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NİĞBOLU Skip to content Bulgaristan’da Tuna kıyısında tarihî bir kasaba.
Bugün Nikopol şeklinde anılmakta olup Tuna nehrinin sağ kıyısında deniz seviyesinden 100 m. yükseklikte bulunmaktadır. Kasaba bir taraftan nehrin kuzeyine Eflak’ın düz ve bataklık kesimlerine, diğer taraftan Osum’un Tuna’ya aktığı noktaya bakar. Ortaçağ’larda Bulgaristan’ın en büyük şehirlerinden biri olup Bulgarlar’ın son kralı İvan Şişman’ın da pâyitahtıydı. Osmanlı hâkimiyeti döneminde (1395-1878) askerî ve ticarî öneme sahip bir sancak merkezi özelliği taşımaktaydı. “Zafer şehri” anlamına gelen Nikopol adına ilk defa XI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına ait Bulgar vekāyi‘nâmelerinde rastlanır. Burası muhtemelen Bizans İmparatoru II. Nikephoros Phokas (963-969) tarafından Bulgaristan’ın tekrar ele geçirilmesinin ardından kurulmuştur. 629’da İmparator Heraclius tarafından tesis edildiğine dair bilgiler çok zayıf rivayetlere dayanır. Çünkü 600 yılından sonra Bizanslılar’ın Kuzey Bulgaristan’da kontrolü kaybetmeleri sebebiyle etnik ve siyasî değişim yaşanmış, Tuna nehri boyunca kurulan bütün eski şehirler ve kaleler ortadan kalkmıştır.
Niğbolu, 200 × 220 m. boyutlarında üçgen görünümlü bir kalenin etrafında teşekkül etmiştir. Kale harabelerinde XIII ve XIV. yüzyıllardan kalma seramik parçalarıyla XI ve XII. yüzyıllara ait Bizans, bunun yanı sıra Çar İvan Aleksandr (1330-1371) ve İvan Şişman (1371-1395) gibi Bulgar krallarının paralarına rastlanmıştır. XIV. yüzyılın ortalarına ait bir Venedik metninde Niğbolu büyük ve değerli bir kale diye geçer. İlk dönem Osmanlı kaynaklarında Bulgar Çarı Şişman’a ait sağlam ve müstahkem bir kale diye zikredilen Niğbolu, Eflaklılar’a karşı yapılan 1395’teki Rovine savaşının ardından Yıldırım Bayezid tarafından alındı ve burada Osmanlı vasalı olarak oturmakta olan Şişman uzaklaştırıldı.
Bazı anonim Bulgar kronikleri bu fethin 3 Haziran 1395’te gerçekleştiğini belirtir. Ertesi yıl kale Kral Szigismund kumandasındaki Haçlı kuvvetlerince kuşatıldıysa da Yıldırım Bayezid bu orduyu Niğbolu yakınlarında bozguna uğrattı (21 Zilhicce 798 / 25 Eylül 1396) ve tahribata mâruz kalan kaleyi onarttı (bk. NİĞBOLU SAVAŞI). Ayrıca daha önce İvan Şişman tarafından Tuna’nın hemen karşı sahilinde yaptırılan Halovnik (bugün Turnu Mugurele) Kalesi’ni tekrar inşa ettirdi (bununla ilgili Bulgarca bir kitâbe 1944 yılındaki arkeolojik kazılar sırasında bulunmuştur); bir cuma camii de yaptırdı. Daha sonra Kadı İvaz buraya bir medrese ekledi. Her iki kalede görevli Bulgar ordu güçleri çeşitli görevler yapmak üzere Osmanlı garnizonuna dahil edildi.
1444 yılında Lehistan ve Macaristan Kralı Vladislav, Niğbolu’yu tekrar kuşattıysa da ele geçiremedi. Tarihçi Philipp Kalimachi’ye göre hıristiyan ordusu kalenin aşağısında bulunan şehrin açık kısmını tahrip edip yağmalamıştı. Ertesi yıl Burgondiya şövalyesi Walerand de Wavrin kumandasındaki bir filo Niğbolu’ya saldırdı, ancak bir sonuç alamadı. Niğbolu bölgesinde yaşayan müslüman ve hıristiyanlar, Kuzey Bulgaristan’ı 1462’de işgal eden Eflak Voyvodası Vlad Tepeş tarafından katledildi. Bu olayın ardından Niğbolu’da bir buçuk asırlık kesintisiz bir barış ve refah ortamı yaşandı.
