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NAZMÜ’l-KUR’ÂN Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in lafız, mâna ve tertip bakımından insicamlı olduğunu ortaya koyan ilim dalı ve bu alanda yazılan eserlerin ortak adı.
Sözlükte nazm kelimesi “inci vb. kıymetli taşları dizmek, sözü birbiri peşinden söylemek, toplamak ve telif etmek” anlamlarına gelir; mecazen söz ve şiir için de kullanılır. Terim olarak, tutarlı delâletler ortaya çıkarmak maksadıyla mâna bakımından birbiriyle uyumlu lafızların aklın uygun gördüğü tarzda bir araya getirilmesini ifade eder. Nazmü’l-Kur’ân ile kastedilen de bu terim anlamıdır (Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 1429). Buna göre nazmü’l-Kur’ân ilmi Kur’an’ın i‘câzı ile doğrudan ilgilidir ve bir bakıma onun konusunun bir alt başlığını oluşturmaktadır. Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğini inkâr edenlerden bizzat Kur’an’da Kur’an’ın tamamının veya bir sûresinin benzerini getirmeleri istenmiş ve inkârcıların bundan âciz kalmaları peygamberliğin en büyük delillerinden sayılmıştır. Kur’an’ın inkârcıları âciz bırakan özelliklerinin neler olduğu hususunda çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmekle birlikte bunun öncelikle Kur’an’ın ilâhî nazmından kaynaklanan eşsiz belâgatı, fesahati ve lafız-mâna dengesi olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Nazım daha sonra Arap dilinin de önemli bir konusu haline gelmiştir.
Nazmü’l-Kur’ân meselesini ilk olarak kimin ele aldığı kesin şekilde bilinmemekle birlikte bunun ilk defa İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ tarafından ortaya konulduğu nakledilir. Nazzâm ve takipçilerinin savunduğu “sarfe” görüşü konunun erken dönemde tartışılmaya başlandığını göstermektedir. Zira bu görüşe karşı olanlar, Kur’an’ın beşerin üstesinden gelemeyeceği bir söz-mâna bütünlüğüne sahip bulunduğunu söylemişler ve Kur’an’ın nazmına dikkat çekmişlerdir. Bunlar arasında Câhiz’in ismi başta gelir. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in ona Naẓmü’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla bir kitap nisbet etmesi (el-Fihrist , s. 41) tartışmaların tarihi açısından önemli olmakla birlikte Câhiz’in günümüze intikal eden diğer eserlerinde de konuya temas edilmiş olması tartışmanın erken bir dönemde başladığı düşüncesini kuvvetlendirmektedir. Câhiz eserlerinde Kur’an’ın i‘câzının nazmında bulunduğunu söylemekte ve buna dair deliller getirmektedir. Ona göre Kur’an’ın nazmı ve i‘câzı Kur’an’ın küçük parçalarında aranmamalı, bunun için bir sûreye bütünüyle bakılmalıdır. Zira nazım, tek tek kelimelerde veya cümlelerde değil onların bir araya gelmesiyle oluşan daha geniş bütünlüklerde kendini gösterir. Konuyu erken dönemde tartışanlar arasında yer alan İbn Kuteybe de mülhid diye nitelediği kişilerin Kur’an’ın nazmına itiraz ettiklerini ve kendisinin Kur’an’a yöneltilen itirazlara cevap vermek için Teʾvîlü müşkili’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla bir eser yazdığını söyler (Teʾvîlü müşkili’l-Ḳurʾân , s. 22-23).
Rummânî, Kur’an’ın i‘câzına dair tartışmalarda belâgat ve nazma ayrı bir önem verir. Kelimelerin anlamlarının sınırlı, ancak bunların bir araya getirilmesiyle ifade edilebilecek mânaların sınırsız olduğunu söyleyen Rummânî, Kur’an’ın i‘câzının onun telif ve nazmında ortaya çıktığını belirtir. Hattâbî’ye göre Kur’an en fasih lafızlar, en güzel diziliş ve en sahih anlamla gelmiştir. Bâkıllânî de Kur’an’ın i‘câzının sebeplerinden birinin nazmının benzersizliği, telifinin güzelliği ve belâgatta ulaştığı seviye olduğunu kaydeder. Ayrıca Kur’an dışındaki semavî kitapların nazmında i‘câzın bulunmadığını, nazmı dolayısıyla mûcize özelliğinin sadece Kur’an’a mahsus olduğunu belirtir (İʿcâzü’l-Ḳurʾân , s. 54).
