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NECİD Skip to content Orta Arabistan’da bir bölge.
Civarındaki çukur alanlara göre yüksek olan bölgenin adı Necd (yüksek yayla / plato) olup kaynaklarda Nücud şeklinde de geçer. Klasik kaynaklarda, Arabistan yarımadasının sahil şeridini teşkil eden Tihâme üzerinde yükselen bölge veya yüksek kısımları Tihâme ve Yemen’e, alçak kısımları Irak ve Suriye’ye bakan büyük bir bölümü çöl olan geniş arazi için kullanılmaktadır. Bu geniş anlamı dışında Hicaz ile Irak arasında kalan bölgeye de Necid denilir. XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren bir siyasî coğrafya olarak kuzeyden Cebelişemmer (Beriyyetüşşâm) ve Nüfûd çölü batıdan Hicaz, güneyden Rub‘ulhâlî çölü, doğudan Dehnâ çölü ve Ahsâ’nın arasında kalan bölge olarak tanımlanır. Büyük bir bölümü çölden oluşan Necid’de çöl iklimi hâkimdir. Üç taraftan çöllerle çevrili bu büyük alan, içinde 1400 metreye kadar yükselen volkanik lav akıntıları ve kireçli taşlarla örtülü bir kısım sıra dağlar ile parçalı bir görünüm arzeder. Cebelişemmer’den güneyde Vâdiddevâsir’e doğru tedrîcî olarak alçalan geniş bölge Âliyetünnecd, Tuveyk ve Arme dağlarını içine alan kısım da Sâfiletünnecd adıyla anılır. Kuzeydoğu istikametinde alçalan Necid bölgesinde yalnız ilkbaharda yeşillenen geniş vadiler bulunur. Vadiler boyunca birçok yerleşim alanı kurulmuştur. Bu vadiler Orta Arabistan’ın hem ulaşım yolları hem de ziraatı için önem arzetmiştir. XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı kaynakları ve haritalarında bölge Necd-i Hicâzî ve Necd-i Ârızî (Urbânî) şeklinde gösterilir. Necd-i Hicâzî Kasîm, Cebelişemmer, Veşm, Mahmel ve Südeyr; Necd-i Ârızî ise Vehhâbîler’in ilk merkezi Dir‘iye’yi ve Suudi Arabistan’ın başşehri Riyad’ı da içine alan Vâdiihanîfe, Harc, Eflâc ve Vâdiddevâsir bölgelerinden oluşur.
Geniş Necid coğrafyası en eski göçebe Arap kabilelerinin yaşadığı bir mekân diye bilinir. Hazerî adı verilen ve geniş vahalar boyunca yerleşik yahud yarı yerleşik hayatı benimseyen bazı Arap kabilelerinin varlığına dair kayıtlara rastlanmakla birlikte bu coğrafyada tarihte etkin olmuş bir devlet ortaya çıkmamıştır. Bunun tek istisnası, Yemen’deki Himyerîler’e bağlı olarak Necid ve Yemâme’de kurulan Kinde Devleti’dir. Hakkında çok az bilgi bulunan bu devlet İranlılar tarafından ortadan kaldırılmış, Kinde hânedanına mensup birçok kimse Hadramut taraflarına geçmiştir.
Hz. Peygamber’in İslâm’a davet mektubu gönderdiği devlet adamları arasında bu devletten kalan Yemâme hâkimi Hevze el-Hanefî’nin de bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Hevze, Resûl-i Ekrem’in elçisine iyi davranmışsa da İslâm’ı kabul etmemiştir. Daha sonra kabileleri birlikte idare ettikleri Sümâme b. Üsâl, Mekke’ye gidip müslüman olduğunu bildirmiş, böylece İslâm erken bir dönemde Necid içlerine kadar ulaşmıştır. Necid’le ilgili ilk ciddi hadise, Yemâme’de Müseylimetülkezzâb’ın peygamberlik iddiasıyla ortaya çıkıp halkı kendisine biat etmeye çağırması ve Hz. Peygamber’in vefatı üzerine zekât ödemek istemeyen bazı Arap kabilelerini etrafına toplayarak ridde hareketlerini başlatmasıdır. Halife Ebû Bekir dönemindeki ridde savaşları da daha yoğun olarak bu coğrafyada cereyan etmiştir. Abbâsîler devrinde IV. (X.) yüzyıldan sonra zaman zaman Mekke şerifleri nüfuzlarını Necid’de kabul ettirdiler. Aslında bu durum Necid kabilelerinin zekât ve öşürlerini toplamaktan ibaretti. Çünkü Necid’de hüküm süren geleneksel yapı tam bir devlet idaresinin tesisine imkân vermemekteydi.