Ortaçağ’da tahkim edilmiş olan Niğbolu kasabası 5 hektarlık bir alanı kaplamaktaydı. Bu da kasabada yaklaşık 1000 kadar nüfusun barınabileceğine işaret eder. Kalenin eteklerindeki varoş kesiminin büyüklüğü hakkında ise bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Niğbolu’ya dair ilk güvenilir bilgi 884 (1479) tarihli bir tahrir parçasında yer alır. Buna göre müslümanların toplam nüfusu yirmisi sur içinde bulunan 308 hâne idi, hıristiyanlara ait hâne sayısı 746 kadardı. Bu sonunculardan 318 aile reisinin Osmanlı ordusunda destek hizmeti gördüğü kaydedilmiştir. Bu rakamlara göre Niğbolu % 29’u müslüman yaklaşık 5000 kişilik bir nüfusa sahipti. Şehirdeki müslüman nüfusun oluşumu muhtemelen XV. yüzyıldan itibaren göçlerle gerçekleşmiştir. Nitekim buraya Anadolu’nun kuzeyinde Osmancık’ta bulunan Koyun Baba’nın müridi Ali Koç Baba ve dervişleri gelerek bir tekke kurmuştur. Bunların 1462’deki Eflaklılar’ın işgalinin ardından Niğbolu’ya ulaştıkları tahmin edilmektedir. XVI. yüzyıla ait bir Osmanlı vakıf defterinde tekkeden söz edilir ve bu dervişlere Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından mülk araziler bağışlandığı belirtilir. Ali Koç Baba Türbesi bugün hâlâ ayaktadır.
922 (1516) yılına ait kayıtlar Niğbolu’nun XVI. yüzyıldaki gelişmesini ortaya koyar. Buna göre bu tarihte müslümanların sayısı 474’e, hıristiyanlarınki 831’e yükselmiştir. Ayrıca İspanya ve Bavarya’dan mülteci olarak gelen doksan sekiz hâne yahudi de buraya yerleşmiştir. Kasabanın toplam nüfusu % 34’ü müslüman yaklaşık 6800 kadardır. 957 (1550) ve 988 (1580) yılına ait tahrir kayıtları şehrin büyümesinin sürekliliğini gösterir. 988’de Niğbolu’da müslümanların hâne sayısı 933’e yükselmiştir. Şehrin toplam nüfusu 9200-9400 dolayındaydı ve müslümanlar bu yekünün % 48’ini oluşturuyordu. Yahudi cemaati ise Papa V. Pius’nun 1569’daki emri üzerine İtalya’dan sürgün edilenlerin bir kısmının yerleşmesi sonucu 177 hâneye yükselmişti. Yahudi kaynaklarına göre Niğbolu’daki yahudi cemaatinin XVI. yüzyılda altı sinagogu bulunmaktaydı. 999 (1591) tarihli cizye defterine göre hıristiyanlar 970, yahudiler 190 hâneden ibaretti. XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında Niğbolu’nun nüfusunun 10.300 veya 10.400’e ulaştığı tahmin edilebilir. Bu yüzyıl boyunca Niğbolu Kalesi’ndeki Osmanlı askerî gücünün yarısından fazlası martolos, okçu, zemberekçi, topçu, voynuk vb. hizmetleri yürüten hıristiyan Bulgarlar’dan oluşmaktaydı. Ayrıca şehirde küçük bir Dubrovnikli kolonisi (1516’da 38 aile) vardı. Bunlar ticaretle uğraşıyorlardı, ancak yahudilerin devreye girişiyle bunların ticarî rolleri azalmıştır.
