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NEDÎM Skip to content (ö. 1143/1730)
Divan şiirinde kendi adıyla anılan bir tarz ortaya koyan şair.
İstanbul’da muhtemelen 1092 (1681) yılında doğdu. Adı Ahmed’dir. Babası, Sultan İbrâhim devri kazaskerlerinden Merzifonlu Mustafa Muslihüddin Efendi’nin oğlu Kadı Mehmed Efendi, annesi, İstanbul’un fethinden itibaren devlet hizmetinde bulunan Karaçelebizâdeler ailesinden Sâliha Hatun’dur. Dedesi bazı çirkin lakapları yüzünden Mülakkab Mustafa Efendi diye tanındığı için Nedîm’den de zaman zaman Mülakkabzâde diye bahsedilmiştir (Ali Canip, TM , I [1925], s. 174). Aile çevresinde iyi bir eğitim gördü. Dönemin klasik ilimleri yanında Arapça ve Farsça öğrendi. Tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra Şeyhülislâm Ebezâde Abdullah Efendi’nin de bulunduğu bir heyet tarafından yapılan imtihanda hariç medresesi müderrisliğini elde etti. III. Ahmed döneminin (1703-1730) başlarında şiirleriyle tanınmaya başlayan Nedîm daha sonraki yıllarda bazı devlet adamlarının yakın çevresine girdi, kendilerine kasideler sunarak dostluklarını kazandı. Özellikle Lâle Devri’nin ünlü veziri Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın hemen her faaliyeti için devrin diğer şairleri gibi Nedîm de kıta ve kasideler yazdı; paşa da kendisini daima gözetip kolladı. Kütüphanesinin hâfız-ı kütüblüğünü yaptığı İbrâhim Paşa tarafından kurulan tercüme heyetlerinde görev alan Nedîm meslek hayatında da çabuk ilerledi, 1138’de (1726) hariç medresesi müderrisliğinden Mahmud Paşa Mahkemesi nâibliğine getirildi. 1139’da (1727) Molla Kırîmî Medresesi’nde, 1140’ta (1728) Nişancı Paşa-yı Atîk Medresesi’nde görev yaptı. Bir yıl sonra Sahn-ı Semân medreseleri müderrisliğine yükseldi (Râmiz ve Âdâb-ı Zurafâ’sı , s. 276). Lâle Devri’yle birlikte Nedîm’in de sonunu hazırlayan Patrona Halil İsyanı patlak verdiğinde Sekban Ali Paşa Medresesi’nde müderristi.
Nedîm’in ölüm sebebi hakkında değişik rivayetler vardır. Hem yaratılıştan hassas olması hem de ailede yaşanan olaylar onun üzerinde sürekli korku hali (illet-i vehîme) bırakmıştır. Dedesi Mülakkab Mustafa Muslihuddin Efendi’nin linç edilmek suretiyle öldürülmesi aileyi derinden sarsmıştı (Avşar, sy. 12 [2002], s. 156). Kaynaklarda şairin, Patrona Halil İsyanı’nı takip eden günlerde “illet-i vehîme”den veya içkiye düşkünlüğü ve afyon kullanması yüzünden titreme hastalığından öldüğüne dair bilgiler yer alır (Ali Canip, TM , I [1925], s. 181). Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin ise Nedîm’in ihtilâl esnasında korkudan evinin damına çıktığını ve oradan düşerek öldüğünü söyler (Mecelletü’n-niṣâb , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 628, vr. 421a ). Herhalde Nedîm’in isyan sırasında yaşadığı ruh hali onu ölüme götürmüştür (Avşar, sy. 12 [2002], s. 158). Ali Canip Yöntem’in bulup yayımladığı (TTK Bildiriler , III [1948], s. 109-121), Nedîm’in terekesine dair kassam hücceti sûreti 15 Rebîülâhir 1143’te (28 Ekim 1730) düzenlendiğine göre şair bu tarihten önce ölmüştür. Kabri Üsküdar Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’nın Miskinler Tekkesi kısmındadır.
