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NEDVETÜ’l-ULEMÂ Skip to content 1894 yılında Hindistan’da kurulan ulemâ cemiyeti.
Hindistan’da İngiliz hâkimiyetinin yerleşmesinden sonra müslümanların giderek sosyal, ekonomik, siyasal alanlarda gerilemesi ve eğitim sisteminin yerini Batı eğitim sisteminin almaya başlaması üzerine Muhammed Ali Mongerî Kanpûrî önderliğinde bir kısım Hindistan ulemâsı tarafından 1892’de Encümen-i Nedvetü’l-ulemâ adıyla bir kurul oluşturuldu. Kurul, yayımladığı ilk duyurularda müslüman toplumunun ve kültürünün varlığını koruyabilmek için eğitim ve araştırma müesseselerinin açılmasının gerekliliğine dikkat çekti. Bu amaçla Nedvetü’l-ulemâ ismiyle bir cemiyet teşkil edildi. Nedvetü’l-ulemâ toplantılar düzenleyerek görüş alışverişinde bulunacak, müslümanların meselelerini müzakere edecek, çeşitli mezhep ve tarikatlara ayrılan müslüman toplumunu birbiriyle bağdaşır hale getirecek ve Avrupa’dan yayılan dinsizlik dalgası ile İslâm düşmanlığı karşısında ortak mücadele zemini oluşturacaktı. Ayrıca yapılan toplantılarda, başta Dârülulûm-i Diyûbend olmak üzere geleneksel eğitim usulünü devam ettiren medreselerle Aligarh Koleji gibi Batı tarzı eğitim veren kurumların farklı inanç ve zihniyete sahip nesiller yetiştirmesinin müslümanlar arasında bölünmüşlüğü arttıracağı endişesi ifade edilerek dinî ve modern ilimlerin birlikte okutulacağı yeni bir müessesenin kurulması ihtiyacı gündeme getirildi.
22-24 Nisan 1894 tarihinde Kanpûr’daki Feyz-i Âm Medresesi’nde yapılan ilk geniş katılımlı toplantıya herhangi bir gruba bağlı olmayan kimselerle birlikte Şîa, Ehl-i hadîs, Diyûbend ve Aligarh hareketine mensup çok sayıda âlim katıldı. Sonradan Birelvî ekolünün kurucusu olan Ahmed Rızâ Han da toplantıda yer aldı ve oluşumu destekledi. Fakat ardından bazı arkadaşlarıyla birlikte Cedve adıyla Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’ya muhalif bir cemaat kurdu. Zamanla muhalefetini Nedve mensuplarını tekfir edecek derecede ileriye götüren Ahmed Rızâ Han Birelvî’nin görünürdeki temel eleştiri noktası, Nedve’nin birbiriyle uzlaşması mümkün olmayan kişileri ve grupları bir araya getirmesi ve bunlara karar mekanizmalarında yer vermesiydi. Onları bu aşırı davranıştan vazgeçirmek için bazı girişimlerde bulunulduysa da sonuç alınamadı. Nedvetü’l-ulemâ toplantısında dinî eğitim kurumlarının müfredatında ve işleyişinde günün gerektirdiği yenilikler yapılması, dinî hükümlerin uygulanmasında Kur’an ve Sünnet’in temel alınması, bazı hususların günün ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek şekilde geliştirilmesi, zengin bir kütüphane kurulması, İslâm dinini tebliğ için gerekli metinlerin hazırlanması, günün meselelerine İslâmî çözümler üretebilecek ilim adamları yetiştirilmesi, halkın fetva ihtiyaçlarının bir merkezden karşılanmasını sağlayan bir müessese teşkil edilmesi kararlaştırıldı. Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’nın her yıl bir başka şehirde gerçekleştirilen toplantılarında kurumun problemleri tartışıldı. Bu toplantılar, Hindistan’ın özel şartları ve Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’nın bazı iç problemleri sebebiyle 1927’den sonra yapılamamış, arada bir yapılanlar da dar çerçeveli olmuş, 1927’den sonraki ilk düzenli yıllık toplantı Nedve’nin 85. kuruluş yıl dönümü münasebetiyle 1975 yılında düzenlenmiştir.
