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NEMRUD Skip to content Hz. İbrâhim döneminde tevhid inancının karşısındaki siyasal otoriteyi simgeleyen efsanevî kral.
1/2 Müellif: CENGİZ BATUK Bölüme Git
Yahudi kutsal metinlerinde geçen Nimrod isminin İbrânîce marad (isyan etmek) kökünden türediği ve “isyan edeceğiz” anlamına geldiği ileri sürülmüştür …
2/2 Müellif: İSKENDER PALA Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Nemrud, inançsızlığı ve Hz. İbrâhim’le mücadelesi dolayısıyla divan şairleri tarafından telmihlere ve mecazlara konu edilen isimler ar…
Yahudi kutsal metinlerinde geçen Nimrod isminin İbrânîce marad (isyan etmek) kökünden türediği ve “isyan edeceğiz” anlamına geldiği ileri sürülmüştür (Pesahim, 94b ; Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible , s. 627). Ayrıca Talmud’da Nimrod kelimesi Amrafel (Amraphel) ismiyle özdeşleştirilirken (Erubin, 53a ) başka kaynaklarda Eski Mezopotamya tanrısı Ninunta’nın isminden çıkarılmış olabileceği hususu tartışılmıştır.
Tanah’a göre Nemrud, Nûh’un oğullarından Hâm’ın torunu ve Kuş’un (Cush) oğludur (Tekvîn, 10/1-8; I. Târihler, 1/10). Hâm’ın soyundan gelenlerin tarihin erken dönemlerindeki en sert ve saldırgan insanlar olduklarına, krallıklar kurup insanlığın kaderine hâkim olmaya çalıştıklarına ve Mısır, Libya, Arabistan, Hindistan gibi ülkelerin oluşumuna öncülük ettiklerine inanılmaktadır. Aynı soydan gelen Nemrud’un Bâbil’in yanı sıra Ninevâ ve Kalah’ı inşa ettiği söylenmiş, krallığının başlangıcı Şinar diyarındaki Bâbil, Erek, Akkad ve Kalde olarak gösterilmiştir (Tekvîn, 10/10-12). Tekvîn’de Nemrud’dan “yeryüzünde kudretli adam” ve “Rab indinde kudretli avcı” (Tekvîn, 10/8, 9) şeklinde söz edilmektedir. Tekvîn yorumcularına göre Nemrud karanlık fakat güçlü bir figürdür ve dünyanın ilk ve en büyük emperyalistidir (Phillips, s. 99-101, 107; Brett, s. 46-48). Talmud metinlerinde ise Nemrud’un, Hz. İbrâhim’i ateşe atan ve bütün insanları Tanrı’ya isyana teşvik eden kötü yönetici olduğu üzerinde durulur (Erubin, 53a ; Pesahim, 94b , 118b ). Ayrıca Nemrud ile Buhtunnasr (Nebukadnezzar) arasında bir soy ilişkisi kurulur (Hagigah, 13a).
Geleneksel yahudi düşüncesine göre Nemrud kurnaz bir astrolog, putperest, çeşitli şehirleri kuran ve mâsum bebekleri katleden bir yönetici ve et yiyen ilk insandır (Ginzberg, I, 186-187; V, 199, 209). Bundan başka vahşi hayvanlara hükmeden bir kişi olarak da tanımlanmış, Tanrı’nın Âdem ile Havvâ için yaptığı deri kaftanı aracı kılarak hayvanlara hükmettiği ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca Nemrud’un, içinde yaşadığı toplumda bir tanrı muamelesi gördüğü ve karısı Semiramis’in tapınılan bir ilâhî varlık olarak öne çıktığı ileri sürülmüştür (Ginzberg, I, 188; Seiss, s. 389; Shubin, s. 31).
Nemrud adı Kur’an’da yer almamakla birlikte Bakara sûresinde (2/258) Allah’ın kendisine mülk ve hükümdarlık bahşettiği için şımarıp İbrâhim’le tartıştığından söz edilen kişinin Nemrud olduğu müfessirlerce kabul edilmiştir. Bunun dışında Hz. İbrâhim’in cezalandırılması ve ateşe atılmasıyla ilgili âyetlerde de Nemrud’a bazı göndermeler olduğu düşünülmektedir (el-Enbiyâ 21/68-70; el-Ankebût 29/24; es-Sâffât 37/97-98).