Niğbolu XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında başlayan savaşlardan etkilendi. 1595’te Eflak Voyvodası Mihai the Brave, Ferhad Paşa kumandasındaki Osmanlı güçlerini yenerek kasabayı yakıp yıktı. Üç yıl sonra tekrar gelerek bu defa Vezir Hâfız Ahmed Paşa kumandasındaki Osmanlı güçlerini yenilgiye uğrattı, şehri tekrar tahrip ederek halkını da katletti. Kaçmayı başaramayan Niğbolulu yahudiler Eflak’a götürülerek yok edildi. Mihai’nin geri çekilmesinin ardından Hâfız Ahmed Paşa kaleyi onarttı. 1613 yılında Macar seyyahı Tomaš Boršoš bütün Niğbolu’nun imha edildiğini ve hâlâ onarılmadığını, Mihai’nin de kaleyi harabeye çevirmesine rağmen ele geçiremediğini belirtir. Bu tahribat şehrin giderek önemini yitirmesine yol açtı. 1052 (1642) tarihli sayımlar, 1595 ve 1598 yıllarındaki facialardan sonra şehrin eski halini alamadığını gösterir. Müslümanların sayısı azalmış ve üçte bire inmiş, hıristiyanlar nüfusun yarısını teşkil etmiş, zengin yahudi cemaati ise önceki nisbetlerini (% 10) korumuştu. Toplam nüfus 10.000’lerden 5000’lere kadar gerilemişti (BA, TD, nr. 775, s. 73-83). 1590 ve 1650 yılları arasında Niğbolu civarındaki Bogomil mezhebine bağlı büyük köylerin (Belene, Oreše, Ladžene, Tırncevitsa ve Vardun gibi) Bulgar sakinlerinin zamanla Roma Katolik kilisesine geçmeleri sonucu burada bir Katolik grubu da oluşmuştur.
1640 yılında şehri ziyaret eden Roma Katolik kilisesi papazı Peter Bogdan Bakčić, Niğbolu’nun surlarla çevrili alanının fazla büyük olmadığını, ancak sur dışı yerleşmenin İtalyanca’da “borgo” olarak nitelenen, oldukça büyük ve geniş mahallelerden oluştuğunu yazar. Ona göre Türkler’in beyaz taştan inşa edilmiş yedi büyük camisi, Ortodoks hıristiyanların on iki kilisesi ve yahudilerin bir büyük sinagogu vardı. Niğbolu’da ayrıca bir Katolik kilisesi bulunuyordu. Eflak ile olan ticarî akışı sağlayan Niğbolu Limanı büyük öneme sahipti ve Ortodoks hıristiyanlar arasında birçok Eflaklı da mevcuttu.
1061’de (1651) burayı gören Evliya Çelebi kaleyi etraflı şekilde tarif ederek içinde 600 hânesi olduğunu, küçük ama sağlam liman kalesinde de elli hâne bulunduğunu, 3700 hâneli büyük bir varoşun yer aldığını yazar. Burada on dokuz cuma camii, yedi mescid, yirmi medrese, üç hamam, tüccarlar için yedi han ve tek parça bir bedesten vardı. Cami ve mescidlerin on üçünün ismini veren Evliya Çelebi’ye göre bunlardan en önemlisi XV. yüzyılda inşa edilen Şah Melik Camii’dir. Tahrir kayıtlarıyla kıyaslandığında Evliya Çelebi’nin verdiği ev sayısının çok abartılı olduğu anlaşılır. Fakat dinî ve sosyal mekânlara ait bilgi ve rakamlar oldukça değerlidir. XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Niğbolu biraz büyüme gösterdi. 1110 (1698) yılına ait cizye ve avârız defterleri müslümanların 1022 hâneye, hıristiyanların 600 hâneye sahip olduğunu gösterir (BA, MAD, nr. 1196; BA, KK, nr. 2785). 1052 (1642) yılı ile kıyaslandığında müslümanların oranının % 57’den % 63’e çıktığı görülür, toplam nüfusun ise yaklaşık 7300’e ulaştığı tahmin edilebilir.
1810 yılı Ekim ayında (1808-1812 Türk-Rus savaşı dönemi) Niğbolu, meşhur Rus Generali Michail Kutuzov’un kuvvetleri tarafından ele geçirildi. Ruslar, şehri terketmeden önce 1811 Nisanında kalenin önemli kısmını havaya uçurup şehre büyük zarar verdiler. Rus kuvvetlerinin çekilmesinin ardından Osmanlılar kaleyi tekrar yaptırdılar. 1813-1814 tarihli kitâbe Niğbolu Kalesi’nin yeniden inşasının Sultan II. Mahmud döneminde bitirildiğini gösterir. 1828’de şehre gelen Maximilian Thielen, burayı bir Ortodoks başpiskoposunun ve bir Katolik papazın ikamet ettiği, pek çok camisi, birkaç Ortodoks ve Katolik kilisesi bulunan sancak merkezi olarak tanımlar. 1261 (1845) tarihli temettuât defterlerinden Niğbolu’nun 1810’daki yıkımdan sonra tekrar kendisine gelemediği anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim 1110’da (1698) 1022 olan müslüman hâne sayısı bu tarihte 767’ye, 600 olan hıristiyan hâne sayısı otuz üçe düşmüştü, yahudiler ise on hâne kadardı (% 95 müslüman). 1871’de Felix Kanitz şehirde 900 Türk, otuz Bulgar ve yirmi beş yahudi evinin olduğunu belirterek 1845’teki tabloyu bir bakıma doğrular.