Kasidede Nef‘î’nin, gazelde hikemî tarzın büyük temsilcisi Nâbî’nin etkisinin revaçta olduğu şiir ortamında yetişen Nedîm çok geçmeden “Nedîmane” denilen yeni bir tarz geliştirmiştir. Bu tarzın esasını söyleyiş mükemmelliği, yerlilik arzusu ve şuh eda oluşturur. Kendisi de bir gazelinde, “Ma‘lûmdur benim sühanım mahlas istemez / Fark eyler anı şehrimizin nüktedanları” diyerek üslûp sahibi bir şair olduğunu ifade etmiştir (Nedîm Divanı [haz. Muhsin Macit], s. 355). Bulduğu yeni bir imajı veya hoşuna giden orijinal benzetme unsurlarını şiirlerinde tekrar tekrar söz konusu eden Nedîm’in asıl kudreti dili kullanmadaki ustalığındadır. Konuşma dilinden gelen söyleyişleri kullanmadaki dehası ve âhengi sağlamadaki titiz işçiliği onu çağdaşlarından ayırır. Kafiye, redif ve vezinde fevkalâde başarılıdır. Ara sıra Türkçe kelime ve eklerle yaptığı kafiyelerdeki âhenk ve tabiilik daha önceki şairlerde az rastlanan bir husustur. Aruzun mûsikisini yakalayarak onu âdeta bir âhenk unsuru olarak kullanması şiirlerine bestelenmeye elverişli bir yapı kazandırmıştır. Nitekim yaşadığı dönemden başlayarak musammatları, gazelleri ve şarkıları çokça bestelenmiştir. Enfî Hasan Ağa, Nedîm’in şiirlerine beste yapan bestekârlardan biridir. Musahipzâde Celâl’in Lâle Devri Opereti için bestelenen yirmi sekiz şiir de bunlardandır (Yenigün, III/1 [1961], s. 39-41).
Onun şiirlerindeki önemli özelliklerden biri de yerlilik merakıdır. Divan şiirinde Necâtî Bey’le belirginleşen, Bâkî ve Şeyhülislâm Zekeriyyâzâde Yahyâ gibi şairlerin eserlerinde mükemmelleşen mahallîleşme akımının XVIII. yüzyıldaki en büyük temsilcisi Nedîm’dir. İfade ve üslûpta halk edebiyatına yakınlaşması, gerçek hayattan alınan unsurları kullanması, günlük dilden gelen deyimlere yer vermesi, yerlilik arzusunu gösteren unsurlar olarak değerlendirilmektedir. XVIII. yüzyılda halk şiiri ve divan şiiri arasında görülen nisbî yakınlaşmada onun hece vezniyle yazılmış iki koşmasının önemli yeri vardır. Ancak şairin en dikkate değer yanı şiirlerinde İstanbul hayatından sahneler sunmuş olmasıdır. Özellikle İbrâhim Paşa’nın imar faaliyetleri ve eğlence hayatıyla ilgili mekânlarla mesire yerlerini yeniden düzenleme çalışmaları, devletin barış ve istikrarı sağlayıp sanat alanlarına yönelmesi gibi gayretler ve Sâdâbâd eğlenceleri Nedîm’in şiirlerine yansımıştır. Onun şiirlerinde çağının değişik hayat sahneleri ve tipleri de öne çıkarılarak anlatılmıştır (Kortantamer, bk. bibl.). İbrâhim Paşa’nın İstanbul ve Nevşehir’de yaptırdığı mimari eserler için manzum tarihler düşüren Nedîm devriyle özdeşleşen bir şair olarak bilinir. Aynı muhitte yaşayan ve dönemin havasını onunla birlikte teneffüs eden pek çok şair olmasına rağmen Lâle Devri’nin ruhunu onun kadar eserine yansıtan olmamıştır. Nedîm, Osmanlı kültür ve sanat hayatında Lâle Devri’nde gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılan hamleye şiirleriyle ayrı bir değer katmıştır. Onun şiirlerinde Türkçe’nin güzelliği, Osmanlı zevk ve yaşama üslûbunun nahif çizgileri görülmektedir. Daha önceki şairlerin tasavvufî derinlik ve zihnî tasarruflara dayalı ustalık merakları yerine her şeyin kendiliğinden olduğu intibaını veren bu üslûp nazîrelerinde, tahmîs ve taştîrlerinde daha açık biçimde görülür.