Nazım ve nazmü’l-Kur’ân konusunu bütün yönleriyle ele alan ve en kapsamlı şekilde tahlil eden müellif Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî’dir. Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz adlı kitabında Cürcânî, Kur’an’ın nazmının onun i‘câzındaki en önemli unsur olduğunu belirterek nazmın mâna ile ilgili olduğunu söylemiş, lafızların oluşturulmak istenen mânaya göre şekillendiğini ve dizildiğini ifade etmiştir. Cürcânî’ye göre lafızların nazmı mânaların nazmına tâbi olarak ortaya çıktığı için Kur’an’ın veya genellikle kelâmın nazmı anlamların nazmı demektir. Nazmın ortaya çıkması sözün dil kurallarına uygun şekilde ifade edilmesiyle mümkün olur. Arap dilinin tabii bir akış içerisinde beliren kurallarını tesbit eden nahiv ilmi nazmın gerçekleşmesi için sözün bu kurallara göre olmasını denetler. Diğer bir ifadeyle nazım, kelimelerin sahip olduğu anlamlara söz diziminde incelenen anlamları iliştirmektir. Söz diziminde incelenen anlamlar ise bir kelimenin fâil, mef‘ûl, sıfat, hal ve temyiz olması gibi hususlardır ki bu tür anlamlar ancak cümle kurma ve söz söyleme durumunda kelimelere ilişir. Fakat sözün söylenmesi esnasında söz dizimi kurallarına uyulması, içinde bulunulan durumun gerektirdiği şekilde sözün söylenmesi demektir (Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz , s. 81-82; Teftâzânî, s. 21). Zira nahiv ilmi ifade şekillerini ve prensiplerini tesbit eder, fakat bu şekil ve prensiplerin sözü söyleyen, dinleyen ve sözün söylendiği ortamla ilişkisini incelemez. Cürcânî bu ilişkiyi kelimelerin cümlede öne alınması ve geriye bırakılması (takdim ve tehir), sözden düşürülmesi (hazif), belirli ve belirsiz olarak getirilmesi (ma‘rife ve nekre), cümlelerin birbirinden ayrılması ve bağlanması (fasıl ve vasıl) gibi ifade formları çerçevesinde inceleyen ve daha sonra meâni ilmi diye isimlendirilecek olan ilmin temelini atar. Kur’an’da yer alan mecaz ve kinaye türü ifadelerin nazmın gerektirdiği hususlardan olduğunu söyleyen Cürcânî bu ifade tarzlarının da nazımdan kaynaklanıp nazma bağlı şekilde ortaya çıktığını belirtir (Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz , s. 546-547). Zemahşerî, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Sekkâkî ve İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘ el-Mısrî nazmü’l-Kur’ân meselesinde Cürcânî’nin yolunu takip etmiş ve onun görüşlerini geliştirip örneklendirmiştir. Modern dönemde de nazmü’l-Kur’ân konusu i‘câz kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, Kur’an’ın belâgatındaki i‘câz konusunu harfler, kelimeler ve cümleler şeklinde incelemiş, kelimelerin kullanım ve terkip şekliyle oluşan seslere ve müziğe özel önem vermiş ve bunu müzikteki nazım olarak adlandırmıştır. Konu Âişe Abdurrahman Bintü’ş-Şâtî ve Seyyid Kutub tarafından da ele alınmıştır.
