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NEY Skip to content Türk mûsikisinde kullanılan nefesli bir saz.
Farsça’da “kamış” anlamına gelen nây kelimesi Türkçe’de uzun süre bu şekilde kullanıldıktan sonra zamanla neye dönüşmüştür. Ney üfleyene nâyî (neyzen), neyzenler topluluğunun başına da sernâyî (serneyzen) denir. Kamıştan yapılmış müzik aletlerinin en eski örneklerine Mezopotamya’daki kazılarda rastlanmıştır. Sumerler yukarıdan aşağıya doğru üfleyerek çalınan kamış boruları “kagı”, “tigi”, “ni”, “na” gibi kelimelerle ifade etmişlerdir. Dilli borulara Sumerce’de “na” ismi verildiğine göre nây kelimesinin bu isimden geldiği söylenebilir. Anadolu’nun birçok yerinde kamışa “kargı” denildiği göz önüne alındığında “kagı” kelimesinin de neyin yapıldığı kamış bitkisiyle olan benzerliğinden söz edilebilir. Eskiçağ’lardan bu yana Doğu’da kamıştan yapılan dilsiz sazlar için ney kelimesi kullanılagelmiştir. Uygurlar dönemine ait Turfan ve Hoço kazılarında bulunan bazı resimlerde dikey ve yatay tutuş şekilleriyle ney benzeri üflemeli çalgılar çalan insan figürlerine rastlanmıştır. Mısırlılar ve İbrânîler’den kalan çeşitli kabartma ve oyma resimlerle fresklerde de ney benzeri bazı sazları görmek mümkündür. Ayrıca eski Mısır’da Nil nehri deltasında bolca rastlanan kamışın müzik aleti olarak kullanıldığı yine taş kabartmalarda görülmektedir.
Mûsiki tarihinde ney kelimesinin geçtiği en eski kaynaklardan biri Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî’nin (ö. 252/866 [?]) Kitâbü’l-Muṣavvitâti’l-veteriyye min ẕâti’l-veteri’l-vâḥid ilâ ẕâti’l-veteri’l-ʿaşreti’l-evtâr adlı risâlesi olup burada ney “nây-ı Rûmî ale’z-zıkk” (Rum ülkesinde yaşayanların keseli neyi) adıyla kaydedilmiştir. Bu da “torbalı mizmar” (gayda, tulum) ismiyle tanınan sazdır. Tulumun ucundaki kamış kısmına da ney isminin verildiği kaynaklarda belirtilmektedir. İbn Sînâ, Kitâbü’ş-Şifâʾ adlı eserinde Arapça’da kamıştan yapılmış aletlerin ortak adı olan “yerâa” kelimesiyle içine nefes üflenerek çalınan ney sazından ve surnây çeşidinden söz etmektedir. Safiyyüddin el-Urmevî er-Risâletü’ş-Şerefiyye’sinde ney konusunda açıklayıcı bilgiler vermiştir. Urmevî, Fârâbî’nin, bir cismin diğerine vuruş şiddeti ne kadar kuvvetli ise sesin o kadar tiz, ne kadar zayıfsa sesin o kadar pes olacağı yönündeki görüşünü eleştirirken nefesli sazlar dışında tek tele yapılan vuruşun şiddetli yahut hafif olmasının tizliği veya pestliği etkilemediğini, fakat kamıştan yapılmış nefesli aletlerde deliklere kuvvetli veya hafif üfleyişle tiz veya pest seslerin elde edilebileceğini söyleyerek neydeki delikler arasındaki mesafe ile üflenen kısımla delikler arasındaki mesafenin uzun veya kısa olmasının ve kamıştaki iç boşluğun geniş veya dar olmasının pestlik yahut tizliğin sebebi olduğunu anlatmış, ayrıca kamıştan yapılan sekiz delikli bir sazdan bahsetmiştir. Abdülkādir-i Merâgī Maḳāṣıdü’l-elḥân’da nây adı altında şu nefesli aletleri sıralamaktadır: Nây, nây-ı balaban, nây-ı sefîd, nây-ı çâvur, zemr-i siyeh-nây, nây-ı hiyk, surnâ (surnây). Câmiʿu’l-elḥân’da ise bu sazlar hakkında açıklayıcı bilgiler verir. Kırşehirli Nizâmeddin oğlu Yûsuf Dede’nin Risâle-i İlm-i Mûsikî adlı eserinde neyin öğretiminden ve yapısından söz edilmiş, Seydî’nin el-Matla‘ında yine neyin perde isimleri ve üflenişiyle ilgili bilgiler yer almıştır. Abdülbâki Nâsır Dede’nin Tedkīk u Tahkīk adlı eserinde ses sistemi neyin deliklerinden çıkan seslerle izah edilmiştir. Matbu Hâşim Bey Mecmuası’nda da neyin şekli üzerinde deliklerinden çıkan seslerin isimleri olan perdeler kaydedilmiştir. Rauf Yektâ Bey’in Türk Musikisi adlı eserinde ney hakkında verdiği bilgiler şu şekilde özetlenebilir: Ney bir kamış olmasına rağmen nefesli sazların en gelişmişidir. Ses rengi ve armoniklerinin zenginliği dikkat çekicidir. Nefes kuvveti ve dudak hareketleriyle her notanın beşlisi ve üst üste gelen iki sekizlisi elde edilebilir. Halbuki Batı flütlerinde aynı usulle ana sesin iki sekizlisi veya bir ara sesi meydana getirilebilir.
