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#c5bead}.partatif{border-top-right-radius:2px;float:right;padding-right:15px;border-left:1px solid #e4e4e4;padding-top:6px;padding-left:16px;height:38px}.partatif.sepya{border-left:1px solid #c5bead}
NA‘T Skip to content Hz. Peygamber için yazılan övgü şiiri.
1/3 Müellif: MUSTAFA ÇİÇEKLER Bölüme Git
Sözlükte na‘t kelimesi “nitelemek, iyi ve güzel şeyleri abartılı biçimde dile getirmek; nitelik, vasıf” mânalarında kullanılır. Arap edebiyatında övgü…
2/3 Müellif: EMİNE YENİTERZİ Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Türk edebiyatında esmâ-i nebî, sîre, mevlid, mi‘racnâme, mu‘cizât-ı nebî, hilye, kırk hadis gibi türler arasında örnekleri en bol ve y…
3/3 Müellif: NURİ ÖZCAN Bölüme Git
MÛSİKİ. İslâmî Türk edebiyatında Hz. Peygamber için kaleme alınmış methiyeler Türk mûsikisi makam, usul ve kaideleri çerçevesinde irticâlen veya beste…
Sözlükte na‘t kelimesi “nitelemek, iyi ve güzel şeyleri abartılı biçimde dile getirmek; nitelik, vasıf” mânalarında kullanılır. Arap edebiyatında övgü şiirleri daha çok “medih” başlığı altında ele alınır. Na‘t, özellikle Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında Resûlullah’ı öven şiirlerin yaygın adı haline gelmiştir. İlk Peygamber methiyeleri, İslâm dininin yayılıp müslümanların Medine’de bir güç haline gelmesinden itibaren görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bedir, Uhud, Hendek, Hayber savaşlarının sebep olduğu gerilim ve mücadele ortamında müslümanlarla müşrikler ve yahudiler arasında karşılıklı şiir atışmaları olmuştur. Hassân b. Sâbit, Kâ‘b b. Mâlik, Kâ‘b b. Züheyr, Abdullah b. Revâha gibi şair sahâbîlerin söylediği şiirlerde Hz. Peygamber’i yüceltme, özellikle Mekkeli müşriklere karşı savunma ve getirdiği yeni dinin tanıtılıp yayılmasına katkıda bulunma gibi hedefler güdülmüştür. Daha sonraki yüzyıllarda bütün İslâm coğrafyasında şairler Resûlullah’a olan sevgilerini gerek muhtevaları gerekse sanat özellikleri bakımından farklı isimlerle anılan şiirlerle dile getirmişlerdir. Öyle ki Allah resulü hakkında methiye yazmayan Arap şairi hemen hemen yok gibidir (bk. BEDÎİYYÂT ; METHİYE ; MEVLİD ; MUHAMMED [Arap Edebiyatı]).
FARS EDEBİYATI. Fars edebiyatında İslâm’dan sonra Yeni Farsça ile yazılan mensur ve manzum eserlerde genellikle tevhidin ardından Hz. Peygamber’i öven bölümlere yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca imamlar, ilk dört halife ve din büyükleri övülerek onlar hakkındaki menkıbeler aktarılmıştır. Mensur eserlerde besmele ve hamdeleden sonra çok defa eserin muhtevasıyla ilgili cümlelerle Resûl-i Ekrem methedilmiştir. Bu övgü bazan manzum parçalarla da yapılır. Bu tarzın işlendiği mensur eserler arasında Târîḫ-i Belʿamî , Râḥatü’ṣ-ṣudûr ve âyetü’s-sürûr , Terceme-i Tefsîr-i Ṭaberî , Ḥudûdü’l-ʿâlem , Lübâbü’l-elbâb , Teẕkire-i Naṣrâbâdî , Teẕkiretü’l-evliyâʾ , Keşfü’l-maḥcûb ve Merzübânnâme sayılabilir.