2 Eylül 1898’de merkezini Kanpûr’dan Leknev’e taşıyan Nedvetü’l-ulemâ, İslâmî eğitimle ilgili tasarılarını gerçekleştirmek amacıyla 2 Kasım 1898 tarihinde Dârülulûm-i Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’yı öğretime açtı. Hindistan medreselerinde bir süredir uygulanan ders-i nizâmî programının biraz değiştirilerek uygulandığı kurumda Arap dili ve edebiyatına özel bir önem verilmiş, İngilizce zorunlu ders olarak okutulmaya başlanmıştır. Nedvetü’l-ulemâ ve Dârülulûm “nâzım” adı verilen bir üst yöneticiyle ilmî işler sorumlusu, yazı işleri sorumlusu ve muhasip tarafından yürütülmektedir. Nedve’nin ilk nâzımlığını Muhammed Ali Mongerî üstlenmiş, daha sonra Mesîhüzzamân Han, Halîlürrahman Sehârenpûrî, Abdülhay el-Hasenî, Nevvâb Ali Hasan Han, Abdülalî Hasenî ve Ebü’l-Hasan en-Nedvî bu görevi yürütmüştür. Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’nın günümüzdeki nâzımı Muhammed Râbi‘ Hasenî Nedvî’dir. Şiblî Nu‘mânî 1894’teki toplantıda yer alıp Nedve hareketine katılmış, 1905-1913 yılları arasında Dârülulûm’da ilmî işler sorumlusu olarak görev yapmıştır. Dârülulûm’daki eğitim programıyla ilgili bazı düşüncelerini uygulamaya koymak isteyen Şiblî’nin karşılaştığı muhalefet yüzünden 3 Mart 1913 tarihinde görevinden istifa etmesinin ardından Dârülulûm’da karışıklıklar meydana gelmiş, onun ayrılmasını istemeyen öğrenciler Dârülulûm’da eğitim ve öğretimi üç ay kadar boykot etmiş, ancak Şiblî Nu‘mânî boykot hususunda öğrencilere destek vermemiştir (M. İshak Celîs Nedvî – Şems-i Tebrîz Han, II, 70-77).
İlk öğrenimden yüksek öğrenime kadar her seviyede öğrenim kurumunun bir arada düşünüldüğü Dârülulûm’da müfredat zaman içerisinde gelişerek nihaî şeklini almıştır. Dârülulûm’da günümüzde ilk eğitim ve orta öğretimden sonra lisans, yüksek lisans ve doktora seviyesinde öğretim yapılabilmektedir. Dârülulûm-i Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’nın bugün Hindistan’ın muhtelif şehirlerinde yöntem olarak kendisine bağlı faaliyet gösteren, fakat malî işlerde ve yönetimde serbest olan 100’den fazla şubesi, Pakistan ve Nepal’de ise bağlı okulları vardır. Günümüzde yaklaşık 4000 öğrencisi bulunan Dârülulûm-i Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’ya pek çok İslâm ülkesinden öğrenci gelmektedir. Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’nın kütüphanesinde 3000 kadar yazma ve 125.000 civarında matbu eser bulunmaktadır. Sıddîk Hasan Han’ın şahsî kitaplarını da barındıran kütüphane İslâmî eserler bakımından oldukça zengindir. Kurumun, ilk sayısı Ağustos 1904’te Şâhcihânpûr şehrinde çıkan Urduca yayın organı Nedve dergisi çeşitli aralıklarla 1945’e kadar yayımını sürdürmüş, Arapça çıkan eż-Żiyâ ise 1932-1935 yılları arasında yayımlanmıştır. Muhammed Miyân Hasenî’nin yönetiminde Ekim 1955’te çıkmaya başlayan el-Baʿs̱ü’l-İslâmî, 1959 yılında Muhammed Râbi‘ Hasenî Nedvî’nin yönetiminde on beş günde bir çıkan Arapça er-Râʾid gazetesinin yayımı devam etmektedir.
Nedve’nin bünyesinde özel araştırma merkezleri ve enstitüler bulunmaktadır. Bunların en önemlisi A‘zamgarh’ta 21 Kasım 1914’te oluşturulan Dârülmusannifîn’dir. Şiblî Akademisi olarak da bilinen bu kurum yazma eserleri de barındıran zengin bir kütüphaneye sahiptir. Dârülmusannifîn, 1916 yılından itibaren Maʿârif adıyla Urduca bir dergi neşretmektedir. Başta Şiblî Nu‘mânî ve Süleyman en-Nedvî’nin yedi ciltlik ortak eseri Sîretü’n-nebî olmak üzere İslâmî ilimlerin çeşitli alanlarında Arapça, Urduca, İngilizce ve Farsça pek çok telif ve tercüme eserin yayımını gerçekleştiren müessese günümüzde de faaldir. Araştırma eserleri yayımlamak ve İslâm’ın doğru tanıtılması için çalışmalar yapmak amacıyla 1959’da Leknev’de kurulan Meclis-i Tahkīkāt ü Neşriyyât-ı İslâm (Academy of Islamic Research and Publications) Urduca, Arapça, İngilizce ve Hintçe 230 civarında kitap yayımlamıştır. Nedvetü’l-ulemâ’ya bağlı kurumlardan Meclis-i Tahkīkāt-ı Şerîa, İslâm hukuku araştırmaları yanında günümüz meselelerine çözümler bulabilmek gayesiyle oluşturulmuştur. Doğrudan Nedvetü’l-ulemâ çatısı altında bulunmamakla birlikte kurucuları arasında Nedvetü’l-ulemâ mensuplarının da bulunduğu bir başka kurum Râbıtatü’l-edebi’l-İslâmî el-Âlemî’dir.