Necid çöllerinde dolaşan, çoğunlukla devecilik ve koyunculukla uğraşan bedevî Arap kabileleriyle çöllerle çevrili vaha ve vadilerde yaşayıp ziraatla uğraşan yerleşik kabilelerin tanıdığı yegâne içtimaî ve siyasî birlik kabile idi. Birbirine kan bağı ile bağlı olan ailelerden meydana gelen kabilenin şeyhi (emîr) tek söz sahibi durumundaydı. Bazan kabileler arasında ittifak sağlanarak gevşek konfederasyonlar da oluşturulabilmekteydi. Coğrafyanın genişliğine rağmen iklim şartlarına göre ve hayvanlarına mera bulma maksadı ile hareket eden bu kabilelerin birbirlerinin alanlarına geçmeleri anlaşmazlıklara ve çatışmalara yol açıyordu. Zaman içinde bu çatışmalar hayatın bir parçası haline geldi ve “gazve” denilen askerî harekâtlarla birbirini yağmalama geleneğine dönüştü.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin Arap coğrafyasında Yavuz Sultan Selim ile başlayan hâkimiyetinin Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Irakeyn Seferi ile sağlam temellere oturtulması sonucu Bağdat, Basra ve Lahsâ beylerbeyilikleri ve Cidde Paşalığı’nın kurulmasının ardından Necid de idare altına alınmaya başlandı. Necid kabileleri yakın bulundukları eyaletlerin aracılığı ile geleneklerine dokunulmadan yönetilir oldu. Necid’de birçok Arap kabilesi bulunmakla beraber tarih boyunca varlıklarını sürdüren büyük kabileler veya kabile birliklerinin sayısı azdır. Mutayr, Ucmân, Mürre, Uteybe, Sebî‘, Şehûl, Devâsir, Harb, Aneze ve bunların kolları başlıca Necid kabileleridir. Zaman zaman askerî harekâtlarda civardaki Osmanlı valileri tarafından asker kaynağı olarak kullanılan bu kabilelerin arasından ön plana çıkanlara bazı imtiyazlar tanınmakta, böylece devlet geleneğinin yaygınlaşması amaçlanmaktaydı. Aslında Necid kabileleri modern anlamdaki bir devletle ilk defa Osmanlı döneminde karşılaşmışlardı. Fakat keskin geleneklerinden uzaklaştırılıp tebaa olarak itaatlerinin sağlanması zaman alacağından vergilerini vermeleri ve padişah adına hutbe okutmaları karşılığında Osmanlı Devleti bunların geleneksel idarelerinin devamına göz yumdu, aşırı hareketlerine karşılık da askerî tedbirler uygulamaktan geri durmadı. Ayrıca zaman içinde önemli kabile şeyhlerinin tayinine müdahale edilerek veya tayin edilenlere unvanlar, hil‘atler verilerek devletin nüfuzunun yaygınlaşması sağlandı. Ortaçağ’lardan beri Mekke şeriflerinin nüfuzu altındaki Necid kabilelerinin statüsüne dokunulmadı. Bağdat’a yakın olan, sürekli konar-göçer durumundaki kabileler Bağdat eyaleti, bir kısmı da Lahsâ beylerbeyiliği aracılığı ile yönetildi. Böylece Necid içlerinden geçen hac ve ticaret yollarının güvenliği sağlandı. Ayrıca Bağdat’ta güçlü bir kabile şeyhine tevdi edilmiş olan Bâbü’l-Arab kurumu ile kabile-devlet ilişkileri düzenlendi.