Fars şiirinde belli bir nazım şekli olmayan na‘tlar daha çok kaside, terci, kıta ve mesnevi tarzında yazılmıştır; gazel şeklinde na‘tlara da rastlanır. İlk dönem Fars şairlerinin divanlarında müstakil na‘t yer almaz; ancak bazı kasidelerin başlangıç bölümlerinde bu içerikte beyitler bulunur. Meselâ Ferruhî-yi Sîstânî, Hz. Peygamber’i bir beyitle övmüştür. Bu hususun, şairlerin daha çok hükümdarları methederek hediye almaya yönelmelerinden kaynaklandığı düşünülebilir. Gazneliler devrinde yaygın olan övgü şiirleri içinde Kisâî-yi Mervezî ve özellikle Nâsır-ı Hüsrev’in manzumelerinde dinî içerikli konular ağır basar. Daha sonra bağımsız na‘tlar yazılmaya başlanmış, bunda tasavvufun büyük etkisi olmuştur. Hükümdar ve devlet büyüklerinden bir beklentisi olmayan, zühd ve takvâyı ön planda tutan mutasavvıf şairler çeşitli na‘tlar yazmışlardır (bk. MUHAMMED [Fars Edebiyatı]).
Firdevsî Şâhnâme ’sinde tevhidden sonra Resûl-i Ekrem’in na‘tına yer vermiştir. Fahreddin Es‘ad-ı Gürgânî’nin Vîs ü Râmîn mesnevisinde, Esedî-i Tûsî’nin Gerşâspnâme ’sinde, Nâsır-ı Hüsrev’in Dîvân ’ında “Muhammed” redifli birer na‘t bulunur. Tasavvufî şiirin önemli temsilcilerinden olan Senâî-yi Gaznevî’nin Dîvân ’ında, Ḥadîḳatü’l-ḥaḳīḳa ’sında, Ṭarîḳu’t-taḥḳīḳ ve ʿIşḳnâme ’sinde birçok na‘t yer alır. Cemâleddîn-i İsfahânî’nin Hz. Peygamber’i methettiği terkibibendi bu türde Fars edebiyatının şaheserlerinden sayılır. Hâkānî-yi Şirvânî gerek Dîvân ’ında gerekse Tuḥfetü’l-ʿIrâḳeyn adlı eserinde Resûlullah’ı övmektedir. Ferîdüddin Attâr’ın Dîvân ’ında, İlâhînâme , Esrârnâme , Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr ve Muṣîbetnâme mesnevilerinde ve rubâîlerinden oluşan Muḫtârnâme ’sinde Hz. Peygamber’i metheden şiirler yer alır. Nizâmî-i Gencevî’nin hamsesindeki mesnevilerinin hepsinde bir ya da birkaç na‘t vardır. Kemâleddîn-i İsfahânî na‘t olarak bir terkibibend yazmıştır. Mevlânâ, Mes̱nevî ’sinin birçok yerinde Resûl-i Ekrem’den ve ona olan sevgisinden söz etmiştir. Fahreddîn-i Irâkī’nin Dîvân ’ı ve ʿUşşâḳnâme ’sinde (Dehnâme ), Emîr Hüsrev-i Dihlevî’nin Dîvân ’ında, Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî’nin Dîvân ’ında kaside şeklinde na‘tlar ve Bostân ’ında övgü manzumeleri vardır. Evhadüddîn-i Merâgī’nin Câm-ı Cem mesnevisinde bir, Dîvân ’ında kaside şeklinde iki na‘tı, Hâcû-yi Kirmânî’nin Dîvân ’ında Hz. Peygamber hakkında kaside, musammat ve terkibibendden oluşan üç şiiri yer alır. Şiirlerinde na‘ta yer veren diğer şairler arasında İbn Yemîn-i Tuğrâî, Selmân-ı Sâvecî, Şemseddin Kâtibî, Ni‘metullāh-ı Velî, Abdurrahman-ı Câmî, Hilâlî-i Çağatâyî, Ehlî-i Şîrâzî, Nüvîdî-i Şîrâzî, Vahşî-i Bâfkī, Muhteşem-i Kâşânî, Örfî-i Şîrâzî, Nazîrî-i Nîşâbûrî, Abdürrezzâk el-Lâhîcî, Şifâî-i İsfahânî, Sâib-i Tebrîzî, Lâmi-i Dermiyânî, Müştâk-ı İsfahânî ve Âşık-ı İsfahânî sayılabilir.
