NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 1 – 21, 30.06.2024

Ersin Fırat Akgül

https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.1418186

Öz

The shipping industry’s heavy reliance on fossil fuels has significantly contributed to global greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating urgent decarbonization measures. In this context, the trend towards environmentally friendly alternative fuels has accelerated and shipping companies has begun fleet modernization such as retrofitting vessels to accommodate alternative fuel systems or investing in new ships designed for specific alternative fuels. However, there are contradicting approaches in practice on viable option(s) to decarbonize. In this study, it is aimed to determine which strategies the shipping companies in fleet modernization mainly prefer. In this context, the current news under the title of “Shipping-Decarbonization” in the Thompson Reuters Refinitiv terminal has been scanned to seek answers about the direction in which the preferences of practitioners have evolved. Although there are different investment preferences, it has been determined that companies are predominantly investing in ships with methanol and LNG propulsion systems or retrofitting their existing fleets in this area on their decarbonization journey. Based on the analysis, this study aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders especially on identification of preferred alternative fuels in order to customize incentives and regulations aimed at encouraging the adoption of these particular alternative fuels

Anahtar Kelimeler

Shipping, Fleet Modernization, Alternative Fuels, Decarbonization

Kaynakça

  • Ajdin, A. (2022). Maersk adds US developer Carbon Sink to green methanol supplier list. https://splash247.com/maersk-adds-us-developercarbon- sink-to-green-methanol-supplier-list/, Access Date: 15.06.2023.
  • Al-Enazi, A., Okonkwo, E. C., Bicer, Y. and Al-Ansari, T. (2021). A review of cleaner alternative fuels for maritime transportation. Energy Reports, 7, 1962–1985.
  • ANI News. (2023). Cochin Shipyard Ltd bags International Order for World’s First Zero-Emission Feeder Container Vessel. https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cochin-shipyard-ltdbags- international-order-for-worlds-first-zero-emission-feeder-containervessel20230317232326/, Access Date: 15.06.2023.
  • Balcombe, P., Brierley, J., Lewis, C., Skatvedt, L., Speirs, J., Hawkes, A. and Staffell, I. (2019). How to decarbonise international shipping: Options for fuels, technologies and policies. Energy Conversion and Management, 182, 72–88.
  • BBC News. (2021). COP26 İklim Zirvesi’nde varılan anlaşma neler öngörüyor? BBC News Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberlerdunya- 59277754, Access Date: 10.06.2023.
  • Birkebaek, J. (2023). Maersk secures fuel for first methanol container ship journey. https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/maersk-securesfuel- first-methanol-container-ship-journey-2023-06-12/, Access Date: 15.06.2023.
  • Bouman, E. A., Lindstad, E., Rialland, A. I. and Strømman, A. H. (2017). State-of-the-art technologies, measures, and potential for reducing GHG emissions from shipping – A review. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 52, 408–421.
  • Bureau Veritas. (2023). Methanol as fuel. https://marineoffshore. bureauveritas.com/shipping-decarbonization/future-fuels/ methanol, Access Date: 12.06.2023.
  • CMA CGM. (2022). CMA CGM becomes partner to the Jupiter 1000 project, France’s first industrial demonstrator of hydrogen and emethane’s production, piloted by GRTgaz. https://www.cmacgm. com/news/4089/cma-cgm-becomes-partner-to-the-jupiter-1000- project-france-s-first-industrial-demonstrator-of-hydrogen-and-emethane- s-production-piloted-by-grtgaz?cat=environment, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Danaos Corporation. (2022). Danaos Corporation Announces the Ordering of Four 7,200 TEU Containerships. https://www.danaos.com/news-and-media/press-release-details/2022/ Danaos-Corporation-Announces-the-Ordering-of-Four-7200-TEUContainerships/ default.aspx, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Deutsche Bank. (2022). Navigating towards a greener future. https://www.db.com/news/detail/20221213-navigating-towards-a-greener -future?language_id=1, Access Date: 09.05.2023. Dong, J., Zeng, J., Yang, Y. and Wang, H. (2022). A review of law and policy on decarbonization of shipping. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 1076352.
  • Grimaldi. (2023a). Grimaldi Group | The Grimaldi Group orders five more ammonia-ready car carriers. https://www.grimaldi.napoli.it/en/news/130/ Access Date: 10.07.2023.
  • Grimaldi. (2023b). Grimaldi Group | Two more ammonia-ready PCTC vessels for Grimaldi: 17 car carriers now under construction for the Group.https://www.grimaldi.napoli.it/en/news/150/?enowparentmodules =df-streaming-module,opsconsole-csm%2Cusage-trackingcsm% 2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 10.07.2023.
  • Hafnia. (2022). Newbuild LNG Additions to the Hafnia Fleet—Hafnia. https://hafniabw.com/news/newbuild-lng-additions-to-the-hafniafleet/? enowparentmodules=df-streaming-module,opsconsolecsm% 2Cusage-tracking-csm%2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Höegh Autoliners. (2022). Portrait of the Aurora class: Designing the future of the maritime industry. https://www.hoeghautoliners.com/portraitof- the-aurora-class-designing-the-future-of-the-maritime-industry, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Inpex Corporation. (2023). INPEX CORPORATION. https://www.inpex.co.jp/english/news/assets/pdf/20230202.pdf?enowpare ntmodules=df-streaming-module,opsconsole-csm%2Cusage-trackingcsm% 2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Lerh, J. (2023). UAE’s Fujairah needs to step up investments for new bunker fuels -execs. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/uaesfujairah- needs-step-up-investments-new-bunker-fuels-execs-2023-03-15/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Maersk. (2023). Maersk signs MOU with Shanghai International Port Group on green methanol bunkering. https://www.maersk.com/news/articles/2023/03/24/maersk-signs-mouwith- shanghai-international-port-group-on-green-methanol-bunkering, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Mallouppas, G. and Yfantis, E. Ar. (2021). Decarbonization in Shipping Industry: A Review of Research, Technology Development, and Innovation Proposals. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(4), 415.
