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NEHCÜ’l-BELÂGA Skip to content Şerîf er-Radî (ö. 406/1015) tarafından derlenen ve Hz. Ali’ye nisbet edilen çeşitli metinlerden oluşmuş antoloji.
Müellif, derlediği eserin onu okuyup belleyenlere söz söyleme sanatı kapılarının açılacağı ve edebî yeteneklerini geliştireceği kanaatini taşıdığından kitabına “belâgat yolu, belâgat çığırı” anlamına gelen bu ismi vermiştir (İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd, I, 53-54). Eser hutbeler, hitabeler ve emirnâmeler, resmî ve özel mektuplar, vecîzeler ve öğütler olmak üzere üç bölüme ayrılmıştır. Birinci bölümde Allah Teâlâ’dan, Resûl-i Ekrem’den, Hz. Ali ve Ehl-i beyt’ten, dünya ve âhiretten, bazı içtimaî ve iktisadî meselelerle ilk üç halifeden ve Hz. Ali zamanına ait bazı tarihî olaylardan söz eden 242 hutbe yer alır. İkinci bölüm Hz. Ali’nin Cemel Savaşı’ndan önce, savaş sırasında ve savaştan sonra yazdığı, Muâviye’ye gönderdiği mektuplar, ayrıca idarî mektuplar, emirnâmeler, ahidnâmeler olmak üzere yetmiş sekiz (tekrarsız altmış üç) parçayı kapsar. Hz. Ali’nin vecizelerine ayrılan son bölümde ise 498 özdeyişe yer verilmiştir. Bunlar din, iman, Kur’an, ibadet, dünya ve âhiret, akıl ve bilgi, hakikat, adalet, insanlık ve savaş gibi konularla Hz. Peygamber, Ali ve Ehl-i beyt’e dair özdeyişlerdir. Bütünü itibariyle antolojide yer alan İslâm dininin iman, ibadet, ahlâk ve ahkâm konuları ile çeşitli içtimaî ve iktisadî meseleler, İslâm dininin insanî yaklaşımları, bazı savaşlarla tarihî olayların sebep ve sonuçları, insanın Allah’la ve diğer insanlarla olan münasebetleri ve siyaset gibi konularda bilgilendirici hususların ağırlığı farkedilmektedir. Hz. Ali’nin hilâfet konusunda kendisine haksızlık yapıldığını dile getiren (tazallüm) kısımların dışında cennet ve nimetleriyle tavus, yarasa, çekirge, karınca ve diğerlerinin ayrıntılı ve somut tasvirleri dikkat çekici niteliktedir. Eserde metinlerin çok farklı rivayetlerle nakledilmesi veya sehiv yüzünden lafız ve muhteva tekrarlarının bulunduğu görülmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 53).
Ortaya çıkışından bugüne kadar eser çeşitli polemiklere konu olmuş, nakledilen sözlerin Hz. Ali’ye ait olamayacağı, derleyeni tarafından uydurulup ona nisbet edildiği veya derleyenin esere kendisinden bazı kısımlar eklediği, derleyicinin Şerîf er-Radî değil küçük kardeşi Şerîf el-Murtazâ olduğu gibi hususlar tartışılagelmiştir. Kitabın en mükemmel şerhini ortaya koyan İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd ile eski ve yeni bütün Şîa âlimleri sözlerin Hz. Ali’ye, derlemenin Şerîf er-Radî’ye ait olduğunda birleşir. İbnü’l-Haşşâb, Radî’nin mensur eserlerinin hepsini tanıdığını, bu kitabın onun tarafından telif edilmesinin mümkün olmadığını (a.g.e. , I, 204-205), çağdaş ediplerden Şekîb Arslan da kırk Radî bir araya gelse o hitabe ve mektuplardan birini bile telif edemeyeceğini belirtmek suretiyle bu görüşü teyit etmektedir. İbn Hallikân, “Radî ve kardeşi Murtazâ’nın böyle bir derleme yaptığı bilinmemektedir, onu derleyen de telif eden de aynı kişi olup eserini Hz. Ali’ye nisbet etmiştir” derken (Vefeyât , III, 113) Zehebî, özellikle “el-Ḫuṭbetü’ş-şıḳşıḳıyye”de bazı sahâbîleri lânetleyen ve şahsiyetlerini zedeleyen ifadelerin görüldüğünü, birçok yerde edebî üslûba aykırı kısımlar bulunduğunu söyleyerek fesahat ve belâgatıyla tanınan Hz. Ali’ye bu sözlerin nisbet edilemeyeceğini belirtmektedir (Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , III, 124). Aynı iddiaları İbn Hacer (Lisânü’l-Mîzân , IV, 223), Kâtib Çelebi (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1991) ve Carl Brockelmann (GAL , I, 511; Suppl. , I, 704) gibi müellifler de dile getirmiştir. Ancak bu hutbe Radî’den önce Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Berkī, Abdülazîz el-Celûdî ve Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Belhî gibi müellifler tarafından