Na‘t geleneği XIX ve XX. yüzyıl şairleri tarafından da sürdürülmüştür. Sabâ-yi Kâşânî, Visâl-i Şîrâzî, Kāânî-i Şîrâzî, Âşık-ı İsfahânî, Şekîb-i İsfahânî, Dâverî-yi Şîrâzî, Sürûş-i İsfahânî, Yağmâ-yi Cendakī, Gālib Mirza Esedullah ve Meliküşşuarâ-yi Sabûrî bunların başında gelir. Meliküşşuarâ-yi Bahâr’ın 1903’te Hz. Peygamber’in doğum yıl dönümü münasebetiyle Meşhed’de Âsitân-ı Kuds-i Razavî’de okuduğu “Der Medh-i Hazret-i Hatmî-mertebet” başlıklı na‘tı meşhurdur. Şiirde na‘t geleneği Muhammed Hüseyin Şehriyâr, Edîb-i Ferâhânî, Îrec Mirza, Muhammed İkbal, Emîrî Fîrûzkûhî, Rehî-yi Muayyerî ve son dönemde Abbâs-ı Şehrî, Muhammed Rızâ Hazâilî, Abdülhüseyn-i Ferzîn, Bânû Nûrî Geylânî ile devam etmiştir. Urdu edebiyatında da daha teşekkül devrinden itibaren na‘t önemli bir yere sahiptir (bk. MUHAMMED [Urdu Edebiyatı]).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Storey, Persian Literature , I/1, s. 172-207.
Seyyid Ziyâeddîn-i Dehşîrî, Naʿt-i Ḥażret-i Resûl-i Ekrem der Şiʿr-i Fârsî , [baskı yeri yok] 1348.
Zekî Mübârek, el-Medâʾiḥu’n-nebeviyye fi’l-edebi’l-ʿArabiyye , Sayda-Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-asriyye), tür.yer.
Ali Ebû Zeyd, el-Bedîʿiyyât fi’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut 1403/1983, tür.yer.
Zebîhullah Safâ, Ḥamâse-serâyî der Îrân , Tahran 1363 hş.
Muhammed b. Sa‘d b. Hüseyin, el-Medâʾiḥu’n-nebeviyye , Riyad 1406/1986, s. 9-167.
Sîrûs Şemîsâ, Ferheng-i Telmîḥât , Tahran 1366 hş., tür.yer.
Mansûr Restgâr-ı Fesâî, Envâʿ-ı Şiʿr-i Fârsî , Şîraz 1373, s. 428-476.
Mahmûd Sâlim Muhammed, el-Medâʾiḥu’n-nebeviyye , Dımaşk 1417/1996, tür.yer.
Ahmed Ahmedî-yi Bîrcendî, Medâyiḥ-i Muḥammedî der Şiʿr-i Fârsî , Meşhed 1379.
Sadrniyâ, “Naʿt”, Dânişnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî (nşr. Hasan Enûşe), Tahran 1381 hş., II, 1374-1375.
M. Ca‘fer Mahcûb, Sebk-i Ḫorâsânî der Şiʿr-i Fârsî , Tahran, ts. (İntişârât-ı Firdevs).
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme (Muîn) , XIII, 19973-19974.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 435-436 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Türk edebiyatında esmâ-i nebî, sîre, mevlid, mi‘racnâme, mu‘cizât-ı nebî, hilye, kırk hadis gibi türler arasında örnekleri en bol ve yaygın olan na‘t XI. yüzyıldan itibaren Türkler’in yaşadığı hemen bütün bölgelerde yazılmış, günümüze kadar da kuvvetli bir gelenek halinde devam etmiştir. Sayıları binlerle ifade edilebilecek olan na‘tlar ayrıca bestelenerek cami ve tekkelerde okunmuş, birçok beyti hattatlar eliyle levhalara nakşedilip mescid, dergâh, ev ve dükkân gibi mekânları süsleyen birer sanat eseri olarak itibar görmüştür.
