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NÂZIR Skip to content İslâm devletlerinde çeşitli kurum ve kuruluşların yönetici veya denetleyicilerini ifade eden terim.
1/2 Müellif: CENGİZ TOMAR Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “bakmak, görmek; düşünmek, incelemek; hüküm vermek” anlamlarındaki nazar kökünden türeyen nâzır kelimesi terim olarak özellikle divanlar ve v…
2/2 Müellif: MEHMET GENÇ Bölüme Git
Osmanlılar’da. Osmanlılar’da maliye, idare ve vakıf kurumlarında yönetici veya denetleyiciye nâzır, ilgili kurum ve faaliyete de nezâret denir. Bununl…
Sözlükte “bakmak, görmek; düşünmek, incelemek; hüküm vermek” anlamlarındaki nazar kökünden türeyen nâzır kelimesi terim olarak özellikle divanlar ve vakıflar gibi malî kurumları yöneten veya denetleyen kimseler için kullanılıyordu. Zamanla vezirin denetimi altındaki bütün divanların yöneticilerine, mezâlim mahkemesi reisine ve bunların dışında idarî ve malî işlerle ilgilenen pek çok görevliye de bu unvan verilmiştir. Abbâsîler döneminde âmiller tarafından köylere gönderilen nâiblerin yanında toplanan haracın muhafazasından sorumlu bir de nâzır bulunuyordu. Şehrin emniyet ve asayişinden sorumlu olan kişiye “nâzırü’l-maûne”, IV. (X.) yüzyıldan itibaren Bağdat’taki hazine divanının sorumlusuna “nâzırü’d-dîvâni’l-hazâîn”, hazine başkanına da “nâzırü’l-mahzen” deniliyordu.
Büyük Selçuklu Hükümdarı Tuğrul Bey Bağdat’a geldiğinde ilk iş olarak halifenin iktâlarını gözden geçirip kontrol etmiş ve arttırılmasını emretmiştir. Sultan Alparslan, Tuğrul Bey’in ölümü üzerine halifenin kızı olan hanımını Bağdat’a gönderirken hem ona refakat etmek hem de Bağdat’a nezaret etmek üzere İbnü’l-Muvaffak’ı görevlendirmiş, Hemedan Nâzırı Ebû Muhammed Dihistânî’ye de gayri şer‘î vergilerin kaldırılmasını emretmişti (Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 112-114, 121). Anadolu Selçukluları ve İlhanlılar’da Dîvânü’n-nazar (Dîvân-ı Memâlik) denilen bir divan bulunmakta ve başındaki görevliye “nâzır-ı dîvân-ı memâlik” (nâzır-ı memâlik) adı verilmekteydi. Bu görevlinin hazineden ve maaşların dağıtılmasından sorumlu olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Turan, s. 176-177).
Fâtımîler’de nâzır genel anlamda müfettiş (müşrif) karşılığı kullanılmıştır. Meselâ Azîz-Billâh zamanında Hasan b. Sâlih er-Rûzbârî, Remle ve Suriye’deki malî, askerî ve idarî işleri denetlemek için nâzır tayin edilmişti. Fâtımîler döneminde yabancı tüccarlardan alınan verginin (humus) toplanmasından sorumlu görevliye de “nâzırü’l-hums” deniliyordu. Eyyûbîler devrinde devletin malî işlerini yürüten Dîvânü’l-mâl reisine “nâzırü’d-devâvîn” (nâzırü’n-nüzzâr) adı verilmekteydi. Fâtımîler’den itibaren mevcut olan bu görevli aynı zamanda devletin bütün divanlarını teftiş etme yetkisini taşıyan Dîvânü’n-nazar’ın da başkanıydı. Zengîler’de de nâzırü’l-cevâmi‘ ve’l-mesâcid, nâzırü’l-mezâlim, nâzırü’d-dîvân ve nâzırü’l-ceyş unvanlı görevliler vardı.