da Hz. Ali’ye nisbet edilmiştir. İbnü’l-Haşşâb ile öğrencisi Musaddık b. Şebîb el-Vâsıtî, söz konusu hutbenin Radî’den 200 yıl önce yazılmış eserlerde de Hz. Ali’ye nisbetle kaydedildiğini ifade eder (İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd, I, 205-206; Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , I, 543-544; Abdülfettâh M. el-Hulv, V [Riyad 1975], s. 203-204). Bu konuda olumsuz görüş beyan edenler derleyicinin Radî değil Şerîf el-Murtazâ olduğunu iddia ederken De Slan, eserin Bibliothèque Nationale’deki yazmasının (nr. 2423, vr. 2b ) baş tarafında geçen “Murtazâ” ifadesiyle bu iddiayı kanıtlamaya çalışmıştır. Halbuki yazmada bu isim Hz. Ali’nin sıfatı olarak geçmektedir. Ayrıca bu nüshada müellif olarak Hz. Ali’nin, derleyici olarak da Radî’nin kısa biyografilerine yer verilmiştir. Eserin Doğu ve Batı kütüphanelerinde bulunan hemen bütün yazmalarında derleyici olarak Radî’nin ismi geçtiği gibi onun el-Mecâzâtü’n-nebeviyye (s. 39, 40, 67, 199, 251, 391), Ḥaḳāʾiḳu’t-teʾvîl (V, 167), Telḫîṣü’l-beyân (s. 178) ve Ḫaṣâʾiṣü’l-eʾimme (s. 87) adlı eserlerinde Nehcü’l-belâġa ’ya atıflar yapması kitabın Radî tarafından derlendiğini kanıtlamaktadır. Buna rağmen kitabın Subhî es-Sâlih neşriyle (Tahran 1395) Beyrut (1885) neşirlerinde derleyici olarak Şerîf el-Murtazâ adı zikredilmiştir (antolojide yer alan sözlerin Hz. Ali’ye aidiyeti konusundaki iddialar ve bunlara verilmiş cevaplar için bk. Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , I, 539-545; Abdülfettah M. el-Hulv, V [Riyad 1975], s. 197-224). Antolojide yer alan sözlerin büyük bir kısmının Hz. Ali’ye ait olduğunu söylemek gerekir. Özellikle onun zamanında cereyan eden hadiselere dair olanlar, ilim ve ahlâkî erdemler vb. konularda medih parçaları, valilerine ve devlet ricâline yazdığı mektuplar bu türdendir.
Şerîf er-Radî, eserin girişinde yararlandığı kaynaklardan söz etmemekle birlikte eserin içinde bazı kitaplardan nakiller yapmaktadır. Bunlar başta Cahiz’in el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn ’i, Müberred’in el-Kâmil fi’l-luġa ve’l-edeb ’i, Ya‘kūbî’nin Târîḫ ’i, Taberî’nin Târîḫu’l-ümem ve’l-mülûk ’ü, İbn Abdürabbih’in el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ’i, Mes‘ûdî’nin Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb ’i ve Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî’nin el-Eġānî ’si olmak üzere Saîd b. Yahyâ el-Ümevî’nin Kitâbü’l-Meġāzî ’si, Vâkıdî’nin Kitâbü’l-Cemel ’i, Ebû Ca‘fer el-İskâfî’nin el-Maḳāmât fî menâḳıbi emîri’l-müʾminîn ’i ve diğer bazı metinlerdir. Ayrıca daha önce Hz. Ali’nin hitabe, mektup ve mev‘izalarını derlemiş olan Zeyd b. Vehb el-Cühenî, Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Fezârî, İbrâhim es-Sekûnî, İbnü’l-Kelbî, Sâlih b. Ebû Hammâd er-Râzî, Abdülazîz el-Celûdî, Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Berkī, Muhammed b. Îsâ el-Eş‘arî, Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Cu‘fî ve Medâinî’nin eserleriyle bazı tarih, siyer, megāzî ve ensâb kitapları gibi onun sözlerini aktaran kaynaklardan da yararlanıldığı muhakkaktır. Kâzım-ı Muhammedî ve Muhammed-i Deştî’nin el-Muʿcemü’l-müfehres li-elfâẓi Nehci’l-belâġa adlı hacimli eserinde (Beyrut 1986) Nehcü’l-belâġa ’da geçen kelimelerle ilgili sözlüğün yanı sıra onda yer alan hutbe, mektup ve hikmetli sözlerin kaynakları da ayrıntılı biçimde verilmiştir (s. 1377-1424). Nehcü’l-belâġa ’nın kaynaklarına dair yapılan diğer çalışmalar arasında S. Waheed Akhtar’ın Early Shī‘ite Imāmiyyah Thinkers ’i (New Delhi 1988, s. 145-152), Muhammed-i Deştî’nin Reviş-i Taḥḳīḳ der Esnâd u Medârik-i Nehcü’l-belâġa ’sı (Kum 1368 hş./1989), Seyyid Muhammed Mehdî Ca‘ferî’nin “Menâbiʿ u Meʾâḫiẕ-i Nehcü’l-belâġa” adlı makalesiyle (bk. bibl.) Âyetullah Hasanzâde-i Âmilî’nin “Esnâdü Nehci’l-belâġa ḳable’ş-Şerîf er-Raḍî” başlıklı makalesi (Mecelletü’l-ʿulûmi’l-insâniyye , II/1-2 [Tahran 1990], s. 5-12) sayılabilir.