Şairleri na‘t yazmaya sevkeden çeşitli sebeplerin başında Hz. Peygamber’e duyulan sevgi gelir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in birçok âyetinde ahlâkı ve üstün şahsiyeti methedildiğinden Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın da habibi olan Resûl-i Ekrem’e duyulan bu sevgi aynı zamanda Allah’ın arzusuna uymayı ifade etmektedir. Na‘t yazma geleneğinde bir diğer husus Resûlullah’ın şefaatine nâil olma isteğidir. Kâ‘b b. Züheyr’in Ḳaṣîdetü’l-bürde ’yi yazmak suretiyle Hz. Peygamber’in affına mazhar olması gibi şairler de na‘tları ile Resûl-i Ekrem’in mahşerde tecelli edecek olan şefaatini ümit etmişlerdir. Hemen bütün na‘tlarda yer almış olan bu motif, na‘t türünün aynı zamanda bir istişfâ ve istimdad (şefaat ve yardım dileği) ifadesi özelliğini göstermektedir.
Yazılmasında bu gibi âmillerin önem kazandığı na‘tlar, İslâm edebiyatları çerçevesinde zamanla birtakım kuralları olan bir gelenek halini almıştır. Dinî, ilmî ve edebî hemen bütün eserlere “hamdele” ve “salvele” ile başlanması âdeti bir süre sonra bunların yanında na‘tlara da yer vermeye yol açmıştır. Divan ve mesnevilerde ise tevhid ve münâcâttan sonra bir na‘tın varlığı hemen hemen zaruret sayılmıştır. Bazı mürettep divanların doğrudan doğruya na‘t ile başladığı, bunun yanında bazı şairlerin divanlarının mukaddimesinden itibaren hemen her bölümünde na‘ta yer verdikleri görülmektedir. Nitekim kaside, gazel, mesnevi, kıta, müstezad, terciibend ve terkibibend, musammat, rubâî, tuyuğ, müfred ve mısra şeklinde pek çok na‘t örneği bulunmaktadır. Divan şiirinde örneği nâdir görülen müsebba‘, müsemmen ve muaşşer gibi musammatlarla kaleme alınan na‘tlar şairlerin na‘t yazma ve bu vadide yenilik getirme gibi gayretlerinin göstergesidir. Divanların gazeliyyât bölümlerinin kafiyelere göre sıralanması usulünde her harf başlığından sonra tevhid, münâcât ve na‘t mahiyetinde olanların öncelikle yer alması da bir gelenek olmuş ve kafiye harfini belirten başlığın hemen arkasından ilk gazelin na‘t olmasına dikkat edilmiştir (Nazîm ve Şeyh Müştak Baba divanlarının gazeliyyât bölümünün tamamında, Hamdullah Hamdi, Zâtî, Fuzûlî, Hayâlî, Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî, İffet-i Bursevî ve Nigârî de bazı gazellerinde bu kuralı uygulamıştır).
Na‘tlarda şairler Hz. Peygamber’i tarif ve tavsif için divan şiirinin bütün söz sanatlarını, belâgat kurallarını ve geleneğin kültür birikimini kullanarak hünerlerini gösterme imkânını bulmuşlardır. Bununla beraber Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i Resûlullah’ın şanını âleme ilân eden bir methiye kabul ederek Allah’ın övdüğü o yüce zâtı methetmekteki âcizliklerini de itiraf etmişlerdir. Fahriyelerde kendilerini öven şairler, na‘ta gelince Allah kelâmı ile övülen bir şahsı methetmeye güçlerinin yetmeyeceğini ifade eder. Samimi bir sevginin ürünü olan na‘tlar bu özellikleriyle çok defa hitâbî bir üslûpla kaleme alınmış lirik şiirlerdir.