Nemrud ile Hz. İbrâhim arasındaki mücadeleyi konu alan hikâyeler hem yahudi hem İslâm kaynaklarında yer alır. Bu menkıbevî rivayetlere göre Nemrud, İbrâhim’in dünyaya gelişiyle ilgili olarak rüyasında yeni doğan bir yıldızın parlaklığının ay ve güneşi bastırdığını görür. Rüyayı yorumlayan kâhinler, ona ülkesinde doğacak olan bir erkek çocuğun halkın dinini değiştireceğini ve kendisini öldüreceğini söyler (Taberî, I, 220-221). Bunun üzerine Nemrud, doğan erkek çocukların öldürülmesini emreder ve şehirdeki bütün erkekleri şehir dışına çıkararak hanımlarıyla ilişkiye girmelerine engel olur. Ancak Âzer’e (Terah) olan güveni sebebiyle onu hanımıyla görüşmemek şartıyla bir iş için şehre gönderir. Bu arada Âzer hanımıyla ilişkide bulunur ve bunu gizler. Eşi hamile kaldığında onu şehir dışında bir mağaraya saklar (Köksal, s. 143). Sonuçta İbrâhim bir mağarada olağan üstü ışıklarla aydınlanmış olarak doğar (Klinghoffer, s. 1-2).
Hz. İbrâhim ile Nemrud arasındaki mücadele ve Nemrud’un İbrâhim’i ateşe atması konusunda yahudi geleneğinde Bâbil Kulesi öyküsü ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Geleneksel olarak Bâbil Kulesi’nin Nemrud’un krallığı döneminde inşa edildiğine inanılır (Abodah Zarah, 53b ; The Old Testament , I, 297). Milâttan sonra I. yüzyıla ait apokrif metin Pseudo-Philo’ya göre Nemrud devrinde göklere kadar uzanan kulenin inşası sırasında insanlar hazırladıkları kerpiçlere isimlerini kazırlar ve onları pişirerek inşaatta kullanırlar. Ancak İbrâhim ve yanındaki on bir kişi buna karşı çıkar, bunun üzerine tutuklanıp işkence görürler. Sonunda İbrâhim ateşe atılır, fakat yanmaktan mûcizevî şekilde kurtulur (a.g.e. , II, 310-312; ayrıca bk. Pesahim, 118a ; Teugels, s. 175; Evans, s. 152-153).
İslâmî kaynaklarda Nemrud’dan hep bazı ilkleri gerçekleştiren kişi olarak söz edilir. Buna göre o ilk defa kötülüğe teşvik eden, başına ilk defa taç giyen, ilkin yıldızların durumunu ortaya koyan, ilk defa ateşe tapan ve insanları kendisine tapınmaya davet eden kişidir (Köksal, I, 142). Mancınığın da onun zamanında icat edildiği düşünülür (DİA , XXVII, 565), Taberî yeryüzünden ikisi kâfir, ikisi mümin olmak üzere dört büyük kralın gelip geçtiğini, müminlerin krallarının Süleyman b. Dâvûd ile Zülkarneyn, kâfirlerin krallarının Buhtunnasr ve Nemrud olduğunu söyler ve Nemrud’un nesebini Nemrûd b. Kuş b. Ken‘ân b. Hâm b. Nûh olarak verir. Nemrud’un krallığı dört yüzyıl devam etmiştir (Taberî, I, 273). Bir diğer rivayete göre ise nesebi Nemrûd b. Ken‘ân b. Kuş b. Sâm b. Nûh şeklindedir (İbn Kesîr, I, 139-140). Bakara sûresinde söz konusu edilen tartışmanın (2/258) bir rivayete göre Hz. İbrâhim putları kırdıktan sonra atıldığı hapishanede, diğerine göre ise ateşe atıldıktan sonra gerçekleştiği kaydedilir (Taberî, I, 273-274).
Nemrud’la ilgili olarak anlatılan bir başka hikâye de onun Allah’la savaşmak için göğe çıkışıyla ilgilidir. Dört kartalın taşıdığı bir sandığa oturarak göğe doğru yükselen Nemrud yeteri kadar yükseldiğini düşündüğü sırada göğe bir ok atar; ok geri geldiğinde üzerinde kan lekesi görüp Allah’ı vurduğunu düşünür (Taberî, I, 274-275). Allah’a meydan okuyan Nemrud’un burnundan başına giren bir sivrisinek tarafından öldürüldüğü kabul edilir. Sivrisineğin sebep olduğu şiddetli ağrılar yüzünden sürekli olarak kafasını tokmakla dövdüren Nemrud sonunda büyük bir acıyla ölmüştür.