Ney, tek parça dokuz boğumlu bir kamışın içi boşaltılıp üzerine (biri arka kısmında) yedi adet delik (perde) açılması suretiyle yapılır. Sarı ve budaklı bir çeşit kamıştan elde edilen neyin ilk ve son boğumuna gümüş, altın veya pirinçten yapılan ve “parazvâne” adı verilen bilezikler takılır. Üst ve alt parazvâne denilen bu madeni parçalar kamışın hassas bölgelerinde meydana gelebilecek çatlakları önlemek içindir. Ayrıca neyin sağlam kalmasını temin etmek için boğum yerlerine genellikle gümüş, altın veya başka madenlerden yapılmış tel sarılabilir. Neyin ilk boğumu olan boğaz boğumuna “başpâre” adı verilen, genellikle boynuzdan elde edilmiş, üflemeyi kolaylaştırıcı konik bir ağızlık takılır. Yapımında fildişi ve bağa ile şimşir, kehribar ve ceviz gibi sert ağaçların da kullanıldığı başpârelerde daha çok manda boynuzu tercih edilir. Neyin delikleri kızgın demirle veya özel bir keskiyle dâirevî açılır. Kaynaklarda neyin açılmasında iki ayrı metodun uygulandığından bahsedilir. Bunlardan biri klasik metot, diğeri kaydırma metodudur. Klasik metotta açılacak ney çeşidine uygun bir kamışın içi boşaltılıp hazırlanarak önce o akordun rast (sol) sesine ayarlanır. Daha sonra ney boyu yirmi altı bölüme ayrılıp işaretlenir. Arkadaki delik 2/26 oranındaki noktaya açılır. Öndeki delikler de yukarıdan aşağıya 10/26’ya nevâ, 9/26’ya hicaz, 8/26’ya çârgâh, 6/26’ya segâh, 5/26’ya kürdî, 4/26’ya dügâh isimleriyle anılan ses noktaları olarak açılır. Kaydırma metodu ise kamış yapısı ve boğumlarının elverişli olmadığı halde uygulanır. Bu metotta deliklerin merkezleri aşağıya veya yukarıya doğru kontrollü şekilde kaydırılır.
Telli müzik aletlerinde tel boyunun gerilip gevşetilmesiyle akort yapıldığı halde nefesli aletlerde akort sazın imali sırasında yapılır. Diğer sazlarla birlikte rahat kullanımı veya değişik insan seslerine eşlik etme kolaylığı düşünülerek çeşitli uzunlukta ve akortta neyler açılmıştır. Bir bakıma diyapazon görevindeki bu neyler en kısasından en uzununa kadar her biri ayrı akortta olup değişik isimlerle anılmıştır. Ney çeşitleri esas neyler, mâbeyin veya ara neyler, nısfiyeler olmak üzere üç grupta toplanmıştır. Aralarında bir tam ses aralığı bulunan esas neyler kız ney, mansur, şah, dâvud, bolâhenk diye isimlendirilmiştir. Bu neylere süpürde ve müstahsen neyleri de eklenerek sekizli (gam) tamamlanacak olursa yedi ayrı akort ney elde edilmiş olur. Bunların arasındaki beş adet tam ses aralığı da ikiye bölünerek yarı tonlarında mâbeyin denilen beş çeşit ney daha elde edilir.