Muhteva itibariyle na‘tlarda Hz. Peygamber’in isim ve sıfatları, kâinatın efendisi, yaratılışın gayesi ve Allah’ın habibi oluşu, örnek ahlâkı, üstün vasıfları, fizikî özellikleri, mûcizeleri, diğer peygamberlerden üstünlüğü âyet ve hadislere dayanılarak dile getirilir; son bölümlerde şair günahkârlığını itiraf edip şefaat talebinde bulunur. Ardından kıyamet gününün tasviri, o çetin günde şefaat yetkisinin yalnız Peygamber’e ait olduğu, zira onun âlemlere rahmet olarak gönderildiği vurgulanır.
Türk edebiyatında ilk na‘t örneğine Kutadgu Bilig ’de rastlanmaktadır. Yûsuf Has Hâcib ile başlayan bu gelenek Edib Ahmed Yüknekî’nin Atebetü’l-hakāyık ve Ahmed Yesevî’nin Dîvân-ı Hikmet ’inden sonra Anadolu sahası dışında pek çok şair tarafından devam ettirilmiştir. Çağatay edebiyatında Ali Şîr Nevâî, divan ve mesnevilerinin tamamında ve mensur eserlerinde yer verdiği pek çok na‘t örneğiyle na‘t şairi unvanına lâyık görülmüştür.
Anadolu sahasında Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin Farsça, Yûnus Emre’nin Türkçe na‘tlarıyla bu tür XIII. yüzyıldan itibaren edebiyatın vazgeçilmez bir türü halini almıştır. XVII. yüzyıldan başlayarak sadece nat‘lardan ibaret divanlar tertip edildiği görülmektedir. Nazîm’in beş mürettep divanında değişik nazım şekillerinden toplam 297 na‘t bulunmaktadır. Neccârzâde Rızâ’nın beş bölümden oluşan divanının büyük kısmını gazel tarzında yazılmış na‘tlar teşkil eder. XVIII. yüzyıl şairi Salâhî Uşşâkī’nin üç divanındaki şiirleri arasında 201 na‘t vardır. Aynı gelenek XIX. yüzyılda Seyyid Mehmed Tevfik, Mehmed Fevzi Efendi ve Nazîfî’nin eserlerinde devam etmiştir.
Bazı şiir mecmuaları tamamıyla na‘tlara hasredilmiş olup bunlar “mecmûa-i nuût” olarak anılmaktadır. XVI, XVII ve kısmen XVIII. yüzyıl şairlerinin na‘tlarının derlendiği bu eserlerin en hacimli ve önemli örneği olan Abdülbâki Efendi’nin düzenlediği mecmuada (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 1210) elli iki şaire ait 103 na‘t mevcuttur.
Divan edebiyatındaki binlerce na‘t içinde şöhreti ve etkisiyle doruğa ulaşanlar arasında ilk sırayı Fuzûlî’nin “Su Kasidesi” diye meşhur olan na‘tı alır. Daha sonra Şeyh Galib’in, “Sen Ahmed ü Mahmûd ü Muhammedsin efendim / Haktan bize sultân-ı müeyyedsin efendim” beytiyle müseddes-i mütekerrir şeklindeki na‘tı, Fehîm-i Kadîm’in daha çok edebî muhitlerde şöhret kazanan ve Nazîm, Vahîd-i Mahtûmî, Neşâtî, Şeyh Galib ve İzzet Molla gibi şairler tarafından nazîre yazılan “rûz ü şeb” redifli na‘tları zikredilebilir. Nâbî’nin, hac yolculuğu esnasında Medine yolunda söylediği rivayet edilen, “Sakın terk-i edebden kûy-ı mahbûb-ı Hudâ’dır bu / Nazargâh-ı ilâhîdir makām-ı Mustafâ’dır bu” matla‘lı na‘tı meşhurdur.
Na‘tlar, Tanzimat’tan sonra gelişen yeni Türk edebiyatındaki örneklerle günümüze kadar devam etmiştir. Ziyâ Paşa, Muallim Nâci, Makbûle Leman, İsmâil Safâ, Mahmud Celâleddin Paşa, Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, Trabzonlu Muallim Cûdî, Mehmed Âkif Ersoy, Ali Ekrem Bolayır, Yaman Dede, İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal, Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, Kemal Edip Kürkçüoğlu, Abdullah Öztemiz Hacıtahiroğlu, Sezai Karakoç, Ali Ulvi Kurucu, Muhsin İlyas Subaşı, Mustafa Ruhi Şirin bu geleneğin önemli halkalarını teşkil eder. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı’nın 1990 Kutlu Doğum Haftası münasebetiyle açtığı na‘t yarışmasına yaklaşık 2500 na‘t gönderilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mecmûa-i Kasâid ve Nuût , Millet Ktp., Manzum, nr. 773.
