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NİGÂR HANIM Skip to content (1862-1918)
Türk şairi ve yazarı.
İstanbul’da doğdu. Asıl adı Sandor Farkaş olup 1848 Macar İhtilâli’nden sonra Türkiye’ye sığınarak ihtida eden ve “Macar” lakabıyla tanınan Osman Paşa’nın kızıdır; annesi, Sadrazam Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa’nın mühürdarı Nûri Bey’in kızı Emine Rif‘atî Hanım’dır. Yedi yaşında iken Madam Garos’un Kadıköy’deki yatılı okuluna verildi. Bu okulda Fransızca, piyano, resim ve dikişin yanı sıra Rumca, İtalyanca ve Ermenice öğrendi. Dönemin ünlü ismi Ebüllisan Şükrü Efendi’den Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça dersleri aldı. Örtünme yaşının yaklaşması sebebiyle okuldan alındı, piyano ve lisan derslerine evde devam etti.
Henüz çocuk denecek bir yaşta iken yaptığı, mutsuzluğuyla edebî hayatını etkileyecek olan evliliğinden (1875) Sâlih Münir, Sâlih Feridun ve Sâlih Kerâmet adlı çocukları dünyaya geldi. Evliliğinin yedinci yılında kocası İhsan Bey’le arasında beliren anlaşmazlık yüzünden baba evine döndü, bir müddet sonra da kocasından ayrıldı (1889). Bu arada Efsûs adlı bir şiir kitabı yayımlaması (I. kısım, 1887) bir anda ilgi odağı haline gelmesine sebep oldu. Efsûs’un üç yıl sonra çıkan ikinci kısmı şöhretini pekiştirdi. Üç oğlunun da Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânîsi’nde eğitim görmesini sağlayan Nigâr Hanım onları mutlu etmek için İhsan Bey’le tekrar evlendi (1895). Nîran, 1896’da Nigâr Hanım’ın aynı zamanda başyazarlığını yaptığı Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete Kütüphanesi’nin ilk eseri olarak neşredilince II. Abdülhamid tarafından ikinci dereceden Şefkat nişanıyla ödüllendirildi (1898). Aks-i Sedâ (1899) ve Safahât-ı Kalb (1901) edebî eserlerini sürdüren Nigâr Hanım günlüğünde sık sık çapkınlığından, sefahat ve kumar düşkünlüğünden şikâyet ettiği İhsan Bey’den ikinci ve son defa olarak boşandı (1902). Annesinin ve babasının ölümünden sonra kendisini oğullarına ve edebiyata hasrederek Şişli’deki konağında meşhur salı toplantılarını düzenlemeye başladı; yerli yabancı, kadın erkek seçkin bir sanatkâr zümresini çevresine topladı. Buraya devam edenler arasında Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, Şeker Ahmed Paşa, Süleyman Nazif, Faik Âli Ozansoy, Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan, Mustafa Reşid, Ali Ekrem Bolayır, Celâl Sahir Erozan, Ercümend Ekrem Talu, Ahmed Râsim, Macar Türkologu Ignácz Kúnos, Arminius Vámbéry, ressam Zonaro, piyanist Furlani ve Hegey, kemânî Tatyos Efendi, dönemin Maarif nâzırı Münif Mehmed Tâhir Paşa ve Paris sefiri Sâlih Münir Paşa ve çeşitli ülkelerin elçilik erkânı başta gelmektedir. Nigâr Hanım 1905’te ilk büyük seyahatini gerçekleştirip Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’nın kızı Emine Semiye Hanım’ın davetiyle Serez’e gitti. 1908’de Serez seyahatini tekrarladı. Oradan Viyana’ya geçerek bir müddet sanatoryumda tedavi gördükten sonra Macaristan’daki akrabalarını ziyaret edip yurda döndü. Bedensel ve ruhsal rahatsızlıklarına iyi geldiği için seyahati daima sevmiş olan Nigâr Hanım 1909’da Mısır, İtalya, Fransa ve Romanya’yı gezdi. 1910’da Viyana’da bir ameliyatın ardından Fransa’ya geçti; 1912’de tekrar Paris’e gitti, 1914 yılında son defa yurt dışına çıkarak Peşte ve Viyana’yı ziyaret etti.