Gerek muhteva gerekse üslûp açısından Arap dili ve edebiyatının çok değerli parçalarını ihtiva eden Nehcü’l-belâġa asırlarca ilim ve edebiyat erbabının ilgisini çekmiş ve çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmuştur. Eserin kaynakları araştırılmış, kelime, şahıs ve konularına göre sözlük ve indeksler hazırlanmış, diğer kaynaklardan ikmal çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Abdüzzehrâ el-Hüseynî’nin Meṣâdiru Nehci’l-belâġa ve esânîdühâ (Necef 1966), Muhammed Ali el-Hüseynî Abdülazîmî’nin et-Tekmile fî ʿumdeti mevâʿiẓi Nehci’l-belâġa (Necef 1912), İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd’in Tetimmetü Nehci’l-belâġa (M. Ebülfazl İbrâhim neşrinin sonunda yayımlanmıştır), Cemîl Sultân’ın Etude sur Nahj al-Balāġa (Paris 1940), Muhammed Bâkır Mahmûdî’nin Nehcü’s-saʿâde fî müstedreki Nehci’l-belâġa (Necef 1385/1965) adlı eserleriyle Kâzım Muhammedî ve Muhammed-i Deştî’nin adı geçen eseri, Ali Ensâriyân’ın ed-Delîl ʿalâ mevżûʿâti Nehci’l-belâġa (Tahran 1978), Muhammed Müfettih’in Ḥikmet-i İlâhî ve Nehcü’l-belâġa (Tahran 1360 hş./1981), Cevâdî Âmülî’nin Ḥikmet-i Naẓarî vü ʿAmelî der Nehcü’l-belâġa (Tahran 1362 hş./1983), Lutfullah Sâfî’nin İlâhiyyât der Nehcü’l-belâġa (Tahran 1361 hş./1982), Ali Hameneî’nin (Khamenei) Lessons from the Nahjul-balagha (Tahran 1984), Ali Miskînî’nin el-Hâdî ilâ mevżûʿâti Nehci’l-belâġa (Tahran 1363 hş./1985), Muhammed Mehdî Şemseddin’in Dirâsât fî Nehci’l-belâġa (Beyrut 1392/1972) ve Ḥareketü’t-târîḫ ʿinde’l-İmâm ʿAlî: Dirâse fî Nehci’l-belâġa (Beyrut 1405/1985), Kāsım Habîb Câbir’in el-Felsefe ve’l-iʿtizâl fî Nehci’l-belâġa (Beyrut 1407/1987), İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî’nin Maʿa Nehci’l-belâġa (Amman 1987), Muhammed el-Garavî’nin el-Ems̱âl ve’l-ḥikemü’l-müstaḫrece min Nehci’l-belâġa (Kum 1407/1987), Muhammed Hüseyin Meşâyih’in Naẓarât-ı Siyâsî der Nehcü’l-belâġa (Tahran 1366 hş./1987), Üveys Kerîm’in el-Muʿcemü’l-mevżûʿî li-Nehci’l-belâġa (Meşhed 1408), Kerîm Zamânî Ca‘ferî’nin Ferheng-i Luġat-ı Nehcü’l-belâġa (Tahran 1367 hş./1988), Muhammed Mehdî’nin ʿİlmü’n-nefs fî Nehci’l-belâġa (Dımaşk 1990), Hasan Mekkî el-Huveylidî’nin Dürûs min Nehci’l-belâġa (Beyrut 1415/1995), Dârü’t-teârüf li’l-Matbûât’ın (Beyrut) hazırladığı Nehcü’l-belâġa ve el-muʿcemü’l-müfehres li-elfâẓihâ (kelimeler fihristi, s. 425-1624) isimli çalışmaları bunlardan bazılarıdır. İlk defa Tebriz’de taş baskısı yapılan eseri (1247) Muhammed b. Hasan el-Mersafî notlarla birlikte (Kahire 1925), Subhî es-Sâlih harekeli metin, açıklama notları, lugatçe ve yirmi çeşit indeksiyle (Beyrut 1387; Kum 1395) Muhammed Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd (I-III, Kahire, ts. [Matbaatü’l-istikāme]) ve Sabrî İbrâhim es-Seyyid (Katar 1406/1986) neşretmiştir.