Mecmûa-i Nuût , Millet Ktp., Manzum, nr. 779.
Nuût-ı Nebeviyye Mecmuası , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 1211.
Mi‘râciyye ve Na‘t-ı Şerîfler Mecmuası , Süleymaniye Ktp., Lala İsmail, nr. 773.
Mehmed Fevzi Efendi, et-Tevessülâtü’l-Fevziyye fi’n-nuûti’n-nebeviyye , İstanbul 1303.
Ahmed Esad, Mir’ât-ı Muhammedî (yâhud Safâ-yı Rûh) , İstanbul 1302.
Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, Tanzimat Devri Edebiyatı’nda Dinî Şiirler , Ankara 1962.
Abdullah Öztemiz Hacıtahiroğlu, Hazret-i Peygamber’e Şiirler Antolojisi (Na’tlar) , İstanbul 1966.
Selçuk Eraydın, XVII. Asır İslâm Türk Şairlerinin Yazma Divanlarındaki Tevhid ve Na’tlar ve Beyitlerdeki Tasavvufî Istılahlar (öğretim üyeliği tezi, 1971), İstanbul Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsü.
a.mlf., “17. Asır Tevhid ve Na’tları”, Tohum , sy. 73, İstanbul 1972, s. 16-17.
Tarih İçinde Hicret ve Na’tlar Antolojisi , İstanbul 1982.
Halil İbrahim Şener, Mi’râciye ve Na’t-ı Şerifler Mecmuasındaki Na’tların İşlenişi (öğretim üyeliği tezi, 1985), İzmir Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsü.
a.mlf., “Türk Dîvan Edebiyatında Na’t ve Bazı Na’t Mecmuaları”, DÜİFD , III (1986), s. 147-160.
Günümüz Dilinden Hz. Peygamber’e Naatlar , Ankara 1991.
Emine Yeniterzi, Divan Şiirinde Na’t , Ankara 1993.
a.mlf., Türk Edebiyatında Na’tlar (Antoloji) , Ankara 1993.
a.mlf., “Türk Edebiyatında Na’tlara Dair”, Türkler (nşr. Hasan Celal Güzel v.dğr.), Ankara 2002, XI, 762-767.
a.mlf., “Türk Edebiyatında Na’tlar”, Yağmur (Na’t özel sayısı), IV/15, İzmir 2002, s. 10-15.
Âmil Çelebioğlu, Eski Türk Edebiyatı Araştırmaları , İstanbul 1998, s. 349-365.
Mehmet Akkuş, Hz. Peygamber’e Na’tlar (Dîvân-ı Nu’ût-ı Salâhî) , Ankara 1999.
Ali Budak – Ali Belbağı, Kâinâtın Efendisine Na’t Antolojisi , İstanbul 2004.
Ali Nihad Tarlan, “Na’tlar Arasında”, Hilâl , III/26, Ankara 1962, s. 4; IV/43 (1963), s. 3; IV/44 (1964), s. 3; IV/45 (1964), s. 1.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, “Dinî Edebiyatımızın Başlıca Ürünleri”, TDAY Belleten (1972), s. 35-80.
M. Esad Coşan, “Türk Edebiyatında Na’tlar”, Hakses (Hicret özel sayısı), XV/177-178, Ankara 1979, s. 37-39.
Nevzat Özkan, “Edebiyatımızda Dînî Konular ve Hz. Muhammed Sevgisi”, Erciyes , VIII/91, Kayseri 1985, s. 1-7.
Rıdvan Canım, “Divan Edebiyatında Tevhid, Na’t ve Münâcâtlar”, İslâmî Edebiyat , sy. 4, İstanbul 1990, s. 9-11, 59.
