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NESÎ Skip to content Câhiliye döneminde kamerî takvimin şemsî takvime uyarlanması suretiyle takvime yapılan müdahale anlamında bir terim.
Sözlükte “geciktirmek; çoğaltmak, arttırmak, ilâve etmek” mânasındaki nes’ kökünden türeyen nesî’ kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, ayların sayısının on iki olduğu ve bunlardan dördünün haram sayıldığı belirtildikten sonra haram ayların helâl sayılmasıyla ilgili olarak bir yerde geçmekte olup (et-Tevbe 9/36-37) anlamı konusunda çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Bazı âlimler nesîin “bir ayın haramlığının başka bir aya ertelenmesi” mânasına geldiğini, bazıları ise haramlığı ertelenen veya aynı maksatla araya ilâve edilen ayın adı olduğunu söylemiştir. Kelime genel olarak haram aylarda savaşa izin verebilmek ve hac mevsimini sabitlemek için “kamerî takvimi şemsî takvime dönüştürüp ikisini eşitlemek” ve “bu işlem sırasında eklenen ay veya gün sayısı” anlamlarında kullanılmıştır.
Araplar Hz. İbrâhim’den sonra uzun müddet kamerî takvim kullanmışlar, umre için receb, hac için zilhicce ayını esas almışlar, ayrıca umrenin yapıldığı receb ayı ile haccın yapıldığı zilhicce ve onun bir öncesiyle (zilkade) bir sonrasını (muharrem) haram aylar olarak kabul etmişlerdir. İslâm kaynaklarında, Araplar’ın zamanla haram ayların yerlerini değiştirmek veya haccın sabit bir mevsimde yapılmasını sağlamak amacıyla nesîe başvurdukları belirtilmektedir. Câhiliye devrinde Araplar yaygın olan yağmacılık ve kan davaları yüzünden sık sık savaşmak zorunda kalıyorlardı. Arka arkaya gelen üç haram ayda savaşmanın yasak olması onların hayatını zorlaştırıyor, bu sebeple haccın sonunda savaş yapmak isteyen kabileler muharrem ayının haramlığının ertelenmesini istiyorlardı. Diğer bir sebep de kamerî takvime göre hac zamanının yılın bütün mevsimlerini dolaşmasıydı. Bu husus panayırlardaki ticarî hayatı olumsuz yönde etkiliyor ve ticaretten beklenen kâr elde edilemiyordu, ayrıca yaz aylarında seyahat daha zor oluyordu. Araplar’ın bu sakıncaları ortadan kaldırarak ticarî faaliyetlerini rahatça yapmak, yarımadanın iklim şartlarına uygun tarım ürünlerini panayırlarda pazarlamak ve kendileri için uygun mevsimde seyahat etmek amacıyla hac mevsimini sabitlemek için kamerî takvimi şemsî takvime uyarlayıp nesî uygulamasına başvurdukları görülmektedir.
Aslında nesî Mezopotamya, Eski Çin, Moğol, Tibet gibi ay takvimini esas alan kadim kültürlerde ve Mûsevîler’de yaygın bir uygulamadır; ay ve güneş yılından doğan farklılıkların giderilmesi amacıyla kamerî yıla bir ay ilâve edilmesi suretiyle gerçekleştiriliyordu. Ayı esas alan takvimde bir yıl 354, güneşi esas alan takvimde 365 gün olup arada on bir günlük fark bulunmaktadır. Bunun için nesîe başvurularak takvim ay-güneş takvimi haline dönüştürülüyordu. Câhiliye Arapları’nın nesî uygulamasını kimden öğrendikleri, ne zaman ve nasıl uygulamaya başladıkları hususunda farklı bilgiler mevcuttur. Bîrûnî, Araplar’ın nesîi İslâmiyet’ten iki asır kadar önce komşuları olan yahudilerden öğrendiklerini ve ilk nesî yapanın (nâsi’) Huzeyfe b. Abd olduğunu belirtir (el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye , s. 12, 64). Ezrakī’nin verdiği bilgiye göre nesî yapma görevi, Mudar ve Rebîa kabilelerinden önce o sırada Kuzey ve Orta Arabistan’da hüküm süren Yemenli Kinde kabilesinin elindeyken