Bu neylerin diyapazon “lâ” notası karşılığı olan (440 titreşim/saniye) sesi şu deliklerinden çıkar:
Kız ney Mansur ney = = rast (sol) dügâh (lâ) } = tanini (T) Şah ney = bûselik (si) } = tanini (T) Dâvud ney = çârgâh (do) } = bakiye (B) Bolâhenk ney = nevâ (re) } = tanini (T) Süpürde = hüseynî (mi) } = tanini (T) Müstahsen = acem (fa) } = bakiye (B) Kız ney (kaba) = gerdâniye (sol) } = tanini (T)
Beş tam ses aralığının da yarı tonlarından elde edilen beş ayrı ney olan mâbeyin neylerden diyapazon lâ notası karşılığı olan ses şu deliklerden çıkar:
Kız mâbeyni = kız ney-mansur arası = zirgüle (sol diyez) Mansur mâbeyni = mansur-şah arası = kürdî (si bemol) Dâvud mâbeyni = dâvud-bolâhenk arası = hicaz (do diyez) Bolâhenk mâbeyni = bolâhenk-süpürde arası = hisar (re diyez) (mehtâbiye) Müstahsen mâbeyni = müstahsen-kızney arası = ırak (fa diyez) (yıldız)
Böylece neyler yedi + beş çeşit olmak üzere on iki adet olur. Bunların tam yarısı uzunluğunda olan on iki adet nısfiyeleri de eklenirse bu sayı yirmi dörde ulaşır. Esas neylerin tam ses aralığı olan beş tanini aralığı iki ayrı tona bölünürse on yedi akort, bunun nısfiyeleri de eklendiğinde otuz dört adet ney çeşidi ortaya çıkar. Uygulamada kullanılmasa da nazariyatta bunlara daha tiz ve pest çeşitler ilâve edilip ney âhenklerini otuz altıya çıkarmak mümkündür (daha geniş bilgi için bk. DİA, I, 517-521).
Neyin icadıyla ilgili olarak, Hz. Peygamber’in ilâhî bir sırrı Hz. Ali’ye söyledikten sonra Ali’nin bu sırrın mânevî ağırlığına dayanamayıp onu susuz bir kuyuya bağırdığı ve daha sonra bu kuyudan çıkan kamışlardan her rüzgâr estiğinde bu sırrın etrafa yayıldığı yolunda bir menkıbe anlatılır. Mûsiki kaynaklarında sıkça tekrarlanan bu menkıbe için Ferîdüddin Attâr’ın Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr adlı eseri kaynak gösterilirse de burada sadece Hz. Ali’nin sırlarını söylediği bir kuyunun kanla dolduğu hikâye edilir, neyle ilgili herhangi bir ifadeye rastlanmaz. Ney öteden beri Türk mûsikisinin ve özellikle tekke mûsikisinin vazgeçilmez sazı olmuştur. Neyde bulunan yedi adet deliğin tasavvuf düşüncesinde “yedi esmâ” olarak yorumlanması ve neyin insân-ı kâmili temsil etmesinin yanında Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin, “Dinle neyden …” ifadesiyle başlayan Mes̱nevî’sinin ilk on sekiz beytinin neye ayrılması bilhassa Mevleviyye tarikatında neye farklı bir yer kazandırmış, bu sebeple ney bu tarikatta “nây-ı şerif” diye anılmıştır.