Kemal Yavuz, “Müştak Baba ve Na’tları”, İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 5, İstanbul 1997, s. 259-277.
“Na’t”, TDEA , VI, 529-530.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 436-437 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MÛSİKİ. İslâmî Türk edebiyatında Hz. Peygamber için kaleme alınmış methiyeler Türk mûsikisi makam, usul ve kaideleri çerçevesinde irticâlen veya beste ile okunmuştur. Arapça ve Farsça bazı örnekleri bulunsa da genellikle Türkçe yazılan na‘tların güfteleri mutasavvıf şairlerin şiirlerinden seçilmiş olup nâdiren mensur şekillerine de rastlanmaktadır. Dinî güftelerin pek çoğu hakkında kullanılan “nutk-ı şerif” tabiri na‘t için de geçerlidir.
Cami ve tekke mûsikisinin ortak şekillerinden olan na‘tların icrası büyük camilerde, cuma ve bayram namazlarından önce devirhanların okuduğu Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in ardından ta‘rifhanın ayağa kalkarak Hz. Peygamber’e salâtüselâm getirip camiyi yaptıranın hayırlarını da sayarak dua etmesinden sonra na‘than tarafından yapılırdı. Bir kişinin genellikle irticâlî okuduğu na‘tların bestelenmiş ve günümüze kadar gelmiş örnekleri bulunmaktadır (Suphi Ezgi, Türk Musikisi Klasiklerinden Temcit-Na’t-Salât-Durak , İstanbul 1945). M. Ekrem Karadeniz ve Bekir Sıtkı Sezgin, besteli na‘tların duraklarda olduğu gibi usule uyulmaksızın serbest bir yorumla, fakat asıl melodik yapıyı bozmamaya özen gösterilerek icra edilmesi gerektiğini ifade ederken Suphi Ezgi, na‘tların muhakkak durak evferi ve darb-ı Türkî usulleriyle okunması icap ettiğini söyler. Dört mısralı bir na‘t beste formunda olduğu gibi 1, 2 ve 4. mısralar zemin, 3. mısra meyan olarak bestelenir. Ağır bir ritimle seyreden na‘tlarda ilâhilere göre daha sanatlı bir üslûp kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca na‘t şeklinde yazılmış, özellikle Hz. Peygamber’in doğumuna ait methiyelerden ibaret olan güftelere ilâhi formuyla bestelendiğinde tevşîh adı verilir. Bu bakımdan na‘t türünde kaleme alınmış şiirler için Türk din mûsikisinde na‘t ve tevşîh olmak üzere iki form bulunmaktadır.
El yazması güfte mecmuaları incelendiğinde daha çok Eşrefoğlu Rûmî, Dede Ömer Rûşenî, Şemseddin Sivâsî, Seyyid Nizamoğlu, Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî, Abdülahad Nûri, Niyâzî-i Mısrî, Sultan II. Mustafa, İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî ve III. Ahmed’in na‘t güftelerinin bestelendiği görülür. Na‘t bestekârları arasında Sütçüzâde Îsâ, Hatîb Zâkirî Hasan Efendi, Hâfız Post ve III. Selim önde gelen isimlerdir. İslâmî Türk edebiyatında en çok na‘tın yazıldığı XVIII. yüzyıldaki na‘t şairleri içinde Yahyâ Nazîm’in ayrı bir yeri vardır. Kendi şiirlerine yaptığı besteler yanında Nazîm’in na‘tları ayrıca birçok mûsikişinas tarafından bestelenmiştir. Bunların en meşhuru aynı dönem bestekârlarından Niznâm Yûsuf Çelebi’nin rast makamındaki, “Âfitâb-ı subh-i mâ evhâ habîb-i kibriyâ / Mâhtâb-ı şâm-ı ev ednâ habîb-i kibriyâ” beytiyle başlayan eseridir. Na‘t bestekârları arasında Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’den de özellikle söz etmek gerekir. Onun güfte ve bestesi kendisine ait, “Ey habîb-i kibriyâ vey matla-ı nûr-ı Hudâ” mısraıyla başlayan hüzzam na‘tı bu formun başarılı eserlerindendir. Her iki eser ayrıca tevşîh olarak da bestelenmiştir.