  • MAN Energy Solutions. (2022). Methanol Engines Continue Rise with Major Order. https://man-es.com/company/press-releases/pressdetails/ 2022/10/18/methanol-engines-continue-rise-with-major-order, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • MarineLink. (2022). COSCO Takes Delivery of LNG Dual-fuel VLCC. https://www.marinelink.com/news/cosco-takes-delivery-lng-dualfuelvlcc- 494652, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Cypress Sun. https://www.mol.co.jp/en/pr/2023/23006.html, Access Date: 05.07.2023.
  • MOL. (2023b). MOL and Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Sign Basic Agreement on Long-term Charter for Newbuilding Dual-fuel Methanol Carrier. https://www.mol.co.jp/en/pr/2023/23061.html, Access Date: 05.07.2023.
  • MOTIE. (2023). Press Releases | Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. http://english.motie.go.kr/en/pc/pressreleases/bbs/bbsView.do?bbs_seq_n =1169&bbs_cd_n=2&currentPage=1&search_key_n=&search_val_v=&c ate_n=&enowparentmodules=df-streaming-module,opsconsolecsm% 2Cusage-tracking-csm%2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 05.07.2023.
  • NYK Group. (2022a). New LNG-fueled PCTC Delivered. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20220325_02.html, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • NYK Group. (2022b). The NYK Group Takes Delivery of Third Methanol- Fueled Chemical Tanker. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20220420_01.html, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • NYK Group. (2022c). NYK to Order Two LNG-Fueled Large Coal Carriers. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20221102_01.html, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • NYK Group. (2022d). Ammonia-Fuel Ready LNG-Fueled Vessel Proceeds to Actual Design. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20221128_01.html, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Obayashi, Y. and Golubkova, K. (2023). Japan pledges financial support to help ASEAN decarbonise. https://www.reuters.com/markets/carbon/japan-pledges-financialsupport- help-asean-decarbonise-2023-03-04/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • ONE. (2022). ONE announces signing of Ship Building Contracts for Ten Very Large Container Ships. https://www.one-line.com/en/news/oneannounces-signing-ship-building-contracts-ten-very-large-containerships, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • P&O. (2023). P&O Maritime Logistics’ Introduces ‘Zero-Emission’ Vessel with Cable Laying Capabilities to Build Wind Farms. https://pomaritime.com/news/po-maritime-logistics-introduces-zeroemission- vessel-with-cable-laying-capabilities-to-build-wind-farms/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Port of Rotterdam. (2023a). HGK Shipping and Port of Rotterdam Authority sign cooperation agreement for greater sustainability on inland waterways. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-and-pressreleases/ hgk-shipping-and-the-port-of-rotterdam-sign-a-cooperationagreement- for?enowparentmodules=df-streaming-module,opsconsolecsm% 2Cusage-tracking-csm%2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Port of Rotterdam. (2023b). 14 universities, innovation hubs & ports sign partnership to accelerate green hydrogen innovation. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-and-press-releases/14- universities-innovation-hubs-ports-sign-partnership-green-hydrogeninnovation, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Reuters. (2022a). Yara to set up Scandinavian green ammonia shipping fuel network. https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainablebusiness/ yara-set-up-scandinavian-green-ammonia-shipping-fuelnetwork- 2022-04-01/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Reuters. (2022b). Shipping line CMA CGM, Engie plan biomethane production in France. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shippingline- cma-cgm-engie-plan-biomethane-production-france-2022-06-30/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Reuters. (2022c). Maersk agrees on project with Spain to make e-methanol for its fleet. https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainablebusiness/ maersk-agrees-project-with-spain-make-e-methanol-its-fleet- 2022-11-03/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Reuters. (2023). Shipping still in dark over clean fuel solutions—Industry official. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shipping-still-darkover-clean-fuel-solutions-industry-official-2023-01-20/, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Saul, J. (2023). Countries adopt mid-century greenhouse gas emissions goal for shipping. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/countries-adoptnew- shipping-greenhouse-gas-emissions-target-2023-07-07/, Access Date: 17.07.2023.
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  • Shumkov, I. (2022). Shipping co Meriaura to order cargo vessel running on green ammonia. https://renewablesnow.com/news/shipping-comeriaura- to-order-cargo-vessel-running-on-green-ammonia-799219/, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
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  • Stena Bulk. (2023). Proman Stena Bulk takes delivery of first methanolpowered newbuild vessel. https://www.stenabulk.com/press-andnews/ press-releases/proman-stena-bulk-takes-delivery-first-methanolpowered- newbuild, Access Date: 09.07.2023.
  • Stena RoRo. (2023). New hybrid ro-ro ships ordered for Stena Line. News Powered by Cision. https://news.cision.com/stena-roro/r/new-hybrid-roro- ships-ordered-for-stena-line,c3776652, Access Date: 09.07.2023.
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  • WinGD. (2023). WinGD to deliver methanol engines for COSCO SHIPPING Lines container vessels. https://www.wingd.com/en/newsmedia/press-releases/wingd-to-deliver-methanol-engines-for-coscoshipping- lines-container-vessels/, Access Date: 09.07.2023.
  • Yonhap News Agency. (2023). HMM places order for 9 methanol-fueled container ships. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20230214006500320, Access Date: 05.05.2023.
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KARBONSUZLAŞMADA YOL ALMAK: DÜNYA ÇAPINDA DENİZCİLİK ŞİRKETLERİNİN FİLO MODERNİZASYON STRATEJİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 1 – 21, 30.06.2024