Türk mûsiki tarihinde pek çok neyzen yetişmiştir. Bunlar arasında XIII. yüzyılda Kutbünnâyî Hamza Dede, XVIII. yüzyılda Kutbünnâyî Şeyh Osman Dede, III. Selim, XIX. yüzyılda Abdülbâki Nâsır Dede, Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede, Mehmed Said Dede, Derviş İsmâil Şeydâ, Oskiyam, Hasîb Dede, Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi, Yûsuf Paşa, Üsküdarlı Sâlim Bey, Sâlih Dede, Efendi Veli Dede, Aziz Dede, Bolâhenk Nûri Bey, Hüseyin Fahreddin Dede’nin isimleri anılabilir. Son devirde ise Giriftzen Âsım Bey, Nurullah Kılıç, Rauf Yektâ Bey, Mehmet Emin Dede (Yazıcı), Gavsi Baykara, Halil Dikmen, Neyzen Tevfik, Süleyman Erguner, Halil Can, Hayri Tümer, Ulvi Erguner, Aka Gündüz Kutbay, Doğan Ergin, Fuat Türkelman, Ahmet Yakupoğlu ve Niyazi Sayın zikredilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ er-Riyâżiyyât (3), s. 143; Ferîdüddin Attâr, Mantık al-Tayr (trc. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı), İstanbul 1962, I, 38, 43; Safiyyüddin el-Urmevî, er-Risâletü’ş-Şerefiyye, TSMK, nr. A 3460, vr. 3a-b ; Yusuf b. Nizâmeddin Kırşehrî, Risâle-i İlm-i Mûsikî, Millî Ktp., nr. 131/1, vr. 30a ; Abdülkādir-i Merâgī, Maḳāṣıdü’l-elḥân (nşr. Takī Bîniş), Tahran 1977, s. 125; a.mlf., Câmiʿu’l-elḥân (nşr. Takī Bîniş), Tahran 1987, s. 207-208; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, II, 623-624; Seydî, el-Matla‘, TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 3459, vr. 36a ; Abdülbâki Nâsır Dede, Tedkīk u Tahkīk , Süleymaniye Ktp., Nâfiz Paşa, nr. 1242, vr. 6a -7b ; Hâşim Bey, Mûsikî Mecmuası, İstanbul 1280, s. 74; H. G. Farmer, Studies in Oriental Musical Instruments, London 1931, s. 57, 65-67; a.mlf., Turkish Instruments of Music in the Seventeenth Century: As Described in the Siyāḥat nāma of Ewliyā Ch elebī , Glasgow 1937, s. 18-20; Francis W. Galpin, The Music of the Sumerians, Cambridge 1937, s. 13-16; Nureddin Rüştü Büngül, “Ney”, Eski Eserler Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 1939, s. 179-180; Ahmet Muhtar Ataman, Musiki Tarihi, Ankara 1947, s. 11, 19; Rauf Yektâ, Türk Musikisi , s. 90-92; Ayhan Sarı, Geleneksel Türk Sanat Müziği Çalgıları, İzmir 1987, s. 204-242; Ahmet Hakkı Turabi, el-Kindî’nin Musikî Risâleleri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1996), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 155; D. Franke, Museum des Institutes für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften I: Musikinstrumente, Frankfurt 2000, s. 170-171; Süleyman Erguner, Ney: Metod, İstanbul 2002; İsmail Taşpınar, Duvarın Öteki Yüzü: Yahudi Kaynaklarına Göre Ahiret İnancı, İstanbul 2003, s. 44; M. Ragıp Gazimihal, “Konya’da Musiki”, Millî Kültür Araştırmaları, sy. 11, Ankara 1947, s. 13; Lâika Karabey, “Ney Çeşitlerine Dair”, MM, sy. 34 (1950), s. 19; a.mlf., “Faydalı Bilgiler: Ney Nasıl Açılır?”, a.e., sy. 37 (1951), s. 25; a.mlf., “Musiki Tarihi Notlarından”, a.e., sy. 67 (1953), s. 211; H. Usbeck, “Türklerde Musiki Aletleri”, a.e., sy. 255 (1970), s. 27-28; Fuat Türkelman, “Türk Musikisi Sazları: Ney”, San‘at ve Kültürde Kök, sy. 3, İstanbul 1981, s. 31; Derya Sencer, “Ney Açkısı Konusunda Değişik Görüşler”, MM, sy. 413 (1986), s. 14-15; Mehmet Nuri Uygun, “Türk Din Mûsikîsi’nin Temel Sazlarından Ney ve Klasik Açkısı”, MÜİFD, sy. 27 (2004), s. 41-65; Pakalın, II, 518, 689; Haydar Sanal, “Âhenk [Mûsiki]”, DİA, I, 517-521; Claudia Ott, “Nāy”, EI2 Suppl. (İng.), s. 667-668.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 68-69 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.