Osmanlı Devleti ve hilâfet lehindeki görüşleri dolayısıyla İngilizler’in güvensizlik duyduğu Nedvetü’l-ulemâ mensupları, özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında hilâfet ve hicret hareketleri sırasında Hindistan’daki Osmanlı yanlısı faaliyetlere aktif biçimde katılmıştır. Bu sebeple İngilizler’den destek görmeyen kurum önemli işler başarmış olmasına rağmen malî yapısındaki zayıflık yüzünden sıkıntılı dönemler yaşamıştır. Ayrıca Aligarh ile Diyûbend ekolleri arasında yeni bir hareket olarak kurulmasına rağmen giderek çok muhafazakâr bir yapıya bürünmüş ve özellikle Cemâat-i Teblîğ’in etkisine girmiştir. Kurumun vizyon eksikliğini giderici bazı girişimlerde bulunulmuşsa da başarılı olunamamış, özellikle 1947 sonrasında ciddi bir içe kapanma ve daralma kendini göstermiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA India Office Library and Records (London), L/P.S/7/117, nr. 632; National Archives of India (New Delhi), FD. Sec. F, Jan. 1900, nr. 165; Muhammed Ahsen, Żevâbıṭ-i Nedvetü’l-ʿulemâʾ, Kanpûr, ts.; Şiblî Nu‘mânî, Maḳālât-ı Şiblî (nşr. Seyyid Süleyman Nedvî – Mes‘ûd Ali Nedvî), A‘zamgarh 1375/1955, III, 126-133; Abdul Qayyum Nadwi, “Nadwatu’l-ulama”, A History of the Freedom Movement, Karachi 1961, II/2, s. 424-429; Seyyid Muhammed el-Hasenî, Sîret-i Mevlânâ Seyyid Muḥammed ʿAlî Mûngîrî Bânî-i Nedvetü’l-ʿulemâʾ, Leknev 1964; Y. B. Mathur, Muslims and Changing India, New Delhi 1972, s. 134-145; Ziyaud-Din A. Desai, Centres of Islamic Learning in India, New Delhi 1978, s. 24-27; B. D. Metcalf, Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband 1860-1900, Princeton 1982, s. 335-347; M. İshak Celîs Nedvî – Şems-i Tebrîz Hân, Târîḫ-i Nedvetü’l-ʿulemâʾ, Leknev 1983-84, I, 108, 145-151, 172-178, 218-220, 309-313, 315-317; II, 70-77, 157, 427-429; Mohamed Taher, “Madrasa Libraries in India: A Case Study of Nadwat al-Ulama, Lucknow”, Handbook of Libraries, Archives and Information Centers in India (ed. B. M. Gupta), New Delhi 1991, IX, 112-127; Muhammed İkrâm, Mevc-i Kevs̱er, Lahor 1992, s. 190-193; Jamal Malik, “Between National Integration and Islamism: Lucknow’s Nadwat al-Ulama”, Knowledge, Power and Politics Educational Institutions in India (ed. Mushirul Hasan), New Delhi 1998, s. 221-238; a.mlf., “The Making of a Council: The Nadwat al-ʿUlamāʾ”, ZDMG, CXLIV/1 (1994), s. 60-91; Ziaul Haque, “Muslim Religious Education in Indo-Pakistan”, IS, XIV/4 (1975), s. 285-289; Saîd el-A‘zamî en-Nedvî, “Ḥareketü Nedveti’l-ʿulemâʾ ve daʿvetühâ”, el-Baʿs̱ü’l-İslâmî, XX/1, Leknev 1985, s. 2-8, 107-114; D. Pinault, “An Investigation of Arabic and Persian Manuscripts in Selected Indian Libraries”, HI, XIII/2 (1990), s. 79-80; Muhammad Qasim Zaman, “A Venture in Critical Islamic Historiography and the Significance of its Failure”, Numen, XLI/1, Leiden 1994, s. 26-50; Abdülhamit Birışık, “Hint Alt-Kıtasında İslâm Araştırmalarının Dünü Bugünü: Kurumlar, İlmi Faaliyetler, Şahıslar, Eserler”, Dîvân: İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 17, İstanbul 2004, s. 16-17; Zafarul-Islām Khān, “Nadwat al-ʿulamāʾ”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 874-875.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 514-515 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.