sonraları Kinde’nin reisi Muâviye b. Sevr’in kızıyla evlenen Kinâne kabilesinin reisi Mâlik b. Kinâne’nin eline geçmiş, Mekke’de ilk defa nesîi o uygulamış, bu görev İslâmiyet’in zuhuruna kadar bu kabilenin elinde kalmıştır. Mâlik’in oğlu Hâris’e bu görevinden dolayı “nâsi”in yanı sıra “kalemmes” (yüce efendi, hayır getiren kişi, âlim, engin deniz) unvanı verilmiştir. Ezrakī ayrıca İslâmiyet’in zuhuru sırasında, aynı zamanda hac mevsimini tayin etmek gibi önemli bir görev olan nesî işini yine bu kabileden Ebû Sümâme Cünâde b. Avf’ın idare ettiğini belirtir (Aḫbâru Mekke , I, 182-183). Ezrakī’nin rivayetini değerlendiren Muhammed Hamîdullah, Câhiliye Arapları’nın nesî yapmaya İslâmiyet’in zuhurundan 450 yıl kadar önce başlamış olmaları gerektiğini ileri sürerek Bîrûnî’nin verdiği tarihi kabul etmez (İslâm Peygamberi , II, 1172). Ayrıca nesî vazifesini yürütenlere hem nâsi’ hem kalemmes denilmesine dikkat çekerek değişik devirlerde birbirinden farklı iki ilâve ay metodunun kullanılmış olabileceği ihtimali üzerinde durur (a.g.e. , II, 790).
Rivayete göre kalemmes haccın üçüncü gününde Mina’dan dönüldükten sonra Hacerülesved’in yanında, “Ey insanlar, ben burada bir kusur işlemiyorum ve ayıplanacak bir iş yapmıyorum, verdiğim hükme hiç kimse itiraz edemez …” diye başladığı hutbesinde o yıl nesî uygulanıp uygulanmayacağını söyler; nesî yaptıysa, “Ben saferi haram kıldım ve muharremi erteledim” der; orada bulunanlar da gelecek yılın panayırlarının ve haccın tarihini buna göre ayarlardı (İbn Habîb, s. 157; Taberî, X, 91-92; Bîrûnî, s. 62; Makrîzî, XIV, 317). Böylece zilhiccenin ardından gelen muharrem ayının yeri değiştirilmek suretiyle haramlığı ortadan kalkmış kabul edilir, zilhicceden sonra haram ay kabul edilmeyen bir ay araya girerdi. Nesî uygulaması sonucunda yılın ilk ayı olarak ilâve edilen bu aya bazı rivayetlerde “saferülevvel” denildiği, bazılarında ise nesî isminin verildiği görülmektedir. Nesî yapıldıkça daha sonraki rebîülevvel ayına erteleniyor, böylece yılın bütün aylarını dolaşıp sıra tekrar muharreme gelinceye kadar devam ederek bir devir tamamlanıyordu (Ebû Ali el-Merzûkī, I, 89; Makrîzî, XIV, 315-316). Nesî işlemi sonucunda kamerî ayların sayısı on üçe çıkarılmaktaydı.
Kaynaklarda Câhiliye devrinde kaç yılda bir ve hangi yıllarda nesî uygulandığı hakkında kesin bilgi yer almamaktadır. Bazıları her yıl, başta müfessirler olmak üzere bir kısım âlimler iki yılda bir, Bîrûnî gibi astronomi bilenler üç yılda bir veya düzensiz aralıklarla nesî yapıldığını ileri sürmektedir. Muhammed Hamîdullah, Hz. Peygamber’in, doğumundan nesîin yasaklandığı Vedâ haccına kadarki hayatını Mekke’de nesî uygulamasının devam ettiği, ay-güneş takviminin yürürlükte bulunduğu dönemde geçirmiş olduğuna, buna karşılık İslâm kaynaklarında siyere ait pek çok tarihin kamerî takvime göre verildiğine dikkat çekmiş, siyer olaylarının doğru bir şekilde tarihlendirilmesi için bu takvimin milâdî karşılığının ortaya çıkarılmasına çalışmış, yeni bir milâdî tarihe çevirme kılavuzu teklif etmiş ve nesîe dair bütün rivayetleri değerlendirip kalemmesin üç yılda bir nesî yaptığı sonucuna varmıştır (İslâm Peygamberi , II, 780-792, 1171-1191). Nesîin sadece muharremle safer aylarının yerlerinin değiştirilmesinden ibaret bir gelenek olduğunu ve başka bir ayda nesî yapılmadığını ileri süren âlimler de vardır (Muhammed el-Casnazânî v.dğr., VI [2000], s. 143-172).