İsminin Kur’an’da yer almaması, Tekvîn’deki silik şahsiyeti ve hakkındaki efsaneler sebebiyle Nemrud’un gerçekten yaşamış bir Mezopotamya-Bâbil kralı mı yoksa mitolojik bir kişi mi olduğu tartışma konusudur. Öncelikle onun İran krallarından Dahhâk olabileceği ileri sürülmüştür. Taberî ise Nemrud’un Nabatî, Dahhâk’in Fârisî asıllı olması dolayısıyla Nemrud’un Dahhâk olamayacağını belirtir (Târîḫ , I, 221, 276-277). Ayrıca onun Hammurabi (m.ö. 2003-1961) olma ihtimalinin bulunduğu, nemrud kelimesinin bir isim değil “sultan, kral” anlamında bir unvan niteliği taşıdığı, bu unvanla anılan kişinin de Akkad Devleti’nin kurucusu I. Sargon (m.ö. 2350) olabileceği (Sarıkçıoğlu, s. 38), Nemrud’un efsanevî İran krallarından Keykâvus (Tökel, s. 224-225, 388-389) veya Sumerliler’in savaşçılığı ve avcılığıyla meşhur tanrısı Ninurta olduğu ve bu ismin Tevrat’a geçerken Nimrod şeklinde değişime uğradığı da iddia edilmiştir (Çığ, s. 73). Speiser’in araştırmasından hareketle O’Connell, Nemrud’un Asur krallarından I. Tukulti-Ninurta (m.ö. 1233-1199/1244-1207) olma ihtimalinin daha kuvvetli göründüğüne işaret eder (New Catholic Encyclopedia , X, 318). Bütün bunların yanı sıra Nemrud’un Bâbil’in Izdubar’ı veya Gılgamış olduğu öne sürülmüş ve Nemrud tanrı-kral Marduk’la özdeşleştirilmiştir. Nemrud’u bir kişi adı değil bir kabile ismi olarak sayanlar da vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , I, 220-237, 273-277.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , I, 139-141.
J. Phillips, Exploring Genesis , Chicago 1981, s. 99-107.
The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (ed. J. H. Charlesworth), New York 1985, I, 297; II, 310-312.
Mustafa Âsım Köksal, Peygamberler Tarihi , Ankara 1993, I, 142-161.
Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, İbrahim Peygamber: Sumer Yazılarına ve Arkeolojik Buluntulara Göre , İstanbul 1997, s. 73.
L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews (trc. H. Szold), Baltimore 1998, I, 186-188; V, 199, 209.
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (ed. K. van der Toorn v.dğr.), Leiden 1999, s. 627-629.
Dursun Ali Tökel, Divan Şiirinde Mitolojik Unsurlar , Ankara 2000, s. 224-225, 387-394.
Ekrem Sarıkçıoğlu, Başlangıçtan Günümüze Dinler Tarihi , Isparta 2000, s. 38.
M. G. Brett, Genesis: Procreation and the Politics of Identity , London 2000, s. 46-48.
J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse Exposition of the Book of Revelation , Grand Rapids 2000, s. 389.
D. H. Shubin, Kingdoms and Covenants: An Interpretive Commentary on the Bible , [baskı yeri yok] 2000, s. 31.
C. A. Evans, “Abraham in the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Man of Faith and Failure”, The Bible at Qumran (ed. P. W. Flint), Grand Rapids 2001, s. 152-153.
D. Klinghoffer, The Discovery of God: Abraham and the Birth of Monotheism , New York 2003, s. 1-2.
L. M. Teugels, Bible and Midrash: The Story of the Wooing of Rebekah , Leuven 2004, s. 175.
B. Heller, “Nemrûd”, İA , IX, 192-194.
a.mlf., “Namrūd”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 952-953.
K. G. O’Connell, “Nemrod (Nimrod)”, New Catholic Encyclopedia , Washington 1967, X, 318.
Nebi Bozkurt, “Mancınık”, DİA , XXVII, 565.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 554-555 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Nemrud, inançsızlığı ve Hz. İbrâhim’le mücadelesi dolayısıyla divan şairleri tarafından telmihlere ve mecazlara konu edilen isimler arasında yer almıştır. Hz. İbrâhim’in Allah’a bağlılığı, Nemrud’a karşı gelmesi, başkasından yardım istememesi, ateşe atılmaya razı olması yanında inancı uğruna seve seve çektikleri âşıkla mâşuk arasındaki ilişkinin derecesini gösteren bir ölçü olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Nemrud’un Hz. İbrâhim’i öldürmek için yaktırdığı ateş ve bu ateşten çıkan duman üzerinde duran şairler ateşi sevgilinin al yanağına ve yanak üzerindeki duman renkli ayva tüylerini o ateşin dumanına benzetmişler (“Hatt-ı ruhu dûd-ı nâr-ı Nemrûd / La‘l-i lebi Kevser-i meyâlûd” [Şeyh Galib]), üstte kalan zülüflerle kaşları da İbrâhim’i ateşe atmak için kurulan mancınıkla karşılamışlardır (“Ruhu nâr iki zülfü üzre kaşı / Siyâsetgâh-ı İbrâhîm’e benzer” [Hayâlî]). Nemrud’a benzeyen rakiplerin kıskançlık ateşinden âşığın çekinmemesi, eziyetlerine sabretmesi ona olgunluk kazandıracağı şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Mesîhî’nin, “Ne gussa cânıma Nemrûd-ı gamdan çünki olmuştur / Dil-i İbrâhîm’e şevk-ı ruhunla gül-sitan âteş” beyti bu anlayışa dayanır. Sevgiliyi göremeyince âşığın gözüne cennetin bile Nemrud ateşi gibi görüneceği düşüncesi Zâtî tarafından, “Gül-i gülzâr-ı cennet âteş-i Nemrûd olur ey dil / Görünmezse eğer kim gözüme dîdâr-ı İbrâhîm” beytiyle ifade edilmiştir.