Ersin Fırat Akgül

https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.1418186

Öz

Denizcilik sektörünün fosil yakıtlara olan bağımlılığı, küresel sera gazı emisyonlarına önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunmuş ve acil karbonsuzlaştırma önlemleri alınmasını gerektirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, çevre dostu alternatif yakıtlara yönelik eğilim hız kazanmış ve denizcilik şirketleri, gemileri alternatif yakıt sistemlerine uygun hale getirmek veya belirli alternatif yakıtlar için tasarlanmış yeni gemilere yatırım yapmak gibi filo modernizasyonuna başlamıştır. Ancak, karbonsuzlaştırmaya yönelik uygulanabilir seçenek(ler) konusunda uygulamada çelişkili yaklaşımlar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, filo modernizasyonunda denizcilik şirketlerinin ağırlıklı olarak hangi stratejileri tercih ettiklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda Thompson Reuters Refinitiv terminalinde “Shipping-Decarbonization” başlığı altında yer alan güncel haberler taranarak uygulayıcıların tercihlerinin ne yönde evrildiğine dair cevaplar aranmıştır. Farklı yatırım tercihleri olmakla birlikte, şirketlerin karbonsuzlaştırma yolculuğunda ağırlıklı olarak metanol ve LNG tahrik sistemli gemilere yatırım yaptıkları veya mevcut filolarını bu alanda güçlendirdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, özellikle tercih edilen alternatif yakıtların belirlenmesi ve bu alternatif yakıtların benimsenmesine yönelik teşvik ve düzenlemelerin uygulanabilmesi için politika yapıcılar ve sektör paydaşları için değerli bilgiler sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Denizcilik, Filo Modernizasyonu, Alternatif Yakıtlar, Dekarbonizasyo