1912’den sonra açığa çıkan millî felâketler, ferdî bir duyuş tarzı ve aristokrat çeşnili bir hayat tarzı olan Nigâr Hanım’ın topluma yönelmesine sebep oldu. Balkan Harbi esnasında o da diğer aydın kadınlar gibi konferanslar verdi, hamâsî şiirlerini okuyarak halkın millî duygularını harekete geçirmeye çalıştı, askerlere yatak yorgan yetiştirmek için başlatılan kampanyaya katıldı. Vatanî duygularla yazdığı şiirlerini Elhân-ı Vatan isimli küçük bir kitapta bir araya getirdi (1916). Ancak I. Dünya Savaşı ümitsizliğinin artmasına sebep oldu. Bu yıllarda maddî olarak da sıkıntı içindeydi. Geniş malî kaynakları yoktu ve babasının ölümünden sonra bağlanan maaş Meşrutiyet’in ilânıyla kesintiye uğramıştı. Enver Paşa’nın eşi Nâciye Sultan tarafından bağlatılan maaş da sık sık kesintiye uğruyordu. Geniş çevresine rağmen yalnızlık duygusundan bir türlü kurtulamayan Nigâr Hanım hânedan üyelerinden gördüğü ilgiyi en büyük tesellisi olarak değerlendiriyordu. Ömrünün son yıllarında Maarif Nezâreti tarafından kendisine yapılan bir mektep müdürlüğü teklifini önce reddettiyse de ardından bu göreve başladı. Fakat savaş yıllarının salgın hastalığı tifüse yakalandı. Kaldırıldığı Şişli Etfal Hastahanesi’nde 1 Nisan 1918’de vefat etti, Rumelihisarı Kayalar Mezarlığı’nda annesiyle babasının kabirleri arasında toprağa verildi. Nigâr Hanım’ın mezarı yol yapımı sebebiyle iki defa değiştirilerek bu gün Âşiyan Mezarlığı’nda bulunduğu yere alınmıştır.
Nigâr Hanım, yazı hayatına on dört yaşında iken erkek kardeşi Ali’nin ölümü üzerine söylediği bir mersiye ile başlamıştır. Son eseri de Âtıfpaşazâde Rauf Bey’in ölümü için yazdığı mersiyedir. İlk şiir ve sanat zevkini, hâfızasında birçok beyit bulunan annesi ile beste yapabilecek derecede mûsikiye vâkıf babasından aldığı düşünülebilir. Batı’dan Victor Hugo, Alphonse de Lamartine ve Alfred de Musset başta olmak üzere Fransız romantiklerinin etkisi altında kaldı. Fuzûlî, Nedîm ve Şeyh Galib gibi divan şairleriyle çağdaşlarından Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem ve Abdülhak Hâmid’i beğendiğini ve Leylâ Hanım, Fıtnat Hanım, Esad Muhlis Paşa divanlarını çok okuduğunu kaydeder. Ailece görüştükleri Ahmed Midhat Efendi’den teşvik ve takdir görmüştür. Cenab Şahabeddin’i takdir ettiğini söylemekle beraber Aks-i Sedâ’da yer alanların bir kısmı dışında şiirleri Servet-i Fünûn özelliklerini taşımaz. Bu bakımdan Tanzimat ve Servet-i Fünûn edebiyatları arasında bir “ara nesil” sanatçısı olarak düşünülmelidir. Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem dairesinde kalmış olan Nigâr Hanım’ın duygusal, samimi ve lirik bir şiiri vardır. M. Fuad Köprülü, Nigâr Hanım’ı kendisinden önce eser vermiş kadın şairlerden ayırarak onu samimiyetiyle üstün bulur ve sanatı itibariyle onların hepsinden büyük olduğunu belirtir (Bugünkü Edebiyat, s. 297).
Kadın ediplerin az olduğu, olanların da erkek adları arkasına gizlendiği bir dönemde Nigâr Hanım, gerçek kimliğini saklamadan duygularını samimiyetle ifade ettiği Avrupaî tarzda eserler vermesi, şiirlerinin yabancı dillere çevrilmesi, Avrupa basınında tanınması, çeşitli yabancı dilleri bilmesi, uzun yıllar salonunda seçkin bir sanatkâr zümresini ağırlaması, sosyal yaşantısı bakımından farklı ve yeni bir imaj oluşturmasıyla modernleşme sürecinin “öncü” Türk kadınları arasında yer alır. II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra değişen edebî beğeni Nigâr Hanım’ın şöhretinin azalmasına ve esasen çok güçlü olmayan şiirinin giderek unutulmasına sebep olmuştur.
Nigâr Hanım hikâye, tiyatro, çeviri, mensure, mektup, makale, anı, sohbet, deneme gibi türlerde de eser vermiş ve kitaplarının bir kısmında bunları tür ayırımına gitmeden bir araya getirmiştir. Yazı hayatı Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete, Mürüvvet, Ma‘lûmât, Servet-i Fünûn, Edebiyyât-ı Umûmiyye Mecmuası, Utârid, Şehbâl, Pul gibi, bir kısmında Üryan Kalb takma adını kullandığı çeşitli dergi ve gazetelerle iç içe ilerledi. Özellikle bir süre için başyazarlığını da yaptığı Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete etrafında edebî hayatının renkli ve zengin bir dönemini geçirdi.
