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NAPOLİ Skip to content İtalya’nın güneybatısında tarihî bir liman şehri.
İtalya’nın Tiren denizi sahilinde aynı adı taşıyan körfezin kuzey kıyısında kurulmuş tarihî bir şehir ve Campania bölgesindeki idarî birimin merkezidir. Şehir, Vezüv yanardağı ile Campi Flegrei arasındaki tepeler üzerine ve bu tepelerle sahil arasındaki düzlükte yayılmıştır. Günümüzde tarihî ve kültürel zenginlikleriyle güzel sanatlar ve özellikle turizm alanında ülkenin önde gelen şehirleri arasında yer alır.
Antik kaynaklar Napoli’nin bir Yunan kolonisi olarak ortaya çıktığı üzerinde durur. Atina’dan gelenlerce yoğun biçimde iskân edilen bu koloni (Parthenope / Palaepolis) daha sonra Neapolis (yeni şehir) adıyla anıldı. Milâttan önce IV. yüzyılda Romalılar’ın eline geçince yazlık yerleşme yeri haline geldi, birçok Roma imparatoru burada oturdu. VI. yüzyılda Bizans idaresi altına girdi. VIII. yüzyılda şehir kendi idaresini kurdu. Normanlar Güney İtalya’ya hâkim olunca Napoli onların etkisi altına girdi. Bundan önce İslâm ordularının bölgeye yönelik faaliyetleri şehri tehdit altında bırakmıştı. Normanlar, Güney İtalya’da hâkim oldukları yerleri birleştirip Sicilya ve Apulia Krallığı’nı kurdular (1139). Daha sonra krallık başka hânedanların eline geçti. Burası Angioio hânedanına mensup Carlo tarafından krallığın merkezi yapılmıştı.
Napoli, İtalya yarımadasında İslâm ve Türk âlemiyle en faal temas içindeki şehirler arasında bulunur. IX. yüzyıldan itibaren başlayan ilişkiler pek çok tarihî olayın cereyan etmesine yol açmıştır. Sicilya adasını ele geçiren müslümanlar İtalya yarımadasındaki bazı yerlerde etkili oldularsa da Napoli üzerinde doğrudan bir hâkimiyet kuramadılar. Bununla beraber etrafındaki yerleşim merkezlerine yapılan akınlar sırasında ticarî ilişkiler de ilerledi.
Napoli Krallığı Levant ticaretiyle ilgilendi ve Mısır ile ticarî bağ kurdu. İskenderiye’de bir ticaret bürosu mevcuttu. Napoli Krallığı, Bizans ve Anadolu’daki Türk beylikleriyle temas kurmakta gecikti. Osmanlı Devleti’yle olan ilişkiler Yıldırım Bayezid döneminde başlar. XIV. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Napolililer’in Bursa’da kendilerine ait bir deposu ve ticaret merkezi bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Ancak bu ticaret sınırlı kaldı. Kral Alfonso 1442’de Sicilya ve Napoli’yi birleştirince (Sicilyateyn / iki Sicilya krallığı) Arnavutluk ve Adriyatik sahillerine kadar ulaşan Türkler’e karşı harekete geçme ihtiyacı hissetti. Daha önce 1436’da bir Türk elçisinin Napoli’ye geldiği tesbit edilmektedir. Napoli ile olan ilişkiler, İskender Bey tarafından başlatılan isyan sebebiyle Arnavutluk kesiminde yoğun bir siyasî çatışmaya dönüştü. İskender Bey memleketinden ayrıldıktan sonra Napoli Krallığı’nın himayesine girdi. İstanbul’un fethi sırasında başta devrin papası V. Nicolò tarafından kurulması istenen koalisyonlara katılması için teşvik edildiyse de Napoli tahtında bulunan Aragona hânedanından V. Alfonso, verdiği sözlü vaadlere rağmen komşu devletlerle olan savaşları sebep göstererek bu ittifaka katılmadı. Hümanizm devrinin ileri gelen aydınlarından N. Sagundino, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in çok ayrıntılı bir tasvirini bu kralın teşvikiyle kaleme aldı. Fâtih, 1480’de İtalya istikametinde yapmak istediği büyük fetih siyasetinin ilk aşamasında Adriyatik denizi üzerinde en uygun yer olan Otranto şehrine asker çıkardığında İtalya’daki devletlerin kurmak istedikleri ittifaka Napoli de katılmak istedi, fakat böyle bir ittifak gerçekleşmedi. İtalya yarımadasındaki çeşitli devletleri yanına almak isteyen Fâtih bir barış girişiminde bulunup dönemin kralı olan Ferrante’yi yanına çekti. II. Bayezid zamanında 1482-1485 yıllarında bir dizi diplomatik yazışma yapıldı ve antlaşmalar imzalandı; bu temaslar sırasında 1494’te bir Osmanlı elçilik heyeti Napoli’yi ziyaret etti; ancak sürekli bir münasebet kurulamadı. Cem Sultan, Avrupa’da geçirdiği uzun bir maceradan sonra Roma’dan ayrılıp gittiği Napoli şehrinde Castel Capuana’da vefat etti ve cenazesi bir süre burada kaldı. XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Napoli dünyanın altı büyük şehri arasında sayılıyordu (diğerleri İstanbul, Paris, Venedik, Milano ve Lizbon; Lavedan, s. 198). Osmanlı-Napoli ilişkilerinin bu tarihten sonrasına ait belgeler henüz tam anlamıyla incelenmemiş olmakla birlikte Napolili tüccarların başka devlet bayrağı altında (meselâ Cenova Cumhuriyeti) Osmanlı ülkesiyle ticareti devam ettirdiği bilinmektedir.
