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NECÎB MAHFÛZ Skip to content (1911-2006)
Nobel edebiyat ödülü sahibi Mısırlı yazar.
11 Aralık 1911’de Kahire’nin Cemâliye semtinde doğdu. İlk ve orta öğrenimini ailesinin taşındığı Abbâsiye mahallesinde tamamladı. 1934’te Kahire Üniversitesi’nin Felsefe Bölümü’nü bitirdikten sonra aynı alanda yüksek lisans yapmaya başladı. Mustafa Abdürrâzık’ın danışmanlığında yürüttüğü “İslâm Tasavvufunda Estetik” adlı tez çalışmasını yarıda bırakarak edebiyata yöneldi (Ali Şelak, s. 43). Bu arada Kahire Üniversitesi’nde sekreterlik yaptı. 1939’da Vakıflar Bakanlığı’na geçti. 1954’te buradan ayrılıp Kültür Bakanlığı’nda Sinema Eserlerini İnceleme Dairesi başkanı, ardından sinemadan sorumlu danışman oldu ve 1971’de emekliliğine kadar bu görevi sürdürdü (Abdülmuhsin Tâhâ Bedr, s. 83). Daha sonra el-Ehrâm gazetesinde köşe yazarlığı yapmaya, kısa hikâye ve roman yazmaya devam etti. Ünlü edebiyatçılardan Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Chekov, Maupassant, Shakespeare, Ibsen, Flaubert, Sartre, Albert Camus, François Mauriac’ın eserlerini okudu ve bunlardan etkilendi (Fuâd Devvâre, s. 212). Ancak Necîb Mahfûz’un asıl tesirlerinde kaldığı, düşünce yapısının ve kişiliğinin oluşumunda rol oynadıkları bilinen en önemli Arap yazarları Abbas Mahmûd el-Akkād ile Tâhâ Hüseyin’dir. Bizzat kendisi yazarlığı Akkād’dan, akılcılığı ve Batı ile verimli iletişim kurmayı Tâhâ Hüseyin’den öğrendiğini söylemiştir (İbrâhim eş-Şeyh, s. 29). Sosyalist görüşleriyle tanınan Kıptî yazar Selâme Mûsâ da etkisinde kaldığı bir başka kişidir. Necîb Mahfûz’un roman yazarlığına eski Mısır tarihini konu edinen ʿAbes̱ü’l-Aḳdâr, Râdûbîs ve Kifâḥu Ṭîbe gibi eserlerle başlaması tamamen bu sonuncu edibin etkisiyledir. Daha sonra toplumsal gerçekçi roman yazımına yönelmiştir (S. Hâmid Nessâc, s. 49). Bu romanların en ünlüleri Mısır toplumunun bir yansıması olan, Kahire’nin Hüseyin semtindeki bir sokakta yaşanan olayları konu alan Züḳāḳu’l-Midaḳ , orta halli bir ailenin üç kuşağını anlatan Beyne’l-Ḳaṣreyn, Ḳaṣrü’ş-şevḳ ve es-Sükkeriyye ’dir.
23 Temmuz 1952 devriminin ardından bir süre edebiyattan uzak kalan Necîb Mahfûz, 1959’da el-Ehrâm gazetesinde tefrikasına başladığı Evlâdü ḥâretinâ adlı sembolik romanıyla yeniden edebiyata döndü. Başlangıçtan çağımıza kadar insanlık tarihini konu alan ve yoğun semboller içeren eser yayımlandığı dönemde büyük tartışmalara yol açtı ve kitap halinde ancak 1967’de basılabildi. Bunu el-Liṣ ve’l-kilâb, es-Sümmân ve’l-ḫarîf, eṭ-Ṭarîḳ, eş-Şeḥḥâẕ, S̱ers̱ere fevḳa’n-Nîl ve Mîrâmâr adlı sembolik romanlar izledi. Eleştirmenler Mahfûz’un 1952 sonrasına “felsefî gerçekçilik / yeni gerçekçilik” adını vermişlerdir (İbrâhim eş-Şeyh, s. 13). Mahfûz’un 1988 yılı Nobel edebiyat ödülünü almasında sembolik romanlarının büyük payı vardır. Ona göre bu ödül sadece kendisine değil Mısır’a, Araplar’a ve bütün Arap edebiyatına aittir (Bardakçı, s. 5). Onun romanları Mısır’ın sosyal, kültürel, siyasal ve ekonomik fotoğrafı gibidir. Roman ve hikâyelerinde mekân hep Kahire’dir. Kullandığı dil “fusha” denilen yazı dili Arapça’sıdır.