Ferdî ve romantik bir kimlik sergilediği eserlerinde mutsuzluk, anlaşılamama, kendini anlatamama, sevme ve sevilme ihtiyacı, marazî bir duygusallıkla iç içe örülen tutkulu aşk, tabiata sığınma daima ön plandadır. Metafizik endişeye dönüşemeyen bir ölüm ürperişi, annelik, çocuğun ve kadının eğitimi, yurt sevgisi de şiirlerinin ve nesirlerinin temel konularını oluşturur. Kadın meseleleri üzerinde hassasiyetle durmakla beraber kadın ve erkek arasında her alandaki eşitliğe inanmayan Nigâr Hanım, feminizmin kadın ve erkeğin birlikte eğitimiyle gerçekleşebileceğini kabul etmektedir. Bu tavrıyla o dönem feminizminin Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete üzerinden takdim edilen ılımlı kanadında yer almaktadır. Millî felâketlerin kuvvetle hissedildiği Balkan ve I. Dünya savaşları yıllarında yine romantik karakterli olmakla birlikte savaştan şikâyet, acıma, hayır duyguları, vatan ve asker sevgisi, yer yer “Türk” adı anılmakla birlikte daha ziyade “Osmanlı” olarak terennüm edilen millete hayranlık temaları bu dönem şiirlerinde ön plana çıkar.
Eserleri. 1. Efsûs (I. kısım, İstanbul 1304, İstanbul 1308). On dört yaşından itibaren yazdığı şiir ve nesirleri içeren bu kitap küçük hacmine rağmen onu şöhrete ulaştırmıştır. Eserin ilk baskısında yer alan yirmi dört parçadan on altısı nazım, sekizi nesirdir. Divan tarzında yazılmış münâcâtların, na‘tların, methiyelerin, gazel ve şarkıların yanı sıra yeni tarzda kaleme alınmış şiirler nesir parçaları ve tercümelerle bir araya getirilmiştir. Daha ziyade şiirlerde dikkat çeken dil kusurları, vezin ve söyleyiş acemiliklerine rağmen eser bir kadın ruhunun samimi duygularını yansıtması bakımından dönemi için önemli ve yenidir. 2. Efsûs (II. kısım, İstanbul 1306). Doksan yedi şiirin bulunduğu eser Mehdi Efendi’ye ait bir takrizle başlar, Nigâr Hanım’ın daha önce yayımlanmış şiirlerinin yanı sıra hiç yayımlanmamış şiirlerini de içerir. Şair bu eserinde de divan tarzı şiirlerinin yanında Tanzimat döneminin şiir yeniliklerini denemeyi sürdürmektedir. 3. Nîran (İstanbul 1312). Manzum ve mensur olarak iki kısımdan meydana gelmektedir. Yayım tarihi Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde dönemine denk düşmekle beraber bu eserde divan ve Tanzimat dönemi şiir özellikleri görülmektedir. 4. Aks-i Sedâ (İstanbul 1316). Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde’nin şekil ve muhteva özelliklerini taşıyan, Nigâr Hanım’ın en olgun eseri sayılabilecek bu çalışma da nazım ve nesir olmak üzere iki kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Burada divan tarzı örnekler azalmış, dil ve ifade kusurları ayıklanmıştır. Nigâr Hanım’ın asıl nesri de bu eserde ortaya çıkar. Parçaların çoğu mensure, deneme ve hikâye özelliklerini aynı anda taşıyan metinlerdir. 5. Safahât-ı Kalb (İstanbul 1317). Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete’de tefrika edildikten üç yıl sonra kitap haline getirilen eser on dokuz mektuptan ibarettir. Vak‘ası, zaman, mekân ve şahıs kadrosu bakımından eserin bir roman olarak kabul edilmesi mümkünse de döneminde “aşk mektupları” olarak takdim edilmiştir. 6. Elhân-ı Vatan (İstanbul 1332). Nigâr Hanım’ın vatanî-hamâsî şiirlerinin toplandığı bu eser Esirgeme Derneği adına bastırılmıştır. Coşkun bir vatan ve millet sevgisinin hissedildiği Elhân-ı Vatan’da vezin ve kafiye endişesinin gösterişli bir eda ve ihtişamlı bir kelime kadrosu ile bir araya gelmesi yüzünden haşivler çoğalmıştır.
