2002, X, 385-393; a.mlf., Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Nakîbü’l-Eşrâflık Müessesesi, Ankara 2003; Zafer Erginli, “Osmanlı Devleti’nin İlk Resmî Nakîbül-Eşrafı Olan Bir Derviş: Seyyid Natta‘”, Gümüşlü’den Günümüze Osmanlı Kültüründe Bursa (haz. Hasan Basri Öcalan), İstanbul 2003, s. 138-148; Hakan T. Karateke, Padişahım Çok Yaşa: Osmanlı Devletinin Son Yüzyılında Merasimler, İstanbul 2004, s. 33-34, 58-60, 79, 96, 224; Rüya Kılıç, Osmanlıda Seyyidler ve Şerifler, İstanbul 2005, tür.yer.; Ali Emîrî, “Hâdim ve Hâfız-ı Emânât-ı Mübâreke …”, Osmanlı Tarih ve Edebiyat Mecmuası, sy. 19, İstanbul 1335, s. 420 vd.; M. Rosen, “The Naqīb al-Ashrāf Rebellion in Jerusalem and its Repercussions on the City’s Dhimmīs”, AAS, XVIII/3 (1985), s. 249-270; A. R. ‘Alāmarvedaštī, “L’origine della Niqābat al-Ašrāf nella storia dell’Islam”, OM, XVIII (1999), s. 297-322; Bilgin Aydın, “Meşihat Arşivi’nde Muhafaza Edilen Nakibul-Eşraf Defterleri”, MÜTAD, sy. 10 (2001), s. 21-26; Pakalın, II, 647-648; A. Havemann, “Naḳīb al-As̲h̲rāf”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 926-927; C. van Arendonk – [W. A. Graham], “S̲h̲arīf”, a.e., IX, 333-334.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 322-324 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.