Hint alt kıtasında âyetler ve sûreler arası münasebet ve nazım konusu özel bir dikkatle incelenmiştir. Bunun temel sebebi, bölgede faaliyet gösteren şarkiyatçıların Kur’an’ı bütünlük ve uyumdan yoksun bir kitap olduğu yönünde eleştirmeleridir. Hamîdüddin Ferâhî konuya dair teorik görüşlerini Delâʾilü’n-niẓâm adlı eserinde ve diğer çalışmalarında ortaya koymuş, Tefsîru niẓâmi’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla kitap haline gelen sûre tefsirlerinde de bunları uygulamalı biçimde göstermiştir. Ferâhî’ye göre nazım, münasebeti de içine alan daha geniş bir kavram olup (Delâʾilü’n-niẓâm , s. 74-75) belâgat ilminden ayrı bir ilimdir (a.g.e. , s. 11). Bir kelimenin başka bir kelime ile terkip oluşturması ve bir araya gelmesi mâna bakımından önemli olmakla birlikte bu, cümlelerin cümlelerle bir araya gelmesi kadar önemli sayılmaz. Cümle gruplarının bir araya gelerek oluşturduğu bütünlük mâna ve delâlet yönünden diğerleriyle kıyas edilemeyecek kadar geniştir. Kur’an’ın nazmı da böyledir ve Kur’an’ın hem kelimelerinin hem cümlelerinin hem de cümle gruplarının birbiriyle güçlü ilişkisi ve irtibatı vardır (a.g.e. , s. 19). Arap şiirinde nazım olmadığı, bu sebeple Kur’an’da nazım bulunmasının Araplar’ın alışmadığı bir tarzda kendilerine hitap etme anlamına geleceği yönündeki eleştirileri cevaplandıran Hamîdüddin Ferâhî, Kur’an’ın üslûbunun ve yapısının daha çok hitap ve konuşmaya dayandığını ve şiirden farklı olduğunu söyler. Nitekim Yâsîn sûresinde (36/69-70), “Biz ona şiir öğretmedik, bu ona yaraşmaz da … O sadece bir öğüt ve apaçık bir Kur’an’dır” meâlindeki âyette Kur’an’ın bir şiir olmadığı belirtilir (a.g.e. , s. 20-22). Ferâhî’nin nazım düşüncesini geliştiren Islâhî bunu Tedebbür-i Ḳurʾân adlı hacimli tefsirinde tutarlı bir biçimde uygulamıştır. Ona göre nazmın en küçük birimi sûreler olup sûrelerin birbiriyle uyumlu birlikteliği nazmın daha belirgin olarak ortaya çıkmasını sağlar. Hintli müfessir Mehâimî’nin Tebṣîrü’r-raḥmân ve teysîrü’l-mennân adlı tefsiri de nazmü’l-Kur’ân ve münâsebâtü’l-âyât ve’s-süver ilimleri açısından önemlidir.
Nazmü’l-Kur’ân, i‘câzü’l-Kur’ân’ın bir alt başlığı olarak ele alındığından genellikle konu bu tür eserler içerisinde değerlendirilmiş (bk. İ‘CÂZÜ’l-KUR’ÂN ), az sayıda müstakil eser de yazılmıştır. Câhiz’in günümüze ulaşmayan Naẓmü’l-Ḳurʾân ’ından başka Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân (I-VII, nşr. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn, Beyrut 1969), el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn (I-IV, nşr. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn, Kahire 1948-1950) gibi kitapları ve risâleleri (Resâʾilü’l-Câḥiẓ [nşr. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn, I-II, Kahire 1964; III-IV, 1979]) konunun ilk kaynaklarındandır. İbn Kuteybe’nin Teʾvîlü müşkili’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı, Rummânî’nin en-Nüket fî iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı, Hattâbî’nin Beyânü iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı, Cürcânî’nin er-Risâletü’ş-şâfiye ’si (bu üç eser S̱elâs̱ü resâʾil fî iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla yayımlanmıştır, bk. bibl.), Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz ’ı ve Esrârü’l-belâġa ’sı, Zemahşerî’nin el-Keşşâf ’ı, Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb ve Nihâyetü’l-îcâz fî dirâyeti’l-iʿcâz ’ı, Sekkâkî’nin Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm ’u, İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘ın Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı i‘câz ve nazım konularına yer veren çalışmalardandır. Muhammed b. Zeyd el-Vâsıtî, Hasan b. Ali b. Nasr et-Tûsî, Ebû Ali Hasan b. Yahyâ b. Nasr el-Cürcânî, İbn Ebû Dâvûd es-Sicistânî, Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî ve İbnü’l-İhşîd’in (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 41, 153; Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, s. 127-128) konuyla ilgili eserleri ise günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî’nin Naẓmü’s-süver (Yâkūt, III, 161) ve Abdülazîz b. Abdülvâhid el-Miknâsî’nin Naẓmü süveri’l-Ḳurʾân (Zerkeşî, I, 340) adlı eserlerinden de söz edilmiştir.