Kaynakça

  • Ajdin, A. (2022). Maersk adds US developer Carbon Sink to green methanol supplier list. https://splash247.com/maersk-adds-us-developercarbon- sink-to-green-methanol-supplier-list/, Access Date: 15.06.2023.
  • Al-Enazi, A., Okonkwo, E. C., Bicer, Y. and Al-Ansari, T. (2021). A review of cleaner alternative fuels for maritime transportation. Energy Reports, 7, 1962–1985.
  • ANI News. (2023). Cochin Shipyard Ltd bags International Order for World’s First Zero-Emission Feeder Container Vessel. https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cochin-shipyard-ltdbags- international-order-for-worlds-first-zero-emission-feeder-containervessel20230317232326/, Access Date: 15.06.2023.
  • Balcombe, P., Brierley, J., Lewis, C., Skatvedt, L., Speirs, J., Hawkes, A. and Staffell, I. (2019). How to decarbonise international shipping: Options for fuels, technologies and policies. Energy Conversion and Management, 182, 72–88.
  • BBC News. (2021). COP26 İklim Zirvesi’nde varılan anlaşma neler öngörüyor? BBC News Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberlerdunya- 59277754, Access Date: 10.06.2023.
  • Birkebaek, J. (2023). Maersk secures fuel for first methanol container ship journey. https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/maersk-securesfuel- first-methanol-container-ship-journey-2023-06-12/, Access Date: 15.06.2023.
  • Bouman, E. A., Lindstad, E., Rialland, A. I. and Strømman, A. H. (2017). State-of-the-art technologies, measures, and potential for reducing GHG emissions from shipping – A review. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 52, 408–421.
  • Bureau Veritas. (2023). Methanol as fuel. https://marineoffshore. bureauveritas.com/shipping-decarbonization/future-fuels/ methanol, Access Date: 12.06.2023.
  • CMA CGM. (2022). CMA CGM becomes partner to the Jupiter 1000 project, France’s first industrial demonstrator of hydrogen and emethane’s production, piloted by GRTgaz. https://www.cmacgm. com/news/4089/cma-cgm-becomes-partner-to-the-jupiter-1000- project-france-s-first-industrial-demonstrator-of-hydrogen-and-emethane- s-production-piloted-by-grtgaz?cat=environment, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Danaos Corporation. (2022). Danaos Corporation Announces the Ordering of Four 7,200 TEU Containerships. https://www.danaos.com/news-and-media/press-release-details/2022/ Danaos-Corporation-Announces-the-Ordering-of-Four-7200-TEUContainerships/ default.aspx, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Deutsche Bank. (2022). Navigating towards a greener future. https://www.db.com/news/detail/20221213-navigating-towards-a-greener -future?language_id=1, Access Date: 09.05.2023. Dong, J., Zeng, J., Yang, Y. and Wang, H. (2022). A review of law and policy on decarbonization of shipping. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 1076352.
  • Grimaldi. (2023a). Grimaldi Group | The Grimaldi Group orders five more ammonia-ready car carriers. https://www.grimaldi.napoli.it/en/news/130/ Access Date: 10.07.2023.
  • Grimaldi. (2023b). Grimaldi Group | Two more ammonia-ready PCTC vessels for Grimaldi: 17 car carriers now under construction for the Group.https://www.grimaldi.napoli.it/en/news/150/?enowparentmodules =df-streaming-module,opsconsole-csm%2Cusage-trackingcsm% 2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 10.07.2023.
  • Hafnia. (2022). Newbuild LNG Additions to the Hafnia Fleet—Hafnia. https://hafniabw.com/news/newbuild-lng-additions-to-the-hafniafleet/? enowparentmodules=df-streaming-module,opsconsolecsm% 2Cusage-tracking-csm%2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Höegh Autoliners. (2022). Portrait of the Aurora class: Designing the future of the maritime industry. https://www.hoeghautoliners.com/portraitof- the-aurora-class-designing-the-future-of-the-maritime-industry, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Inpex Corporation. (2023). INPEX CORPORATION. https://www.inpex.co.jp/english/news/assets/pdf/20230202.pdf?enowpare ntmodules=df-streaming-module,opsconsole-csm%2Cusage-trackingcsm% 2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Lerh, J. (2023). UAE’s Fujairah needs to step up investments for new bunker fuels -execs. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/uaesfujairah- needs-step-up-investments-new-bunker-fuels-execs-2023-03-15/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Maersk. (2023). Maersk signs MOU with Shanghai International Port Group on green methanol bunkering. https://www.maersk.com/news/articles/2023/03/24/maersk-signs-mouwith- shanghai-international-port-group-on-green-methanol-bunkering, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Mallouppas, G. and Yfantis, E. Ar. (2021). Decarbonization in Shipping Industry: A Review of Research, Technology Development, and Innovation Proposals. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(4), 415.