Hicret ettiği yılda icra edilen nesîin şâban ayına rastladığını ve bu ayın muharrem, ramazanın da safer olarak isimlendirildiğini, hicretin 9. (631) yılındaki haccın zilkade ayında olduğunu (Makrîzî, XIV, 316) bilen Hz. Peygamber nesîi yasaklamak için Vedâ haccına kadar beklemiş (Bîrûnî, s. 62-63), ayların sayısının on iki olduğunu bildiren ve nesîi yasaklayan âyetler (et-Tevbe 9/36-37) hicretin 9. ve daha kuvvetli bir ihtimale göre 10. (632) yılında nâzil olmuştur. Bîrûnî, Resûlullah’ın nesîi ilga etmek için Vedâ haccını yaptığı 10. yılı beklemesinin sebebinin bu yılda ayların gerçek yerlerine denk gelmesi olduğunu söyler; böylece Hz. Peygamber’in bu yıla kadar hac yapmamasını ayların gerçek yerlerinde olmamasına bağlar. Ayların sayısının on iki ve nesîin yasak olduğunu bildiren âyetleri Vedâ haccı hutbesinde tekrarlayan Resûlullah, “Zaman Allah’ın yerleri ve gökleri yarattığı gündeki şekline döndü” diyerek bu âdeti yürürlükten kaldırmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “nsʾe” md.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “nsʾe” md.
İbn İshak, es-Sîre , s. 79.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , I, 43-44.
İbn Habîb, el-Muḥabber , s. 156-157.
Ezrakī, Aḫbâru Mekke (Melhas) , I, 182 vd.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Bulak) , X, 88-93.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , II, 188 vd.
a.mlf., et-Tenbîh ve’l-işrâf , Beyrut 1388/1968, s. 184-194.
Ebû Ali el-Merzûkī, el-Ezmine ve’l-emkine , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-kitâbi’l-İslâmî), I, 85-90.
Bîrûnî, el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye ʿani’l-ḳurûni’l-ḫâliye (nşr. E. Sachau), Leipzig 1878, s. 12, 56-64, 332.
Süheylî, er-Ravżü’l-ünüf , I, 242-253.
Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, Muḫtaṣaru Tefsîri İbn Kes̱îr (nşr. M. Ali es-Sâbûnî), Beyrut 1402/1981, II, 140-143.
Makrîzî, İmtâʿu’l-esmâʿ (nşr. M. Abdülhamîd en-Nümeysî), Beyrut 1420/1999, XIV, 315-322.
İbn Fâtıma (Mûsâ Cârullah), Niẓâmü’n-nesîʾ ʿinde’l-ʿArab ḳable’l-İslâm , Kahire 1354/1935.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , III, 2521-2541.
Mehmet Apaydın, Resûlullah’ın Günlüğü , İstanbul 1995, s. 29-33.
Kasım Şulul, İlk Kaynaklara Göre Hz. Peygamber Devri Kronolojisi , İstanbul 2003, s. 73-79.
Muhammed Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi (trc. Salih Tuğ), İstanbul 1424/2003, II, 780-792, 1171-1191.
a.mlf., “Hicrî Takvim ve Tarihî Arkaplanı” (trc. Kasım Şulul), UÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , IX/9 (2000), s. 671-685.
Kevser Başar, Câhiliye Dönemi Arap Takviminde Nesî (yüksek lisans tezi, 2006), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
F. A. Shamsi, “The Meaning of Nasīʾ: An Interpretation of Verse 9:37”, IS , XXVI/2 (1987), s. 143-164.
Fazlur Rehman Shaikh, “The Veracity of the Arab Pagan Calender”, IC , LXXI/1 (1997), s. 41-69.
Muhammed el-Casnazânî v.dğr., “Hz. Peygamber Devri Kronolojisinin Miladi Karşılığı ile İlgili Bir Araştırma” (trc. Kasım Şulul), Harran Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , VI, Şanlıurfa 2000, s. 143-172.
A. Necati Akgür, “Nesî’li Takvim”, TDA , sy. 142 (2003), s. 43-87.
A. Moberg, “Nesî”, İA , IX, 201-202.
a.mlf., “Nasīʾ”, EI2 (Fr.) , VII, 977-978.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 578-579 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.