Necîb Mahfûz, 14 Ekim 1994 tarihinde Nil kenarında yaptığı yürüyüş sırasında bir genç tarafından bıçaklı saldırıya uğradı ve boyun bölgesinde ağır bir yara aldı. Geçirdiği bir dizi ameliyat sonrasında sağ tarafına felç indiğinden eli kalem tutamaz hale geldi. 19 Temmuz 2006 tarihinde yine bir yürüyüş esnasında düşmesi sonucu başından yaralandı ve kaldırıldığı hastahanede 30 Ağustos 2006 tarihinde vefat etti. Cenaze namazını Kahire’nin Reşdân Camii’nde Ezher Şeyhi Muhammed Seyyid Tantâvî kıldırdı, Cumhurbaşkanı Hüsnü Mübârek de cenaze töreninde hazır bulundu.
Eserleri. Roman ve hikâye alanlarında çok sayıda ürün veren Necîb Mahfûz’un eserlerinin birçoğu Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. Roman: el-Ḳāhiretü’l-cedîde (Kahire 1945; trc. Halim Öznurhan, Savrulan Kahire , Ankara 2005); Ḫânü’l-Ḫalîlî (Kahire 1946; trc. Bedrettin Aytaç, Hân el-Halîlî’de , İstanbul 1999); Züḳāḳu’l-Midaḳ (Kahire 1947; trc. Güler Dikmen, Ara Sokak , İstanbul 1977; Hasan Akay, Sokaktakiler , İstanbul 1989; Leyla Tonguç Basmacı, Midak Sokağı , İstanbul 2011; Midak sokağında yaşananları konu alan romanda Abbas adlı genç bir berberin sokaktaki kavgacı ve geçimsiz dilber Hamide’ye olan aşkı da anlatılır; Nobel edebiyat ödülü gerekçesinde adı geçen ilk eserdir); es-Serâb (Kahire 1948; trc. Işıl Alatlı, Serap , İstanbul 2010); el-Bidâye ve’n-nihâye (Kahire 1949; trc. Işıl Alatlı, Başlangıç ve Son , İstanbul 2011); Beyne’l-ḳaṣreyn (Kahire 1956; trc. Işıl Alatlı, Saray Gezisi , İstanbul 2008); Ḳaṣrü’ş-şevḳ (Kahire 1957; trc. Işıl Alatlı, Şevk Sarayı , İstanbul 2008); es-Sükkeriyye (Kahire 1957; trc. Işıl Alatlı, Şeker Sokağı , İstanbul 2008; S̱ülâs̱iyye adıyla da anılan son üç romanda 1910’lu yılların sonlarından 1940’lı yılların ortalarına kadar Mısırlı ailelerin durumu ve uğradıkları değişim bir aileden üç kuşak üzerinde ele alınır; romandaki Kahire tasvirleri Dickens’ın Londra tasvirleriyle karşılaştırılır; yazarın Nobel ödülünü almasında bu romanın önemli payı olmuştur); el-Liṣ ve’l-kilâb (Kahire 1961; trc. Rahmi Er, Hırsız ve Köpekler , Ankara 1996; trc. Avi Pardo, aynı adla, İstanbul 2009); es-Sümmân ve’l-ḫarîf (Kahire 1962; Bıldırcın ve Sonbahar , İstanbul 2000); eṭ-Ṭarîḳ (Kahire 1964; trc. Işıl Alatlı, Arayış , İstanbul 2012); eş-Şeḥḥâẕ (Kahire 1965; trc. Erdal Alova, Dilenci , İstanbul 1995); S̱ers̱ere fevḳa’n-Nîl (Kahire 1966; trc. Rahmi Er, Nil Üstünde Gevezelik , İstanbul 2012); Evlâdü ḥâretinâ (Kahire 1967; trc. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı, Cebelavi Sokağının Çocukları , İstanbul 2008; eser sembolik romanlardan S̱ers̱ere fevḳa’n-Nîl ile birlikte Necîb Mahfûz’un Nobel ödülünü almasında komitenin dayanağı olmuştur; romanın kahramanlarından Cebel [dağ] Allah’ın Tûr dağında konuştuğu Mûsâ’yı, Rifâa [yüce, değerli], insanlar tarafından çarmıha gerilmek istenmesi karşısında Allah’ın göklere yükselttiği Îsâ’yı, Kāsım da Ebü’l-Kāsım diye anılan Hz. Muhammed’i sembolize eder; öte yandan romanın Kur’an’daki sûre sayısı olan 114 alt bölümden oluşması da dikkat çekicidir); Mîrâmâr (Kahire 1967; trc. Yüksel Peker, Miramar , İstanbul 1989; trc. Suat Ertüzün, aynı adla, İstanbul 2010); el-Merâyâ (Kahire 1972; trc. Işıl Alatlı, Aynalar , İstanbul 2010); el-Kernek (Kahire 1974; trc. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı, Karnak Kafe , İstanbul 2008); Ḥaḍratü’l-muḥterem (Kahire 1976; trc. Işıl Alatlı, Muhterem Efendim , İstanbul 2012); ʿAṣrü’l-ḥub (Kahire 1980; trc. Dilek Şendil, Aşk Zamanı , İstanbul 2010); Efrâḥu’l-ḳubbe (Kahire 1981; trc. Aslı Çıngıl, Düğün Evi , İstanbul 2007); Leyâlî Elf Leyle (Kahire 1982; trc. A. Sait Aykut, Binbirinci Geceden Sonra , İstanbul 2002); el-Bâḳī mine’z-zemen sâʿa (Kahire 1982; trc. Kadir Polater, Nil’in Üç Çocuğu , İstanbul 1992; trc. Utku Umut Bulsun, Zamanın Hükmü , İstanbul 2011); Yevme ḳutile’z-zaʿîm (Kahire 1985; trc. Lütfullah Göktaş, Başkanın Öldürüldüğü Gün , İstanbul 1992; trc. İlknur Özdemir, aynı adla, İstanbul 2010); Ḳuştimur (Kahire 1988; trc. Utku Umut Bulsun, Kuştimur Kahvesi , İstanbul 2012).
Kısa Öykü Koleksiyonları: Hemsü’l-cünûn (Kahire 1938; bu koleksiyonda bulunan “Bedletü’l-esîr” adlı öyküyü Musa Yıldız, “Esir Elbisesi”; Mesut Yazıcı, “Esir Üniforması”; Erdinç Doğru, aynı adla; “el-Ḳahvetü’l-ḫâliye”yi Musa Yıldız, “Boş Kahvehane” adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir); Dünyâ Allāh (Kahire 1963; bu öyküyü Musa Yıldız “Dünya Hâli”; “el-Cebbâr”ı Erdinç Doğru “Zorba”; Hakkı Suçin, aynı adla; “Ḥanẓal ve’l-ʿaskerî”yi Tomris Uyar “Hanzal ile Polis”; Erdinç Doğru “Hanzal ve Polis”; “el-Câmiʿ fi’d-derb”i “Dar Sokaktaki Cami” adıyla Tomris Uyar İngilizce’den Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir; “Dıd Mechûl”ü Erdinç Doğru “Faili Meçhul”; “Zaʿbelâvî”yi Halim Öznurhan “Zâbelâvî”; Hatice Güt, aynı adla çevirmiştir); Beytün seyyiʾü’s-sümʿa (Kahire 1965; koleksiyondaki “Sûḳu’l-Kantû” adlı öyküyü Musa Yıldız, “Bit Pazarı” adıyla çevirmiştir); Taḥte’l-miẓalle (Kahire 1969, 1991; buradaki “el-Ḥâvî ḫaṭafe’ṭ-ṭabaḳ”ı Orhan Çolak “Tabağı Sihirbaz Çaldı”; “el-Vechü’l-âḫar”ı Erdinç Doğru “Öteki Yüz” adıyla çevirmiştir); Ḥikâyât bi-lâ bidâye ve lâ nihâye (Kahire 1971; koleksiyondaki “er-Recülü’lleẕî feḳade ẕâkiratehû merreteyni” adlı öyküyü Halim Öznurhan “Hafızasını İki Kere Kaybeden Adam” adıyla çevirmiştir); el-Cerîme (Kahire 1973; koleksiyonda “el-Muṭârade” adlı bir tiyatro eseri de vardır); el-Ḥubbu fevḳa heḍbeti’l-herem (Kahire 1979 [Halim Öznurhan, koleksiyondaki “Ṣâḥibü’ṣ-ṣûra”yı “Resimdeki Kişi”, “el-Havâdis̱ü’l-müs̱îre”yi de “Şaşırtıcı Olaylar” adıyla çevirmiştir]); eş-Şeyṭân yeʿiẓ (Kahire 1979; buradaki “el-Cebel” ile “eş-Şeyṭân yeʿiẓ” adlı iki tiyatro eseri de vardır [Halim Öznurhan, koleksiyondaki “Üsre enâḫa ʿaleyhe’d-dehr”i “Feleğin Sillesini Yemiş Bir Aile”, “er-Risâle”yi “Mektup”, “Ḳarâr fî davʾi’l-berḳ”i de “Şimşek Işığında Karar” adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir]); el-Fecrü’l-kâẕib (Kahire 1989; koleksiyondaki “Niṣf yevm” adlı öyküyü Musa Yıldız “Yarım Gün”, “Fi’l-Medîne”yi “Şehirde” adıyla; “Maraḍu’s-seʿâde”yi Murat Göçer “Mutluluk Hastalığı”; “el-Meydân ve’l-maḳha”yı Yusuf Sami Samancı “Meydan ve Kahvehane” adıyla çevirmiştir).