Şairler, düşmanın ihtişam ve debdebesinden korkmamak gerektiğini, bir sivrisineğin Nemrud’u mağlûp etmesiyle örneklendirmiş (“Düşmen-i mağrûrun olma satvetinden tersnâk / Peşşe vîran-sâz-ı mağz-ı nahvet-i Nemrûd olur” [Nâbî]) ve onun zalimliğini anarak sevgilinin acımasızlığına işaret etmişlerdir (“Bu bîdâdı bana hecrin kılıptır / Cihanda kılmadı Nemrûd u Şeddâd” [Nesîmî]). Nemrud’un bütün azamet ve ihtişamıyla tanrılık iddiasında bulunduğu halde bir sivrisinekle başa çıkamayıp can vermesi Allah’ın kudretini ifade eden mazmunlar yapılmasına imkân tanımıştır. Nâbî’nin, “Başına belâyız hele Nemrûd-ı adûnun / Ol yel ise biz peşşe-i bîtâb u tüvânız” beytiyle Ziyâ Paşa’nın, “Eyler keremin âteşi gül-zâr Halîl’e / Mağlûb olur peşşeye Nemrûd-ı mubahî” beyti bu anlayışa örnektir.
Tasavvufî metinlerde, Hz. İbrâhim’in Nemrud’la mücadelesi sırasında kıyamet alâmeti olarak güneşin batıdan doğmasına işareten söylediği, “Haydi sen de onu batıdan getir” (el-Bakara 2/258) hitabı anılarak nûrânî perdelerle (güneş) zulmânî perdelerin (gece) çatışması, dolayısıyla nefsin Nemrud gibi mağlûp edilmesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Nemrud’un bütün kibrine ve azametine rağmen bir sivrisinek tarafından helâk edilmesi zalim nefse karşı İbrâhimî zaferi kazanmak için küçük bir gayretin yeteceği, eşyada mevcut olanın aslında zerrede de mevcut olduğu ve Allah’ın, dilemesi halinde Nemrud ordularına karşı sivrisineği tek başına bir ordu olarak zafere eriştireceği şeklinde yorumlanmıştır (Ceylan, s. 365). Dâsitân-ı Halîl İbrâhim (Halîlnâme) gibi dinî mesnevilerle (Ayhan Gültaş, Abdülvâsi Çelebi ve Halilnâme’si , doktora tezi, 1985, İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) kısas-ı enbiyâlar yanında Hz. İbrâhim’in hayatına yer veren dinî eserlerde de Nemrud’dan sıkça bahsedilmiştir (meselâ bk. Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed, s. 71).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , I, 227-237.
Yazıcoğlu Mehmed, Muhammediyye , İstanbul 1289, s. 71.
Ahmet Talât Onay, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar ve İzahı (haz. Cemâl Kurnaz), Ankara 1992, s. 214-216.
Cemâl Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı’nın Tahlili , İstanbul 1996, s. 61, 66, 137, 220, 236, 337, 426.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 313.
Dursun Ali Tökel, Divan Şiirinde Mitolojik Unsurlar , Ankara 2000, s. 224-225, 387-394.
Metin Akkuş, Divan Şiirinde İnsan I: Dinî Kişilikler , Erzurum 2000, s. 140-142.
Ömür Ceylan, Tasavvufî Şiir Şerhleri , İstanbul 2000, s. 235, 365.
İbnüttayyar Semahaddin Cem, “İbrahim Peygamber ve Nemrud’un Tarihî Şahsiyeti”, Türk Düşüncesi , VIII/10, İstanbul 1957, s. 21-28.
İsmail Kara, “Nemrud”, TDEA , VII, 13-14.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 555-556 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.