  • MAN Energy Solutions. (2022). Methanol Engines Continue Rise with Major Order. https://man-es.com/company/press-releases/pressdetails/ 2022/10/18/methanol-engines-continue-rise-with-major-order, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • MarineLink. (2022). COSCO Takes Delivery of LNG Dual-fuel VLCC. https://www.marinelink.com/news/cosco-takes-delivery-lng-dualfuelvlcc- 494652, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Cypress Sun. https://www.mol.co.jp/en/pr/2023/23006.html, Access Date: 05.07.2023.
  • MOL. (2023b). MOL and Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Sign Basic Agreement on Long-term Charter for Newbuilding Dual-fuel Methanol Carrier. https://www.mol.co.jp/en/pr/2023/23061.html, Access Date: 05.07.2023.
  • MOTIE. (2023). Press Releases | Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. http://english.motie.go.kr/en/pc/pressreleases/bbs/bbsView.do?bbs_seq_n =1169&bbs_cd_n=2&currentPage=1&search_key_n=&search_val_v=&c ate_n=&enowparentmodules=df-streaming-module,opsconsolecsm% 2Cusage-tracking-csm%2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 05.07.2023.
  • NYK Group. (2022a). New LNG-fueled PCTC Delivered. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20220325_02.html, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • NYK Group. (2022b). The NYK Group Takes Delivery of Third Methanol- Fueled Chemical Tanker. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20220420_01.html, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • NYK Group. (2022c). NYK to Order Two LNG-Fueled Large Coal Carriers. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20221102_01.html, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • NYK Group. (2022d). Ammonia-Fuel Ready LNG-Fueled Vessel Proceeds to Actual Design. https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2022/20221128_01.html, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Obayashi, Y. and Golubkova, K. (2023). Japan pledges financial support to help ASEAN decarbonise. https://www.reuters.com/markets/carbon/japan-pledges-financialsupport- help-asean-decarbonise-2023-03-04/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • ONE. (2022). ONE announces signing of Ship Building Contracts for Ten Very Large Container Ships. https://www.one-line.com/en/news/oneannounces-signing-ship-building-contracts-ten-very-large-containerships, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • P&O. (2023). P&O Maritime Logistics’ Introduces ‘Zero-Emission’ Vessel with Cable Laying Capabilities to Build Wind Farms. https://pomaritime.com/news/po-maritime-logistics-introduces-zeroemission- vessel-with-cable-laying-capabilities-to-build-wind-farms/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Port of Rotterdam. (2023a). HGK Shipping and Port of Rotterdam Authority sign cooperation agreement for greater sustainability on inland waterways. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-and-pressreleases/ hgk-shipping-and-the-port-of-rotterdam-sign-a-cooperationagreement- for?enowparentmodules=df-streaming-module,opsconsolecsm% 2Cusage-tracking-csm%2Cdata-api-proxy-csm, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Port of Rotterdam. (2023b). 14 universities, innovation hubs & ports sign partnership to accelerate green hydrogen innovation. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-and-press-releases/14- universities-innovation-hubs-ports-sign-partnership-green-hydrogeninnovation, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Reuters. (2022a). Yara to set up Scandinavian green ammonia shipping fuel network. https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainablebusiness/ yara-set-up-scandinavian-green-ammonia-shipping-fuelnetwork- 2022-04-01/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Reuters. (2022b). Shipping line CMA CGM, Engie plan biomethane production in France. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shippingline- cma-cgm-engie-plan-biomethane-production-france-2022-06-30/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Reuters. (2022c). Maersk agrees on project with Spain to make e-methanol for its fleet. https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainablebusiness/ maersk-agrees-project-with-spain-make-e-methanol-its-fleet- 2022-11-03/, Access Date: 10.05.2023.