Bu yapı, XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren bölgede meydana gelen yeni akımlarla sarsıldı. Çoğunluğun Hanbelî mezhebini benimsediği Necid’de birçok din âlimi yetişmesine rağmen bölgede İslâmî hayat tam olarak hâkim olamadı. Müslümanlık’la eski inançlarının karışımı bir dinî hayat geliştiren Necid ahalisinin özellikle göçebe kısmı İslâm’dan hayli uzaklaşmıştı. Böyle bir ortamda Muhammed b. Abdülvehhâb Necid’de yeni bir dinî hareket başlattı. 1744’te Dir‘iye Emîri Muhammed b. Suûd ile dinî-siyasî birlik oluşturup Necid’deki dengeleri tamamen sarstı. Dir‘iye bu yeni hareketin merkezi oldu. Vehhâbîliğin Necid sınırlarını aşıp Hicaz ve Lahsâ’ya yayılması ile Osmanlı Devleti durumun vahametini kavradı. Ancak ilk ciddi askerî harekât 1792’de Lahsâ’yı alan Vehhâbîler’in 1801’de Kerbelâ’yı basmaları ve 1803 yılında Hicaz’a uzanmaları üzerine yapıldı. Bağdat’tan Necid’e askerî seferler düzenlendiyse de sonuç alınamadı. Mısır Valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın oğlu İbrâhim Paşa’nın 1818’de Necid’e yaptığı askerî seferle Dir‘iye tahrip edilerek Vehhâbî Suud Devleti’nin oluşumu engellendi. Necid, Cidde ve Habeş İbrâhim Paşa’nın idaresine verildi. Onun 1819’da Mısır’a dönmesinin ardından Necid’de devam etmekte olan idarî düzenlemeler zayıfladı. Mısır’a sürgün edilen Suûd ailesinden Türkî b. Abdullah, 1824’te geri gelerek başına topladığı taraftarları ile Dir‘iye yakınlarında Riyad’ı merkez edindi. Ardından Faysal b. Türkî zamanında Suûdîler’in toparlanıp Lahsâ üzerinden körfeze açılması Mehmed Ali Paşa’yı rahatsız etti. Mısır ve Cidde’den yapılan bazı müdahalelerle Necid Cidde’ye bağlandı, Faysal’a da kaymakamlık verilerek tekrar Cidde hazinesine vergi ödemekle mükellef tutuldu.
Osmanlı Devleti ile oldukça dengeli bir ilişki kuran ve nüfuzunu körfeze kadar yayan Faysal’ın 1865 sonlarında ölümüyle yerine geçen, devletin Necid kaymakamı unvanı verdiği oğlu Abdullah ile kardeşi Suûd arasında başlayan çekişmeler Necid tarihinde yeni bir dönem açtı. İki kardeşin çekişmelerinde İngilizler Suûd’u destekledi. Bu gelişmeler karşısında Abdullah devlete müracaat ederek kaymakamlığının tehditlerden korunmasını istedi. Bağdat Valisi Midhat Paşa’nın önerisiyle Lahsâ’yı (Ahsâ) ele geçiren Suûd’a karşı askerî harekât düzenlendi. Nâfiz Paşa kumandasındaki ordu Mayıs 1871’de Bağdat’tan hareketle Ahsâ seferine çıktı. Birkaç ay içinde tamamlanan bu seferin ardından merkezi Ahsâ olmak üzere Necid mutasarrıflığı teşkil edildi. Bunun amacı, Necid ve Ahsâ’yı İngilizler’in etkisindeki Suûd’un tasallutundan kurtarıp Abdullah b. Faysal’ın idaresine vermekti. Ancak Abdullah’ın son anda Ahsâ’dan ayrılıp Necid’e çekilmesi planları değiştirdi. Bu tarihten itibaren Necid / Ahsâ mutasarrıflığı merkezden yapılan tayinlerle idare edilmeye başlandı.
Osmanlılar, Necid’de Suûdîler’e karşı yeni bir gücü desteklediler. Necid içlerindeki istikrarsızlıktan faydalanarak başına topladığı kabilelerle Necid’in kuzeyinde Cebelişemmer’de bir güç halinde ortaya çıkan Reşîdîler Suûdîler’in bir alternatifi gibi görüldü. Abdullah b. Faysal’ın yerine Muhammed b. Reşîd Necid emîri olarak tanındı. Reşîdîler, önceleri iyi geçindikleri Suûdîler’i 1891’de Riyad’dan çıkarıp Küveyt’e çekilmek zorunda bıraktılar ve Necid’in idaresini tamamen ellerine geçirdiler. 