Nigâr Hanım’ın bunlardan başka Gırîve adlı, döneminde sahneye konmuş fakat yayımlanmamış bir tiyatro eseriyle Te’sîr-i Aşk adlı bir başka tiyatro eseri (Olcay Önertoy tarafından yeni harflere çevrilerek yayımlanmıştır, Ankara 1978), dergilerde kalmış şiirleri ve nesirleri de bulunmaktadır. Tamamı yirmi defter olduğu anlaşılan günlüklerinden on üç defter Âşiyan Müzesi’nde muhafaza edilmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Nigâr bint Osman, Günlükler, Âşiyan Müzesi, I-XIII; a.mlf., Hayatımın Hikâyesi, İstanbul 1959; Mustafa Reşid, Muharrerât-ı Nisvân, İstanbul 1313, s. 129; Kadınlarımızın İçtimâları, İstanbul 1328; Ruşen Eşref [Ünaydın], “Hâtıralar ve Tahassüsler: Nigâr bint Osman Hanımefendi”, Geçmiş Günler, İstanbul 1919, s. 68-75; a.mlf., Diyorlar ki (haz. Şemseddin Kutlu), Ankara 1972, s. 19-28; Köprülüzâde M. Fuad, “Nigâr Hanım”, Bugünkü Edebiyat, İstanbul 1924, s. 297-303; Refik Ahmet Sevengil, Meşrutiyet Tiyatrosu, İstanbul 1968, s. 101; Emel Aşa, 1928’e Kadar Türk Kadın Mecmuaları (yüksek lisans tezi, 1989), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, I-III; Taha Toros, Mâzi Cenneti , İstanbul 1992, s. 182-183; İstanbul Kütüphanelerindeki Eski Harfli Türkçe Kadın Dergileri Bibliyografyası (haz. Zehra Toska v.dğr.), İstanbul 1993, tür.yer.; Şefika Kurnaz, Balkan Harbinde Kadınlarımızın Konuşmaları, İstanbul 1993; Nazan Bekiroğlu, Şair Nigâr Hanım, İstanbul 1999, a.mlf., “Efsus’un İkinci Kısmı, Ebüzziya Tevfik ve Bir Yayımcılık Macerası”, Dergâh, sy. 50, İstanbul 1994, s. 7-8; P. Kappert, “Nigâr Hanım, Dichterin und Dame von Welt ausgehenden Osmanischen Reich”, Frauen, Bilder und Gelehrte, İstanbul 2002, s. 333-345; Cenab Şahabeddin, “Tedkīkāt-ı Edebiyye: Nîran”, Mekteb, IV/41, İstanbul 1896, s. 645-646; Mehmed Rauf, “Aks-i Sedâ”, SF, XVII/440 (1315/1899), s. 378-380; “Hanımlarımızın Nümâyiş-i Vatanperverânesi”, Tanin, sy. 1513, İstanbul 2 Şubat 1328 / 15 Şubat 1913; Yahya Kemal [Beyatlı], “Nigâr Hanımefendi”, Nevsâl-i Millî, sy. 4, İstanbul 1914, s. 4; Raif Necdet, “İki Mersiye Arasında”, Utârid, I/13, İstanbul 10 Nisan 1335 / 10 Nisan 1919, s. 195-196; Süleyman Nazif, “Nigâr Hanım”, SF, CI/1575 (1926), s. 354-358; Kâmil Yazgıç, “Şair Nigâr Hanım”, Vakit, İstanbul 2 Şubat 1944; Hikmet Feridun Es, “Tanımadığımız Meşhurlar: Nigâr Hanım”, Akşam, İstanbul 30 Mayıs 1945 – 10 Haziran 1945 [sekiz tefrika]; Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar, “Geçmiş Zaman Edipleri: Nigâr binti Osman [I-II]”, TY, nr. 263 (1956), s. 444-448; sy. 264 (1957), s. 530-534; Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Nigâr Hanımın Takma Adı: Üryan Kalb”, KAM, sy. 3 (1976), s. 20-23; Olcay Önertoy, “Nigâr Hanım ve Tesir-i Aşk”, Tiyatro Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 7, Ankara 1976, s. 233-273; Nesrin Moralı, “Şair Nigâr Hanımın Son Şiiri ve M. Rauf Bey”, Tarih ve Edebiyat Mecmuası, sy. 4, İstanbul 1981, s. 41-43; Zeyneb Sa‘d Zağlûl Ebû Sinne, “Hümûmü’l-vaṭan fi’ş-şiʿr Niġār bint ʿOs̱mân”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb, LVIII/2, Kahire 1998, s. 129-164; Anwar Ahmad, “Nigar Dergisinin İsmine Esin Kaynağı Olan Türk Şairi Nigâr Bint-i Osman”, DTCFD, XL/1-2 (2000), s. 88-95.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 83-85 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.