Nâzırlık müessesesi Memlükler’de çok yaygınlaşmıştır. Bunun başlıca sebebi, memlük askerî hiyeraşisine dayalı bir nizam oluşturulması ve bütün önemli idarî kademelere, hatta kalemiyenin başı olan vezirliğe dahi memlüklerin (erbâbü’s-süyûf) tayin edilmesidir. Sonuçta kalemiyenin işlerinin düzenli bir şekilde yürütülebilmesi için daha alt kademelere, özellikle malî divanların başına nâzır denilen ve büyük kısmı Kıptîler’den seçilen yöneticiler getirilmiştir. Nâzırlar, divanların işleyişinin ve bütün gelir giderlerin hesaplanmasının yanı sıra mütevellilerin denetlenmesiyle de yükümlüydüler. Bunlar arasında Memlükler’e Fâtımîler’den geçen nâzırü’l-has, önceleri sultanın şahsî hazinesinden sorumluyken 729’da (1329) vezirliğin kaldırılmasının ardından onun görev ve yetkilerini de üstlenmiş, böylece kalemiye sınıfının en nüfuzlu memuru olmuştur (Makrîzî, II, 227). Yine Fâtımîler’den gelen ve devletin malî işlerini yürüten nâzırü’d-devâvîn de önemli bir görevliydi, diğer malî divanların denetimi de onun tarafından yapılmaktaydı. Sultanın memlüklerinin teçhizatından sorumlu olan nâzırü’l-ceyş de en nüfuzlu idarecilerdendi (a.g.e., a.y.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbn Miskeveyh, Tecâribü’l-ümem, I, 98-99; III, 71-72; Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî, Rüsûmü dâri’l-ḫilâfe (nşr. Mîhâîl Avvâd), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 9; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, X, 186-187; Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî, Mirʾâtü’z-zamân (nşr. Ali Sevim), Ankara 1968, s. 112-114, 121; İbn Bîbî, el-Evâmirü’l-Alâiyye: Selçukname (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 1996, II, 175; İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, et-Taʿrîf bi’l-muṣṭalaḥi’ş-şerîf (nşr. M. Hüseyin Şemseddin), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 106, 146; Şems-i Münşî, Destûrü’l-kâtib (nşr. Abdülkerim Alioğlu Alizâde), Moskva 1976, s. 108-111; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin), IV, 29-34, 196-198; V, 437; ayrıca bk. İndeks; Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ, II, 207-208, 227; Uzunçarşılı, Medhal, bk. İndeks; Hasan el-Bâşâ, el-Fünûnü’l-İslâmiyye ve’l-veẓâʾif ʿale’l-âs̱âri’l-ʿArabiyye, Kahire, ts. (Dârü’n-nehdati’l-Arabiyye), III, 1177-1219; I. M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages, Massachusetts 1967, s. 125, 213, 278, 280; Hassanein Rabie, The Financial System of Egypt A.H. 564-741/A.D. 1169-1341, London 1972, s. 138-155; Osman Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar, Ankara 1988, s. 176-177; Eymen Fuad Seyyid, ed-Devletü’l-Fâṭımiyye fî Mıṣr, Kahire 1413/1992, s. 246; S. Tsugitaka, State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam, Leiden 1997, s. 89, 113, 143, 157, 170, 253; Beyyûmî İsmâil, en-Nüẓumü’l-mâliyye fî Mıṣr ve’ş-Şâm, Kahire 1998, s. 43-46; Hasan Hallâk – Abbas Sabbâğ, el-Muʿcemü’l-câmiʿ fi’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-Eyyûbiyye ve’l-Memlûkiyye ve’l-ʿOs̱mâniyye, Beyrut 1999, s. 217-220; G. Makdisi, Ortaçağda Yüksek Öğretim: İslâm Dünyası ve Hıristiyan Batı (trc. Ali Hakan Çavuşoğlu – Hasan Tuncay Başoğlu), İstanbul 2004, s. 93, 94, 96, 97, 101, 103, 105, 106, 108, 122, 246, 276; R. Levy, “Nâzır-ül-Mezâlim”, İA, IX, 141.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 449 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