Nedîm başta Fuzûlî olmak üzere pek çok şaire nazîre söylemiş, bu arada Ali Şîr Nevâî’nin bir gazelini tanzîr etmiştir. Râzî, Neşâtî, Ahmed Çelebi Dede ve Tıflî Ahmed Çelebi’nin gazellerine tahmîs, Nedîm-i Kadîm ile İzzet Ali Paşa’nın şiirlerine taştîr yazmış, Enverî, İbrâhim Paşa ve Sultan Ahmed’in mısra ve beyitlerini tazmin etmiştir. Kasidede Nef‘î’yi, gazelde Bâkî ve Yahyâ’yı beğendiğini ifade eder. Mesnevi tarzında Nev‘îzâde Atâî’yi, rubâîde Azmîzâde Mustafa Hâletî’yi önemli birer isim kabul eden Nedîm (Nedîm Divanı [haz. Muhsin Macit], s. 2) kasidelerinde Nef‘î’nin, gazelde Bâkî’nin mirasçısı sayılabilir. Divan edebiyatı geleneği içerisinde belirginleşen bütün arayışlar, tecrübeler, hatta genelleşmeyen denemeler Nedîm’in dikkatini çeker. Şuh ifadeleri, biraz serbestçe söyleyişi ve mahallî kalışıyla divan şiirine getirdiği yenilik asırlarca süren dağınık tecrübelerin somutlaşması gibidir (Tanpınar, XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 83; Mazıoğlu, s. 32). Divan şiirinde hep hayalî ve mücerret kalan pek çok mecaz, teşbih ve çağrışım onun şiirinde somutlaşır. Sevgili artık zihinlerde değil sokakta veya şairin karşısındadır. Âşık ile mâşuk senli benli, aşk daha beşerî ve mücessemdir.
Yaşadığı dönemden itibaren etrafında takipçileri görülen Nedîm’in tesiri birkaç nesle intikal etmiştir. Onun yeni sesi, edası daha hayattayken devrinin şair ve tezkirecileri tarafından farkedilmiştir. Eserini 1134’te (1722) tamamlayan Sâlim’in, Nedîm’i “tâze-zebân” sıfatıyla nitelendirmesi dikkate değer bir husustur (Tezkire , s. 664-665). Safâyî Mustafa Efendi’den başlayarak (Tezkire , vr. 191a ) Nedîm’in biyografisine yer veren bütün kaynaklar onun önde gelen şairlerden biri olduğunu vurgular. Râşid ve Âsım gibi vak‘anüvis-şairler ise Nedîm’i takdir etmekle kalmayıp şiirlerini tanzîr etmişlerdir. XVIII. yüzyıl şairlerinden Kâmî, Neylî, Âsım, Âtıf, Râşid, İzzet Ali Paşa, Seyyid Vehbî, Mustafa Sâmî, Kelîm, Şeyh Galib ve Pertev’in de Nedîm’e nazîreleri vardır (Ali Canip, TTK Bildiriler , III [1948], s. 109-121). XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Nedîm’in en büyük takipçileri Enderunlu Vâsıf ile Tanzimat dönemi şairlerini de etkileyen Leskofçalı Galib’dir. Nâmık Kemal, Nedîm’i Türk dilinin en büyük şairi sayar (Nâmık Kemal’in Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Üzerine Görüşleri , s. 269). Tevfik Fikret de onun şair portresini bir şiirinde anlatır (Rübâb-ı Şikeste , s. 406).
I. Dünya Savaşı’nın özellikle aydınlar arasında meydana getirdiği ruhsal çöküntü ortamında yayın hayatına giren Şair Nedîm adlı mecmuada şairin edebî kişiliğinin ortaya çıkmasında eserleriyle katkı sahibi olan Ahmed Refik ile Ali Canip gibi yazarların imzaları vardır. Aynı dönemde neşir hayatını devam ettiren Millî Mecmua bir Nedîm nüshası yayımlamıştır. Yahya Kemal ve Mehmed Hâlid’in Dergâh ’ta Nedîm’e dair yazıları yanında Ahmed Hâşim de Halil Nihat’ın (Boztepe) Nedîm Divânı ’nı neşri üzerine (1338-1340) bir yazı kaleme almıştır (bk. bibl.). Ayrıca Yahya Kemal’in Lâle Devri ve İstanbul’a dair yazdığı şiirlerinde benimsediği söyleyiş tarzı ve sohbetlerinde ortaya koyduğu görüşler Nedîm’in anlaşılmasında etkili olmuştur (Tanpınar, Edebiyat Üzerine Makaleler , s. 169-173). Halit Fahri’nin (Ozansoy) Nedim (İstanbul 1932), Faik Âli’nin de (Ozansoy) Nedîm ve Lâle Devri (Ankara 1969) adlı oyunları onun halk arasında tanınmasında etkili olmuştur. Ahmet Kabaklı’nın Şair-i Cihan Nedim adlı bir senaryosu bulunmaktadır.