Hüseyin Cum‘a el-Âmilî Nehcü’l-belâġa ’nın 210 kadar şerhi olduğunu ifade eder (Şürûḥu Nehci’l-belâġa , s. 35). İlki müellifin çağdaşı Ali b. Nâsır tarafından gerçekleştirilen şerhlerin en hacimlisi ve en mükemmeli İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd’in İslâm kültürü üzerine bir ansiklopedi niteliği taşıyan Şerḥu Nehci’l-belâġa adlı eseridir (Tebriz 1267, 1285; I-II, Tahran 1271, 1302; Bombay 1304; Meşhed 1310; I-II, Kahire 1290, 1327, 1328 [M. Nâil el-Mersafî’nin hâşiyeleriyle], I-IV, 1329, 1330-1331; nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim, I-XX, Kahire 1378-1380, 1385-1387; nşr. Hasan Temîm, I-V, Beyrut 1963-1965, I-IV 1397/1976, 1403/1983). Yayımlanan diğer şerhlerden bazıları şunlardır: Ali b. Zeyd el-Beyhakī, Meʿâricü Nehci’l-belâġa (nşr. Muhammed Takī Dânişpejûh, Kum 1409); Kutbüddin er-Râvendî, Minhâcü’l-berâʿa fî şerḥi Nehci’l-belâġa (nşr. Abdüllatîf Kûhkemeri, I-III, Kum 1406); İbn Meysem el-Bahrânî, Şerḥu Nehci’l-belâġa (Beyrut 1982); M. Cevâd Muğniyye, Fî Ẓılâli Nehci’l-belâġa (I-IV, Beyrut 1972-1973); M. Takī et-Tüsterî, Behcü’ṣ-ṣıbâġa fî şerḥi Nehci’l-belâġa (nşr. Ahmed Bâketcî, Tahran 1409); Muhammed Bâkır el-Meclisî, Şerḥu Nehci’l-belâġa (I-III, Tahran 1408/1988, Biḥârü’l-envâr ’dan alınarak Ali Ensâriyân tarafından düzenlenmiştir); Abdülbâkī-i Tebrîzî, Minhâcü’l-velâye fî Şerḥi Nehci’l-belâġa (I-II, Tahran 1378 hş./1999); Muhammed Abduh, Şerḥu Nehci’l-belâġa (I-IV, Beyrut 1412/1992). Câhiz, daha sonra Nehcü’l-belâġa ’da yer alan Hz. Ali’ye ait özdeyişlerinden 100 tanesini seçerek Miʾe kelime adıyla şerhetmiş, eseri Âdil es-Safevî (Tahran 1304) ve Muhammed el-Esterâbâdî Farsça’ya tercüme etmiştir.