Osmanlılar’da. Osmanlılar’da maliye, idare ve vakıf kurumlarında yönetici veya denetleyiciye nâzır, ilgili kurum ve faaliyete de nezâret denir. Bununla birlikte terimin kullanılmadığı durumlar da vardır. Nâzır kavram olarak terim anlamından çok defa daha kapsamlıdır. Meselâ Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’nde başdefterdar hakkında, “Cümle malımın nâzırı olup umûr-ı âlem ona mufavvazdır. Onun izni olmadan bir akçe ne dahil ne hâric-i hazîne ola” şeklinde yapılan görev tanımlamasında (Kānûnnâme-i Âl-i Osman, s. 9) kavram olarak mevcudiyeti belirtilmesine karşılık terim olarak 1838’de Maliye Nezâreti’nin kurulmasına kadar defterdarlık için kullanılmamıştır. Aynı şekilde Yavuz Sultan Selim devrine (1512-1520) ait bir kanunnâmede ihtisap ağası veya emini denilen muhtesibin görevi açıklanırken onun “cemî hirfetin (esnaf) satmasında ve almasında nâzır olduğu” kaydedilmiştir (Akgündüz, III, 115). Ancak muhtesip için ihtisap nâzırı tabirinin kullanılmaya başlanması 1820’lerin sonunda yapılan yeni teşkilâtlanmadan sonradır. Bunun gibi birçok görevin kavramında mevcut bulunduğu halde nâzır terimine yer verilmemiş ve çok defa emin tercih edilmiştir. Bu iki terimin eş anlamlı olarak geçtiği de görülür. Meselâ Darphâne’nin yöneticisi için XVII. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren bazan nâzır, bazan emin kullanılmıştır, ancak bunlardan birinin tercih edildiği görevler de çoktur. Baruthânelerin yöneticileri hakkında XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren sadece nâzır unvanı hiç değişmeden kullanılmış, buna karşılık Defter-i Hâkānî’nin yöneticilerine emin denmiş ve kelime 1871’de Defter-i Hâkānî Nezâreti kuruluncaya kadar sürmüştür.
Nâzır ve emin kavramları içerik bakımından birbirini kesen iki daire halinde kısmen çakışmış, kısmen de farklılaşmıştır. Bu görev unvanları arasında kesin bir bürokratik hiyerarşi pek görülmez. Bazı eminlerin emrinde nâzır unvanlı görevliler bulunabildiği gibi aksine ait örnekler de vardır. Nâzır unvanlı görevlere vezir rütbesindeki paşaların tayin edilmeye başlandığı Tanzimat döneminde bile bu durum değişmemiştir. Nitekim 1860’larda Maliye nâzırının emrindeki rüsûmat eminine bağlı Rüsûmat Nezâreti birimleri yer alıyordu (Düstur, Birinci tertip, II, 546-550).
Nâzır unvanlı görevler büyük çeşitlilik gösterir. Devletin ihtiyaç duyduğu türlü malzemenin imali, top dökümü, bina ve gemi yapımı, tamiri veya sökülmesi gibi işleri sonuçlandırmak üzere geçici nitelikte görevlendirmelerde genellikle bu terim kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca birçok kurum veya faaliyetin yönetilmesi yahut sadece kurallara uygunluğunun denetlenmesi işiyle ilgili görevlilere de nâzır denmiştir.
XVI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren nâzır terimine en yaygın şekilde mukātaaların vergilendirilmesinde rastlanır. Burada nâzırların vergilendirmeye doğrudan katılmak yerine bir veya daha fazla sancağı kapsayan belirli bir bölgedeki mukātaaları vergilendirecek olan mültezimlerin bulunması, merkeze arzedilmesi ve ihale yapıldıktan sonra denetlenmesi gibi görevleri vardı. Mültezimler askerî veya reâyâ, müslüman veya gayri müslim, yerli veya yabancı olabildiği halde mukātaa nâzırları hemen her zaman askerî zümre mensubuydu. Başlangıçta bunların çoğunluğunu kadılar oluştururken XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra merkezden gönderilen çavuş, sipahi, müteferrika veya mahallindeki timar ve zeâmet sahibi olanlar bu görevleri üstlenmiştir. Sancak beyi, beylerbeyi ve vali gibi yüksek rütbeliler daha ziyade “nâzır-ı emvâl” adıyla görevlendiriliyordu. Ayrıca mukātaa nâzırları giderek kefil, kabzımal gibi rolleri de üstlenerek mültezimliğe daha yakın konumlara girmeye başladıkları zaman birçok nâzırı kontrol etmek üzere “nâzır-ı nüzzâr” ismiyle daha üst düzeyde bir görevli ortaya çıkmıştır.