Osmanlı coğrafya literatüründe Napoli, Anabolu şeklinde anılır. Pîrî Reis, bu yöre hakkında edindiği mâlûmatı eserine alıp Mora’daki Anabolu’dan ayırt etmek üzere “Pulya Anabolusu” dediği bu şehrin İspanya kralına tâbi olduğunu, sanat eserlerinin ve insanlarının güzellikte emsal teşkil ettiğini yazıp günümüzde bile Napoli’nin çok beğenilen içme suyundan söz eder. XVI. yüzyılda Napoli’nin Garp ocaklarına bağlı denizciler tarafından tehdit edildiği (İtalyan kaynaklarındaki Barbareschi veya Magrebini) ve hemen civarında bulunan yerleşim merkezlerinden Sorrento’ya 1558’de bir sefer yapıldığı bilinmektedir. XVII. yüzyılda da Napoli civarına yönelik akınlar devam etmiştir.
Napoli Fransa ve İspanya’da hâkim olan devletlerin etkisi altında uzun süren bir bağımlılık döneminin ardından 1734’te, istiklâline kavuşup devlet merkezi olunca komşuları ve güçlü devletlerle, bu arada yeniden Osmanlı Devleti’yle siyasî münasebet kuruldu. 1740’ta İstanbul’a gelen Napoli elçisi bir antlaşma elde etti ve 1741 yılında Osmanlı Devleti karşılık olarak Küçük Hüseyin Efendi’yi Napoli şehrine gönderdi. Büyük bir merasimle şehre giren elçi civardaki yerleri ziyaret etti, devrin meşhur ressamı Bonito bu elçinin bir portresini yaptı. Daha sonra da Napoli’den İstanbul’a seçkin kişiler elçi olarak gönderildi. Osmanlı kaynaklarında Sardinya Krallığı, Sicilya Krallığı, Sicilyateyn (Due Sicilie: İki Sicilya) diye geçen bu devlet Kuzey Afrika’daki Garp ocakları ile süregelen temaslarını XVIII. yüzyılda devam ettirdi. Osmanlı Devleti ile olan siyasî, ticarî ve kültürel temas da sürdü. Sonraki yıllarda üç yeni ahidnâme ve bir telgraf antlaşması yapıldı.
Türk ve İslâm âlemiyle olan ilişkiler önce tıp alanında başladı ve sonraları güzel sanat, edebiyat, halk şiiri, resim alanında etkili oldu. Napoli lehçesi diye tanınan mahallî konuşma diline Arapça ve Türkçe kelimeler girdi. Tiyatro eserlerinde ve opera librettolarında Türk kavramı sıkça yer aldı. Gemicilerin sürekli temasları ve ticarî ilişkiler, bazı Napolili araştırmacıları Türk dilini öğrenmeye ve dil bilgisi kitapları kaleme almaya yöneltti. Bunlar arasında Pietro Ferraguto, Giovanni Battista Montalbano, Antonio Mascis tarafından yazılan eserler yazma olarak kaldıkları için ilim dünyasında hak ettikleri alâkayı görmeyip ancak sınırlı sayıdaki dilciler (Bombaci, Gallotta vb.) tarafından incelendi. Şehir merkezindeki Istituto Universitario Orientale, XVIII. yüzyılda Collegio dei Cinesi adıyla tesis edilmiş olan merkezin devamı olup burada Doğu dünyası üzerine incelemeler yanında Arap dili ve edebiyatı, İran dili ve edebiyatı çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Türkçe ise Luigi Bonelli’nin ısrarlı tutumu neticesinde XIX. yüzyılda programa alınmıştır. II. Dünya Savaşı’nda ağır şekilde bombalanarak tahribata uğrayan Napoli yeniden inşa edilmiş ve tarihî görünümü yanında bugünkü modern çehresini kazanmıştır. Şehirde en dikkat çekici eser Napoli katedralidir (1294-1323). Günümüzde bir sanayi, sanat, kültür ve malî merkez durumundaki şehrin nüfusu 993.386’dır (2005).