1902’de Suûdîler’den Abdülazîz b. Suûd’un Riyad’ı ele geçirmesi Necid tarihinde yeni bir dönem başlattı. İbnü’r-Reşîd’in yardım isteklerine cevap vermek maksadıyla Necid içlerine Kasîm Askerî Harekâtı diye bilinen bir sefer düzenlendi. Ancak zamansız ve hazırlıksız yapılan bu seferde binlerce Osmanlı askeri Necid çöllerinde açlık, susuzluk ve hastalıklardan yok oldu. Bundan cesaret alan Abdülazîz b. Suûd, modern Suudi Arabistan Devleti’nin kuruluşuna giden süreci başlattı. Önce rakibi Reşîdîler’i bertaraf etti, ardından hem Vehhabî öğretisini yaygınlaştırmak hem de yerleşik hayatı özendirmek için Necid’in çeşitli yerlerinde Hicer denilen yerleşim birimleri kurdu. İhvân diye isimlendirilen yerleşimciler gerektiğinde askerî güç olarak kullanılmak üzere eğitildi. Abdülazîz b. Suûd, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Balkan savaşları ile uğraşmasını fırsat bilerek sınırlı jandarma birliklerinin koruduğu Ahsâ’yı ele geçirdi. Bu fiilî durum karşısında Osmanlı hükümetiyle Abdülazîz b. Suûd arasında 1914 yılında bir antlaşma yapıldı ve kendisine Necid vali ve kumandanı unvanı verildi. Ardından I. Dünya Savaşı’nın başlaması üzerine kendisine cihad çağrısı yapılmasına rağmen tarafsız kalan Abdülazîz b. Suûd savaş sonunda önce kendisini Necid sultanı ilân ettirdi, daha sonra Hicaz’ı kontrol eden Şerîf Hüseyin’in aleyhinde genişleyerek Hicaz bölgesini ele geçirdi; Necid, Hicaz ve Mülhakatı sultanı unvanını aldı. 1932’de Suudi Arabistan resmen kurulunca Riyad bu ülkenin başşehri yapıldı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, MD, nr. 164, s. 206; BA, HH, nr. 3788 A, 3799 A, 3826; BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 61, 10782; BA, İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 44002; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân, V, 261-262; Bostan Çelebi, Süleymannâme, Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 3317, vr. 159a , 160b ; İbn Gannâm, Târîḫu Necd (nşr. Nâsırüddin el-Esed), Beyrut 1405/1985, tür.yer.; Osman b. Bişr en-Necdî, ʿUnvânü’l-mecd fî târîḫi Necd (nşr. Abdurrahman b. Abdüllatîf Âlü’ş-Şeyh), Riyad 1402/1982, I, 33-35, 44-46; Mir’âtü’l-Haremeyn : Mir’ât-ı Cezîretü’l-Arab , III, 321-329; Eyüp Sabri Paşa, Târîh-i Vehhâbiyyân, İstanbul 1296, s. 2-23; Hüseyin Hüsnü, Necid Kıtasının Ahvâl-i Umûmiyyesi, İstanbul 1328, s. 15-16; R. B. Winder, Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century, New York 1965, s. 2-6; Hüseyin Halef eş-Şeyh Haz‘al, Târîḫu’l-Cezîreti’l-ʿArabiyye fî ʿaṣri’ş-Şeyḫ Muḥammed b. ʿAbdilvehhâb, Beyrut, ts. (Matâbiu dâri’l-kütüb), s. 28-30; Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, Târîḫu Necd, Kahire 1343, s. 6-7, 19-20; Hitti, İslâm Tarihi, I, 128-130; Emîn er-Reyhânî, Necd ve mülḥaḳātüh, Riyad 1981, s. 21-30; Abdullah Yûsuf el-Guneym, İḳlîmü’l-Cezîreti’l-ʿArabiyye, Küveyt 1981, s. 47-55; Münîr el-Aclânî, Târîḫu’l-bilâdi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’s-Suʿûdiyye, Riyad 1993, I, 14-18, 375-380; Haydarî, ʿUnvânü’l-mecd fî beyâni aḥvâli Baġdâd ve’l-Baṣra ve Necd, London 1419/1998, s. 188, 208-210; Zekeriya Kurşun, Necid ve Ahsa’da Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti: Vehhabî Hareketi ve Suud Devleti’nin Ortaya Çıkışı , Ankara 1998, tür.yer.; a.mlf. – M. Mûsâ el-Kuraynî, Sevâhil Necd “el-Aḥsâʾ” fî arşîfi’l-ʿOs̱mânî, Beyrut 2005, tür.yer.; Aṭlasü’l-memleketi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’s-Suʿûdiyye, Riyad 1999, tür.yer.; Vedî‘ el-Bustânî, Nübẕe târîḫiyye ʿan Necd (nşr. Abdullah Sâlih el-Useymîn), Riyad 1419/1999, tür.yer.; Hâlid el-Huneyn, Necd ve Âṣdâʾü mefâtinihî fi’ş-şiʿr, Riyad 2003, I, 51-72, 97-109; M. Mûsâ el-Kuraynî, el-İdâretü’l-ʿOs̱mâniyye fî mutasarrifiyyeti’l-Aḥsâʾ, Riyad 1426, s. 74-96; Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm, VI, 4562-4563; Adolf Grohmann – K. S. Mc-Lachlan, “Nad̲j̲d”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 864-866; a.mlf. – [Besim Darkot], “Necid”, İA, IX, 159-162.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 491-493 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.