Mukātaa iltizamlarında XVII. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren özellikle mâlikâne sisteminin doğuşunun ardından mukātaa nâzırlığı ortadan kalkmış, ancak bazı yerlerdeki nâzırlıklar birer mukātaa birimi haline getirilerek mâlikâne veya iltizamla yönetilmeye başlanmıştır. Büyük çoğunluğu başmukātaa kalemine bağlı mukātaa-i nezâret-i Filibe, İbrail, Kili, Silistre, Vidin, Üsküp ve Midilli vb.nde zikredilen nezâret kelimesinin XVI-XVII. yüzyıllardaki nâzırlıklarla ilgisi artık kalmamıştır.
Nâzır teriminin çokça kullanıldığı bir alan da vakıf sektörüdür. Burada nâzır mütevellinin vakıfla alâkalı tasarruflarını denetlemekle görevli bir mercidir. İslâm hukukunda nezâret görevi yargıya ait bir yetkidir. Ancak Osmanlı vakıflarının çoğunluğunu oluşturan sultan ve vezir vakıflarında nezâret görevi sadrazam, şeyhülislâm, Bâbüssaâde ağaları gibi yüksek rütbeli devlet görevlilerine verilmiştir. Bunlar XVI. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren birer nezâret birimi halinde örgütlenerek genişlemiş ve nihayet 1826’da Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’ne dönüştürülmüştür.
Nâzır kavramının özü yönetmek ve denetlemektir. Kavramdaki fiilin hedefi eşya veya hayvan değil insandır. Konunun eşya ve hayvan olduğu durumlarda da yönetilen ve denetlenen bunlar değil bunlarla alâkalı görevlilerdir. Nâzır unvanı almak için bazı özel vakıf nâzırları hariç normalde askerî zümreye mensup bulunmak ve hiyerarşide bir kademeye ulaşmış olmak gerekiyordu. Çeşitli kurum ve faaliyetlerde görevli nâzırların rütbeleri yönettikleri birimlerin önemine göre değişirdi. En alt düzeyde su nâzırı, şişehâne nâzırı, kapan nâzırı gibi görevler esnaf yöneticilikleri mertebesindedir. Bu düzeyden başlayarak yukarıya doğru çavuş, müteferrika, zaîm veya bürokraside hâcegân rütbelerine kadar açılan yelpaze içindeki nâzırlar arasında XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar aslî görev itibariyle daha yüksek rütbelilerine rastlanmaz. Büyük sultan vakıfları ile vergi iltizam usulünde görülen bir kısım yüksek rütbeli nâzırlıklar ise her zaman için birer ek görev niteliğinde kalmıştır. Bürokraside XVII ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda aslî görev olarak nâzır unvanı taşıyan en yüksek rütbeli yöneticiler Baruthâne, Tophâne ve Darphâne gibi az sayıda kurumda söz konusuydu ve rütbeleri de hâcegân zümresinin orta tabakalarını pek geçmezdi. Ancak XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarındaki reform ve modernleşme hareketleriyle birlikte bu durum belirgin şekilde değişmeye başladı. Yeni ortaya çıkan veya önemli değişmelere sahne olan birçok malî, idarî ve askerî kurum birer nâzır idaresinde örgütlendi. Nizâm-ı Cedîd adıyla 1793’te oluşturulan yeni ordunun yöneticisine ait görev unvanı talimli asker nâzırı oldu. Aynı yıl kurulan zahire hazinesinin başına bir nâzır getirildi. 