Buhûrîzâde Mustafa Itrî Efendi’nin rast makamında bestelediği, “na‘t-ı Mevlânâ” diye anılan eseri formun en güzel örnekleri arasında yer alır. Notası günümüze ulaşan, Farsça sözleri Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’ye ait olan ve, “Yâ habîballah resûl-i Hâlik-ı yektâ tüyî” mısraıyla başlayan bu eser, Mevlevî âyinlerinin başında neyzenbaşının yapacağı post taksiminden önce bazan bir, bazan da meşkleri aynı olan iki kişi tarafından ayakta okunur. Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun ise bu na‘t için belli bir güftenin bulunmadığını, Mevlânâ’nın Dîvân-ı Kebîr ’inden seçilen, vezni ezgiye uygun bir manzumenin bu besteye giydirilerek okunabileceğini belirtmektedir (Türk Musikisi Antolojisi , II, 469). Na‘t-ı Mevlânâ günümüzde melodik temaya bağlı kalınarak serbest bir üslûpla icra edilmektedir.
Eskiden tekke, mevlevîhâne ve camilerde “na‘thanlık” adı altında bir görevin bulunduğu ve na‘thanlığın âdeta bir meslek haline geldiği bazı vakıf kayıtlarından anlaşılmaktadır. Dönemlerinde na‘thanlıkla şöhret bulmuş kişiler arasında Eminönü Vâlide Camii (Yenicami) na‘thanı Küçük İmam Mehmed Efendi, Yavuz Sultan Selim Camii na‘thanı Niznâm Yûsuf Çelebi, Yenikapı Mevlevîhânesi’nde okuduğu na‘tlarıyla tanınan Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede Efendi, aynı mevlevîhânenin kudümzenbaşılarından şiirlerinde Na‘tî mahlasını kullanan Ahmed Hüsâmeddin Dede, son devirde Aksaray Vâlide Camii müezzinbaşısı Hâfız Cemal Gürses, Arap Camii müezzinbaşısı Hâfız Ahmed Efendi, kudümzen Eşref Özkul ve kudümzen Kâni Karaca zikredilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müstakimzâde, Mecmûa-i İlâhiyyât , Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3397, vr. 2b .
Mecmûa-i İlâhiyyât , Süleymaniye Ktp., Kadı Burhâneddin, nr. 47, vr. 1b .
Ruşen Ferit [Kam], Bestegâr-Şair Nazîm: Hayatı, Eserleri Hakkında Tetkikat , İstanbul 1933, s. 11, 19.
Ezgi, Türk Musikisi , II, 50-53, 56-57; III, 54-59.
a.mlf., Türk Musikisi Klasiklerinden Temcit-Na’t-Salât-Durak , İstanbul 1945, s. 14-26.
Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun, Türk Musikisi Antolojisi , İstanbul 1943, II, 468-469, 634.
Nuri Özcan, Onsekizinci Asırda Osmanlılar’da Dînî Mûsıkî (doktora tezi, 1982), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 40-41, 873-875.
M. Ekrem Karadeniz, Türk Mûsikîsinin Nazariye ve Esasları , Ankara 1983, s. 163-164, 656-657, 702-708.
Emine Yeniterzi, Divan Şiirinde Na’t , Ankara 1993, s. 69-78.
Recep Tutal, Türk Din Musikisinde Na‘t, Tesbih ve Temcidler (yüksek lisans tezi, 1994), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 31-50.
Halil Can, “Dinî Türk Musikisi Lûgatı”, MM , sy. 220 (1966), s. 121.
Bahaeddin Yediyıldız, “Vakıf Müessesesinin XVIII. Asır Türk Toplumundaki Rolü”, VD , sy. 14 (1982), s. 15.
[Maddenin yazımında Bekir Sıtkı Sezgin’den elde edilen bazı şifahî bilgilerden de faydalanılmıştır].
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 437 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.