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Anonim, Relazione della venuta di Hagi Hussein Effendi inviato straordinario della Porta Ottomana e della pubblica udienza, che ha avuto dal Re nostro signore il giorno 18 Settembre 1741, Napoli 1741; P. Lavedan, Géographie des villes, Paris 1959, s. 198; S. Bono, I Corsari Barbareschi, Torino 1964, tür.yer.; U. Scerrato, Arte islamica a Napoli, Napoli 1968; A. di Vittorio, Il Commercio tra Levante Ottomano e Napoli nel secolo XVIII, Napoli 1979; G. Celentano – C. S. Cerqua, “I Manoscritti di medicina araba dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli”, Studi in onore di Francesco Gabrieli nel suo ottantesimo compleanno, Roma 1984, I, 211-236; G. Curatola, “L’immagine del turco nel presepe napoletano del 700”, La conoscenza dell’Asia e dell’Africa in Italia nei secoli XVIII e XIX, Napoli 1984, I/2, s. 749-765, ek 63; A. Gallotta, “I Manoscritti turchi della Biblioteca ‘Vittorio Emanuele III’ di Napoli”, a.e., II/1, s. 141-175; a.mlf., “Le relazioni tra l’Impero Ottomano e Napoli”, Atti del convegno sul tema: Presenza araba e islamica in Campania (Napoli-Caserta, 22-25 novembre 1989), Napoli 1992, s. 323-335; a.mlf., “The Turks in Italy”, Ciépo Osmanlı Öncesi ve Osmanlı Araştırmaları Uluslararası Komitesi VII. Sempozyumu Bildirileri, Ankara 1994, s. 73-79; Şerafettin Turan, Türkiye-İtalya İlişkileri, İstanbul 1990, I, 313-316; a.mlf., “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile İki Sicilya Krallığı Arasındaki Ticaretle İlgili Gümrük Defterleri”, TTK Belgeler, IV/7-8 (1967), s. 79-167; S. Baldi, “Presenza linguistica nel dialetto napoletano”, Atti del convegno sul tema: Presenza araba e islamica in Campania (Napoli-Caserta, 22-25 novembre 1989), Napoli 1992, s. 35-54; A. Bozzo, “A proposito di alcuni documenti in arabo dell’ Archivio di Stato di Napoli: Osservazioni sulla diplomazia nordafricano di Ferdinando IV di Borbonse (1787-1793)”, a.e., s. 127-147; F. Cresti, “Corsari turchi e barbareschi contro Napoli: il sistema di difesa delle coste napoletane, con particolare riferimento ai secoli XVI-XIX”, a.e. , s. 209-221; C. S. Cerqua, “La missione a Napoli nel 1782 della’ambasciatore marocchino Muhammed İbn Utman al-Miknasi”, a.e., s. 491-499; F. Russo, Guerra di corsa ragguaglio storico sulle principali incursioni turco-barbaresche in Italia e sulla sorte dei deportati tra il secolo XVI ed il XIX secolo, Roma 1997, s. 42-285; E. Lo Sardo, Tra Greci e i Turchi, Roma 1999, s. 71-73, 233-243; M. Pezzi, Aspettando la pace. L’Impero Ottomano nei documenti diplomatici napoletani (1806-1812), Cosenza 2002; J. L. Bacqué-Grammont, “L’armée de Charles VIII partant pour Naples d’après rapport ottoman”, Europa e Islam tra i secoli XIV e XVI: Europe and Islam between 14 th and 16 th centuries, Napoli 2002, II, 581-619; E. Serrao, “La descrizione di Napoli nel Kitābı Baḥriyye di Pīrī Reʾis”, Turcica et Islamica: Studi in memoria di Aldo Gallotta, Napoli 2003, II, 909-940; Muâhedât Mecmuası, II, İstanbul 1294, s. 55-95; A. Otetea, “L’établissement de la légation napolitaine à Constantinople (1740)”, Bulletin de la section historique, XV, Bucarest 1929, s. 53-72; Nahid Sırrı, “İstanbulda Siçilyeteyn Elçileri”, TTEM , yeni seri I/3 (1930), s. 67-72; İ. Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Otranto’nun Zaptından Sonra Napoli Kralı ile Dostluk Görüşmeleri”, TTK Belleten, XXV/100 (1961), s. 595-608; F. Barbagallo, “Discussioni e progetti sul commercio tra Napoli e Costantinopoli nel 700”, Nuova Rivista Storica, LXXXIII/2 (1971), s. 264-296; Tayyib Gökbilgin, “Napoli Kralı Tarafından II. Bayezid ve Ahmed Paşa (Gedik)’ya Gönderilen Mektupların Türkçe Suretleri ve İlgili İki Mektup”, POF, sy. 22-23 (1972-73), s. 33-59; Semavi Eyice, “Bir Türk Elçisinin Portresi”, TTK Belleten, XLI/163 (1977), s. 555-563.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 383-385 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.