1804’te örgütlenen Tersane hazinesinin yöneticisine Bahriye nâzırı unvanı verildi. XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreği içinde teşekkül eden Evkāf-ı Hümâyun, cerîde, mukātaat, masârifat, mühimmât-ı harbiyye ve daha birçok bürokratik birimin hemen hepsi birer nezâret şeklinde örgütlendi. Bu süreç 1830’lu yıllarda hızlanıp yaygınlaşırken nâzırlara verilen rütbeler de giderek yükseldi. Günümüzün bakanlıklarına muadil oluşturulan Dahiliye ve Hariciye nâzırlıkları ile birlikte yükselmeye devam eden rütbeler nihayet Şubat 1838’de kurulan umûr-i mâliyye nâzırına Osmanlı yönetim hiyerarşisinin en yüksek rütbesi olan vezirlik rütbesinin verilmesiyle zirveye ulaşarak tamamlanmış oldu. Bununla birlikte daha alt düzeydeki birimlerin yöneticilerine, yeni kurulan fabrikalardan çeşitli okulların idarecilerine, hatta aynı okulda ders programını yapanlara kadar irili ufaklı pek çok görevliye de nâzır unvanı verilmesi sürdürüldü. Bu küçük rütbeli nâzırlıkların çoğu zamanla müdür, memur gibi unvanlara dönüştürüldü. Ancak nâzır terimini hükümeti oluşturan en üst düzeydeki yönetim birimlerine inhisar ettirme süreci imparatorluğun sonuna kadar tamamlanamadı. Ondan sonra ise nâzır ve nezâret kelimeleri tamamen terkedildi. Bugün kullanılmakta olan bakan ve bakanlık kelimeleri bu eski terimlerin Türkçe karşılıklarıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, MAD, nr. 244, s. 184; nr. 692, s. 309; nr. 3922, s. 100; nr. 6910, s. 28, 31, 59, 83; nr. 9825, s. 6; nr. 9862, s. 199; nr. 9868, s. 190; nr. 10143, s. 216; nr. 10177, s. 4; BA, D.MMK, dosya nr. 1/25; nr. 5/113; BA, D.MMK, DHN, dosya nr. 30/67; BA, D.BŞM, nr. 20, s. 8, 144; nr. 53, s. 2-27, nr. 6452, s. 4; BA, D.BŞM.DRB, dosya nr. 14/33; BA, MD, nr. 5, hk. 546; nr. 85, hk. 29, 546, 673; BA, A.RSK, nr. 247-B, s. 9-15; Fatih Sultan Mehmed, Kānûnnâme-i Âl-i Osman (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), İstanbul 2003, s. 9; Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli), II, 740-743, 794; Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, Telhîsü’l-beyân fî Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân (haz. Sevim İlgürel), Ankara 1998, s. 52, 86, 98, 195, 204; Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, Zübde-i Vekayiât (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), Ankara 1995, s. 301, 572; Düstur, Birinci tertip, İstanbul 1289, II, 546-550; Ahmet Akgündüz, Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri, İstanbul 1991, III, 115; Bilmen, Kamus, IV, 159; Yavuz Cezar, Osmanlı Maliyesinde Bunalım ve Değişim Dönemi, İstanbul 1986, s. 106, 120, 152, 158-159; İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Devletinin Merkez ve Bahriye Teşkilatı, Ankara 1988, s. 96; Ali Akyıldız, Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Merkez Teşkilâtında Reform (1836-1856), İstanbul 1993, s. 66-144; Erhan Afyoncu, Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilatında Defterhâne-i Âmire: XVI-XVIII. Yüzyıllar (doktora tezi, 1997), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 10, 70; Baki Çakır, Osmanlı Mukataa Sistemi: XVI-XVIII. Yüzyıl, İstanbul 2003, s. 124-127; P. Fodor, “Some Notes on Ottoman Tax Farming in Hungary”, AOH, LIV/4 (2001), s. 427-435; Halil Sahillioğlu, “Emin”, DİA, XI, 111-112.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 449-450 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.