Eserleri. 1. Divan . Bilinen en eski tarihli nüshası 1149’da (1736) istinsah edilmiş olup Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. Y13). Eserin yurt içinde ve yurt dışındaki kütüphanelerde kırk beş kadar nüshası tesbit edilmiş olup Halil Nihat tarafından istinsah edilip Ahmet Süheyl Ünver tarafından tezhiplenen bir nüshası Millî Kütüphane’dedir (nr. A.3220). Eski harflerle üç defa basılan divanın (Bulak, ts.; İstanbul 1291; haz. Halil Nihat, İstanbul 1338-1340) ilk iki baskısı oldukça eksiktir ve yanlışlarla doludur. Halil Nihat, divanı yayıma hazırlarken matbu iki nüshanın yanı sıra yirmi yedi yazma nüshasını kullanmıştır. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, özel kütüphanesinde bulunan ve daha sonra Mevlânâ Müzesi’ne intikal eden bir nüsha ile Halil Nihat neşrini kullanarak divanı yeni harflerle yayımlamış (İstanbul 1951), ikinci baskıda (İstanbul 1972) Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (Hâlet Efendi, nr. 763) mecmuadaki farklı beyitleri de ilâve etmiştir. Muhsin Macit, eserin bilinen bütün yazma nüshalarını değerlendirmek suretiyle divanın tenkitli metnini doktora tezi olarak hazırlamış (1994, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), daha sonra da bu metnin popüler neşrini yapmış (bk. bibl.), Ömer Yaraşır da doktora tezi olarak divanın tahlilini yapmıştır (bk. bibl.). Klasik divan tertibine uyan Nedîm divanında kırk dört kaside, seksen sekiz kıta, üç mesnevi, bir terkibibend, bir terciibend, iki mütekerrir müseddes, bir tardiyye, beş tahmîs, bir muhammes, otuz üç murabba, iki koşma, 166 gazel, iki müstezad, on bir rubâî ve yirmi üç müfred ve matla‘, beş Arapça, otuz dokuz Farsça şiir yer almaktadır.
2. Sahâifü’l-ahbâr . Lâle Devri’nde kurulan tercüme heyetlerinde görev alan Nedîm, IV. Mehmed’in müneccimbaşısı Derviş Ahmed Efendi’nin Câmiʿu’d-düvel adlı Arapça eserini Sahâifü’l-ahbâr ismiyle Türkçe’ye çeviren komisyonda da yer almış, İbrâhim Paşa’ya sunulan bu çeviri basılmıştır (I-III, İstanbul 1285).
3. Aynî Tarihi . Bedreddin el-Aynî tarafından yazılan ʿİḳdü’l-cümân adlı İslâm tarihi Nedîm’in de içinde bulunduğu tercüme heyetince çevrilmişse de onun hangi bölümleri tercüme ettiği bilinmemektedir.
Nedîm’in bunlardan başka Şehid Ali Paşa’ya mülemma‘ tarzında bir dilekçesi (Kürkçüoğlu, bk. bibl.), İzzet Ali Paşa’nın şaka yollu mektubuna mensur cevabı (Nedîm Divânı [haz. Halil Nihad], s. 223-227), Safâyî’nin Tezkire ’sine takrizi (a.g.e. , s. 253) ve Münşeât-ı Azîziyye ’de yer alan (İstanbul 1286, s. 45-46), kime yazıldığı tesbit edilemeyen bir mektubu bilinmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Nedîm Divânı: Külliyat (haz. Halil Nihad [Boztepe]), İstanbul 1338-40, s. 223-227, 253.
Nedim Divanı (haz. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı), İstanbul 1951, s. 44-47.