Nehcü’l-belâġa ’yı Ali Feyzülislâm (Şerḥu Nehci’l-belâga , I-II, Tahran 1947, Arapça metniyle birlikte); Dervîş Şâhîn (Nehcü’l-belâġa , Tahran 1350, 1352, 1353, 1395, 1396), M. Takī Ca‘ferî (Terceme vü Tefsîr-i Nehcü’l-belâġa , Tahran 1362/1983) ve Azîzullah Cüveynî (Kitâbü Nehci’l-belâġa , Tahran 1377) Farsça’ya; Seyyid Ali Rızâ (Nahj al-Belāghah , I-III, Kum 1975-1980, seçmeler), Ali Nakī (Nahj-ul Balagha , Kum 1981) ve Askarî Jafary (Peak of Eloquence: Nahjul balagha , Bombay 1978, seçmeler) İngilizce’ye; Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir (Nehcü’l-belâga , İstanbul 1972; Kum 1409/1989). Abdurrahman Mihálffy eseri Macarca’ya çevirmiş (Nahdzs al-balága , Budapest 1995), Ali Ebünnecâ da kısmî bir Fransızca tercümesini gerçekleştirmiştir (La voie de l’éloquence , Beyrut 1986; Nehcü’l-belâġa şerhleri konusunda ayrıca bk. Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , I, 544-545; Akhtar, s. 169-171; Abdülazîz et-Tabâtabâî, IX/2-3 [Kum 1414], s. 154-188).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şerîf er-Radî, Nehcü’l-belâġa (nşr. Subhî es-Sâlih), Beyrut 1387, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-31; a.e. (trc. Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı), İstanbul 1972, tercüme edenin önsözü, s. 5-19; a.e. (nşr. Muhammed Abduh), Beyrut 1412/1992, neşredenin girişi, I, 11-18.
a.mlf., Ḥaḳāʾiḳu’t-teʾvîl (nşr. Muhammed Rızâ), Necef 1936, V, 167.
a.mlf., Ḫaṣâʾiṣü’l-eʾimme , Necef 1949, s. 87.
a.mlf., Telḫîṣü’l-beyân , Bağdad 1955, s. 178.
a.mlf., el-Mecâzâtü’n-nebeviyye (nşr. Tâhâ ez-Zeynî), Kahire 1967, s. 39, 40, 67, 199, 251, 391.
İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd, Şerḥu Nehci’l-belâġa (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim), Beyrut 1385/1965, I, 48, 53-54, 204-206; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 3-12.
Kemâleddin Meysem el-Bahrânî, Muḳaddimetü Şerḥi Nehci’l-belâġa (nşr. Abdülkādir Hüseyin), Beyrut 1407/1987, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-13.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât (Abdülhamîd) , III, 113.
Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , III, 124.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , IV, 223.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1991.
Ahmed Zekî Safvet, Cemheretü Resâʾili’l-ʿArab fî ʿuṣûri’l-ʿArabiyyeti’z-zâhire , Kahire 1937 → Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-ilmiyye), I, 557-558 (indeks).
a.mlf., Cemheretü ḫuṭabi’l-ʿArab fî ʿuṣûri’l-ʿArabiyyeti’z-zâhire , Kahire 1381/1962, I, 234, 436, 476 (indeks).
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 511; Suppl. , I, 704-706.
Zekî Mübârek, ʿAbḳariyyetü’r-Raḍî , Kahire 1952, I, 203-217.
Abdüzzehrâ el-Hüseynî, Meṣâdiru Nehci’l-belâġa , Necef 1966, I, 247-314.
Hasan el-Emîn, Dâʾiretü’l-maʿârifi’l-İslâmiyyeti’ş-Şîʿiyye , Beyrut 1972-77, I, 68-123; XII, 355-363.
Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , I, 539-545.
Hüseyin Cum‘a el-Âmilî, Şürûḥu Nehci’l-belâġa , Beyrut 1983, s. 5-106.
M. Mehdî Şemseddin, Ḥareketü’t-târîḫ ʿinde’l-İmâm ʿAlî: Dirâse fî Nehci’l-belâġa , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 7-12.
S. Waheed Akhtar, Early Shī‘ite Imāmiyyah Thinkers , New Delhi 1988, s. 144-174.
Abdülfettâh M. el-Hulv, “Nehcü’l-belâġa beyne’l-İmâm ʿAlî ve’ş-Şerîf er-Raḍî”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye ve’l-ʿulûmi’l-ictimâʿiyye , V, Riyad 1975, s. 197-224.
Abdülazîz et-Tabâtabâî, “Nehcü’l-belâġa ʿabre’l-ḳurûn”, Türâs̱ünâ , IX/2-3, Kum 1414, s. 154-188.
Seyyid M. Mehdî Ca‘ferî, “Menâbiʿ u Meʾâḫiẕ-i Nehcü’l-belâġa”, Kitâbdârî , X, Tahran 1364 hş., s. 9-17.
M. Djebli, “Encore à propos de l’authenticité du Nahj al-balagha”, St.I , LXXV (1992), s. 33-56.
a.mlf., “Nahd̲j̲ al-Balāg̲h̲a”, EI2 (Fr.) , VII, 904-905.
İbrâhim el-Ebyârî, “Şerḥu Neḥci’l-belâġa”, Tİ , II, 125-139.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 538-540 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.