Yakın dönemde de nazmü’l-Kur’ân konusunu inceleyen eserler telif edilmiştir. Bunlar arasında Hamîdüddin Ferâhî’nin Delâʾilü’n-niẓâm ’ından başka Dervîş el-Cündî’nin en-Naẓm fî Keşşâfi’z-Zemaḫşerî (Kahire 1969), Mahmûd Seyyid Şeyhûn’un el-İʿcâz fî naẓmi’l-Ḳurʾân (Kahire 1398/1978), Müstansır Mîr’in Coherence in the Qur’ān-A Study of Islahī’s Concept of Nazm in Tadabbur-i Qur’ān (Indianapolis 1986), Münîr Sultân’ın Menâhic fî taḥlîli’n-naẓmi’l-Ḳurʾânî (İskenderiye 1990), Fethî Ahmed Âmir’in Fikretü’n-naẓm beyne vücûhi’l-iʿcâz fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (İskenderiye 1991), Besyûnî Abdülfettâh Feyyûd’un Min belâġati’n-naẓmi’l-Ḳurʾânî (Kahire 1992), Muhammed b. Sa‘d ed-Debel’in en-Naẓmü’l-Ḳurʾânî fî sûreti’r-Raʿd (Kahire 1402/1981) ve Abdülmüteâl es-Saîdî’nin en-Naẓmü’l-fennî fi’l-Ḳurʾân (Kahire, ts.) isimli çalışmaları zikredilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “nẓm” md.
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Câhiz, Ḥucecü’n-nübüvve (Resâʾilü’l-Câḥiẓ içinde, nşr. M. Bâsil Uyûnü’s-Sûd), Beyrut 1420/2000, III, 176.
İbn Kuteybe, Teʾvîlü müşkili’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Seyyid Ahmed Sakr), Kahire 1393/1973, s. 22-23.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 41, 153.
Rummânî, en-Nüket fî iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân (S̱elâs̱ü resâʾil fî iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân içinde, nşr. M. Halefullah – M. Zağlûl Sellâm), Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-maârif), s. 69, 99.
Hattâbî, Beyânü iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân (S̱elâs̱ü resâʾil fî iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân içinde), s. 24-25.
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Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî, Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz (nşr. Mahmûd M. Şâkir), Kahire 1404/1984, s. 49-50, 81-82, 546-547.
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Abdülhamîd (Hamîdüddin) Ferâhî, Delâʾilü’n-niẓâm , A‘zamgarh 1388, s. 11, 19, 20-22, 74-75.
Velîd Muhammed Murâd, Naẓariyyetü’n-naẓm ve ḳıymetühe’l-ʿilmiyye fi’d-dirâsâti’l-luġaviyye ʿinde ʿAbdilḳāhir el-Cürcânî , Dımaşk 1983, s. 57-59.
Ahmed Cemâl el-Ömerî, Mefhûmü’l-iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾânî ḥatte’l-ḳarni’s-sâdisi’l-hicrî , Kahire 1984, s. 61, 63, 213.
Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, “el-İʿcâzü’l-Ḳurʾânî ve naẓariyyetü’n-naẓm”, Buḥûs̱ü’l-müʾtemeri’l-evvel li’l-iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾânî , Bağdad 1410/1990, s. 127-128.
Salâh Abdülfettâh el-Hâlidî, el-Beyân fî iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân , Amman 1413/1992, s. 140, 145, 146, 156, 161, 169.
Abdülhamit Birışık, “Kur’ân’da İç Bütünlük: Islâhî’nin Tefsir Yöntemi”, Dîvân: İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 11, İstanbul 2001, s. 59-90.
a.mlf., “Islâhî, Emîn Ahsen”, DİA , XIX, 191-193.
W. P. Heinrichs, “Nazm”, Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature (ed. J. S. Meisami – P. Starkey), London 1998, II, 585-586.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 464-466 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.