Nedîm Divanı (haz. Muhsin Macit), Ankara 1997, hazırlayanın girişi, s. XXVIII-XXXI.
Safâyî, Tezkire , Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2549, vr. 191a .
Sâlim, Tezkire , İstanbul 1315, s. 664-665.
Râmiz ve Âdâb-ı Zurafâ’sı: İnceleme-Tenkidli Metin-İndeks-Sözlük (haz. Sadık Erdem), Ankara 1994, s. 276.
Müstakimzâde, Mecelletü’n-niṣâb , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Eendi, nr. 628, vr. 421a .
Nâmık Kemal’in Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Üzerine Görüşleri ve Yazıları (haz. Kâzım Yetiş), İstanbul 1989, s. 19, 269, 276.
Ahmed Refik [Altınay], Âlimler ve Sanatkârlar , İstanbul 1924, s. 276-301.
Kemâl Edip Kürkçüoğlu, “Şair Nedîm’in Bir Arz-i Hâli”, 60. Doğum Yılı Münasebetiyle Fuad Köprülü Armağanı , İstanbul 1953, s. 317-324.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi (İstanbul 1956), İstanbul 1982, s. 83.
a.mlf., Edebiyat Üzerine Makaleler (haz. Zeynep Kerman), İstanbul 1977, s. 169-173.
Hasibe Mazıoğlu, Nedim’in Divan Şiirine Getirdiği Yenilik , Ankara 1957, s. 32-64, 80.
Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, Edebiyâta Dâir , İstanbul 1984, s. 66-68.
Tevfik Fikret, Rübâb-ı Şikeste (haz. Asım Bezirci), İstanbul 1984, s. 406.
Nedim-i Kadim ve Divançesi: İnceleme-Tenkidli Basım (haz. Osman Horata), Ankara 1987, hazırlayanın girişi, s. 1, 33.
Ahmet Hâşim, Bütün Eserleri III: Gurabahane-i Laklakan / Diğer Yazıları (haz. İnci Enginün – Zeynep Kerman), İstanbul 1991, s. 155.
Tunca Kortantamer, Eski Türk Edebiyatı: Makaleler , Ankara 1993, s. 337-390.
Kemal Sılay, Nedim and the Poetics of the Ottoman Court: Medieval Inheritance and the Need for Change , Bloomington 1994, s. 39-61.
İskender Pala, Nedim , İstanbul 1999, s. 7-12.
Ömer Yaraşır, Nedim Divânı’nın Tahlili (doktora tezi, 1996), Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. XI, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Köprülüzâde Mehmed Fuad, “Sâdâbâd Şâirleri”, YM , II/34 (1918), s. 146.
Ali Canip [Yöntem], “Nedîm’in Hayatı”, TM , I (1925), s. 173-184.
a.mlf., “Nedîm’in Hayatı ve Çağdaşlarının Üstündeki Tesirleri”, TTK Bildiriler , III (1948), s. 109-121.
Nazif Hoca, “Nedîm’in Bizzat Yazdığı İddia Edilen Bir Divanı Hakkında”, TD , XI/15 (1960), s. 143-148.
Hayri Yenigün, “Nedîm’in Şiirlerinden Beste Yapanlar-IV: Suphi Ezgi”, TY , 5. seri: III/1 (295) (1961), s. 39-41.
Mehmed Çavuşoğlu, “Nedim’e Dair”, TDl. , LII/426 (1987), s. 331-344.
Günay Kut – Hatice Aynur, “Damat İbrahim Paşa’nın İstanbul’da Yaptırdığı Çeşmelerin ve Sebillerin Kitabeleri”, MÜTAD , sy. 7 (1993), s. 393-422.
Mustafa İsen, “Divanlarda Heceyle Yazılmış Şiirler”, TKA , XXIX/1-2 (1993), s. 204-233.
Ziya Avşar, “Bir Başka Yönden Nedim”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları , sy. 12, Niğde 2002, s. 155-170.
Osman Horata, “Lâle Devri’nde Bir Safevî Elçisi: Murtaza Kulu Han (Namî) ve Ona Yazılan Nazireler”, JTS , XXVII/2 (2003), s. 253-259.
Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Nedîm”, İA , IX, 169-174.
Franz Babinger, “Nedīm”, EI2 (İng.) , VIII, 1.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 510-513 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.