Diğer Eserleri: Emâme’l-ʿarş (Kahire 1983; firavunlar döneminden Enver Sedat devrine kadar yaşamış Mısırlı yöneticilerin bir tür hesaba çekilmesi şeklinde hayalî diyaloglar içerir); Vaṭanî Mıṣr (Kahire 1997; Muhammed Selmâvî’nin Necîb Mahfûz’la yaptığı Mısır tarihi, Mısır’ın mevcut durumu, yaşanan problemler ve eserleri konusundaki söyleşileri içerir; Fransızca’ya Mon Egypte: Dialogues avec Mohamed Salmawy adıyla çevrilmiştir [Paris 1996]). Necîb Mahfûz, Tâhâ Hüseyin’in el-Eyyâm ’ından esinlenerek kendi biyografisini yazmak istemiş, el-Aʿvâm adını verdiği gençlik dönemine ait kitabını kaleme almışsa da yayımlamamıştır. Mahfûz’un yazarlık alanındaki ilk çalışması olan Mıṣrü’l-ḳadîme (Kahire 1932), James Baikie’nin Ancient Egypt adlı eserinin (London 1912) çevirisi olup Selâme Mûsâ’nın el-Mecelletü’l-cedîde dergisinde bölümler halinde yayımlanmıştır.
Türkiye’de Necîb Mahfûz Hakkında Yapılan Tezler: Musa Yıldız, Necîb Mahfûz: Hayatı, Eserleri ve Kısa Hikâyeleri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1992, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Necîb Mahfûz’un Sembolik Romanları (doktora tezi, 1998, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); A. Kâzım Ürün, Necîb Mahfûz ve Toplumsal Gerçekçi Romanları (doktora tezi, 1994, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Konya 2002); Mesut Yazıcı, Türkçe’de Necîb Mahfûz (yüksek lisans tezi, 1997, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Cüneyt Mehmet Şimşek, Necîb Mahfûz ve Üç Romanının Değerlendirilmesi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1999, Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Yusuf Köşeli, Necîb Mahfûz: Hayatı, Eserleri ve eş-Şehhâz (Dilenci) Adlı Romanı (yüksek lisans tezi, 2005, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); İsmail Gündüz, Necîb Mahfûz’un Ḫammâretü’l-ḳıṭṭi’l-Esved Adlı Eserinin İncelenmesi (yüksek lisans tezi, 2008, SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Zeynep Orhan, Peyami Safa’nın Fatih-Harbiye ve Necip Mahfuz’un Midak Sokağı Romanlarındaki Karakterlerin Analitik Karşılaştırılması (yüksek lisans tezi, 2009, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Yasemin Kozakoğlu, Necib Mahfuz’un es̱-S̱ülâs̱iyye (Üçleme) Adlı Eserinde Kadın Figürü (yüksek lisans tezi, 2010, SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); İbrahim Ünalan, Necîb Mahfûz’un Tarihî Romanları (yüksek lisans tezi, 2012, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 348-350 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.