  • Reuters. (2023). Shipping still in dark over clean fuel solutions—Industry official. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shipping-still-darkover-clean-fuel-solutions-industry-official-2023-01-20/, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Saul, J. (2023). Countries adopt mid-century greenhouse gas emissions goal for shipping. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/countries-adoptnew- shipping-greenhouse-gas-emissions-target-2023-07-07/, Access Date: 17.07.2023.
  • Shen, C. (2022). MOL to develop ammonia-fuelled gas carrier: Lloyd’s List. https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1141329/MOL-todevelop- ammonia-fuelled-gas-carrier, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Shumkov, I. (2022). Shipping co Meriaura to order cargo vessel running on green ammonia. https://renewablesnow.com/news/shipping-comeriaura- to-order-cargo-vessel-running-on-green-ammonia-799219/, Access Date: 11.05.2023.
  • Staffell, I., Scamman, D., Velazquez Abad, A., Balcombe, P., Dodds, P. E., Ekins, P., Shah, N. and Ward, K. R. (2019). The role of hydrogen and fuel cells in the global energy system. Energy & Environmental Science, 12(2), 463–491.
  • Stena Bulk. (2023). Proman Stena Bulk takes delivery of first methanolpowered newbuild vessel. https://www.stenabulk.com/press-andnews/ press-releases/proman-stena-bulk-takes-delivery-first-methanolpowered- newbuild, Access Date: 09.07.2023.
  • Stena RoRo. (2023). New hybrid ro-ro ships ordered for Stena Line. News Powered by Cision. https://news.cision.com/stena-roro/r/new-hybrid-roro- ships-ordered-for-stena-line,c3776652, Access Date: 09.07.2023.
  • Vertom. (2022). Mv Vertom Patty, First of Series of Six 7,000 Dwt Launched at Thecla Bodewes Shipyards. https://www.vertom.nl/en/nieuws/mv-vertom-patty-first-of-series-of-six- 7000-dwt-launched-at-thecla-bodewes-shipyards/, Access Date: 09.07.2023.
  • WinGD. (2023). WinGD to deliver methanol engines for COSCO SHIPPING Lines container vessels. https://www.wingd.com/en/newsmedia/press-releases/wingd-to-deliver-methanol-engines-for-coscoshipping- lines-container-vessels/, Access Date: 09.07.2023.
  • Yonhap News Agency. (2023). HMM places order for 9 methanol-fueled container ships. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20230214006500320, Access Date: 05.05.2023.
  • Zishuo, Z. (2023). Chinese shipmaker to produce 16 large container vessels for France. https://english.news.cn/20230410/f344859d46b747fb83ef86b141aa54ae/ c.html, Access Date: 09.07.2023.

Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Deniz Taşımacılığı ve Nakliye Hizmetleri
BölümMakaleler
Yazarlar

Ersin Fırat Akgül BANDIRMA ONYEDİ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-2208-0502 Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi11 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi18 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APAAkgül, E. F. (2024). NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.1418186
AMAAkgül EF. NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi. Haziran 2024;16(1):1-21. doi:10.18613/deudfd.1418186
ChicagoAkgül, Ersin Fırat. “NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi 16, sy. 1 (Haziran 2024): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.1418186.
EndNoteAkgül EF (01 Haziran 2024) NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi 16 1 1–21.
IEEEE. F. Akgül, “NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 1, ss. 1–21, 2024, doi: 10.18613/deudfd.1418186.
ISNADAkgül, Ersin Fırat. “NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi 16/1 (Haziran 2024), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.1418186.
JAMAAkgül EF. NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;16:1–21.
MLAAkgül, Ersin Fırat. “NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 1-21, doi:10.18613/deudfd.1418186.
VancouverAkgül EF. NAVIGATING DECARBONIZATION: EXAMINING SHIPPING COMPANIES’ FLEET MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES WORLDWIDE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;16(1):1-21.

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