1290 (1873) yılı salnâmesi kasabanın 4900 kişilik nüfusunun % 93’ünü Türkler’in teşkil ettiğini gösterir. 4 Temmuz 1877’de Ruslar Niğbolu’yu ağır bir bombardıman neticesinde ele geçirdiler. 1878’lerden 1980’lere kadar kasaba ekonomik şartlardan dolayı durgun kaldı. Bununla birlikte müslüman-Türk nüfusunu korudu. 1888 tarihli Bulgar nüfus sayımı bütün kasabanın toplam nüfusunun 4811 olduğuna işaret eder. 1891’de Konstantin Jireček, Niğbolu’yu küçük ve dağılmış bir şehir olarak tanımlamıştır. 1934 nüfus sayımına göre Niğbolu’da 5022 kişi yaşamaktaydı. Her ne kadar Bulgar unsurlar biraz artsa da müslüman-Türkler daima çoğunlukta kalmıştır. Yahudi nüfusu ise 1945 yılından sonra tamamen kaybolmuştur.
Osmanlı Niğbolusu’nda bazı önemli şair ve edipler yetişmiştir. Bunların içinde II. Bayezid döneminde Rıdvan Çelebi (Risâyî), ayrıca Fasîhî, Yavuz Sultan Selim ve Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında yaşayan Benli Hasan (Âhî) sayılabilir. 1523-1536 yılları arasında İspanya’dan sürülen ve Niğbolu’ya yerleşen yahudi âlimi Joseph ben Epraim Caro meşhur okulunu (Jesviha) Niğbolu’da kurmuş ve orada yahudi hukukunun dünyada en çok kabul gören kodu “Beit Josef”i yazmıştır (ilk defa 1555’te basılmıştır).
Bugün, II. Mahmud tarafından yeniden inşa edilen kalenin bir kapısına, Ali Koç Baba’nın mütevazi türbesine ve XVIII. yüzyıldan kalma bazı Osmanlı mezar taşlarına rağmen Niğbolu’da Osmanlı döneminden pek az iz kalmıştır. XIX. yüzyılda meydana gelen üç Rus-Türk savaşı tarihî eserlerin ortadan kalkmasına yol açmıştır. Kasabanın cami adları ve bazı medreseler sadece arşivlerdeki kaynaklardan bilinmektedir. Günümüzde küçük bir kasaba durumunda olan Niğbolu’da çoğunluğu Türk nüfusu teşkil eder. 1981’de 5890 olan nüfus XXI. yüzyılın başlarında 5108’e gerilemiş olup üç cami, iki çeşme mevcuttur. Kasabada sanayi tesisi olarak akümülatör, pil ve şarap fabrikaları bulunur; çevresinde yetiştirilen pirinç, üzüm ve çeşitli meyvelerin, ayrıca nehir balıkçılığının ticaret merkezi durumundadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, TD, nr. 370; nr. 416; nr. 775, s. 73-83; BA, MAD, nr. 1196, 1246; BA, KK, nr. 2785; TK, TD, nr. 58; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, III, 316-320; M. F. Thielen, Die europäische Türken. Ein Handwörterbuch für Zeitungsleser , Wien 1828, s. 204-205; F. Kanitz, Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan, Leipzig 1881, II, 49-65; P. B. Bakčić, Eusebius Fermendzi, Acta Bulgariae Ecclesiastica, 1565-1799, Zagreb 1887, s. 84-85; C. Jireček, Das Fürstenthum Bulgarien , Wien 1891, s. 109-112; I. Dujčev, Il Cattolicesimo in Bulgari nel sec. XVII, Roma 1937; Z. Čankov, Geografski Rečnik na Balgarija, Sofia 1939, s. 299-300; Turski Izvori za Balgarskata Istorija (ed. N. Todorov – B. Nedkov), Sofia 1966, II, 164-165; H.-J. Kornrumpf, Die Territorialverwaltung im östlichen Teil der europäischen Türkei vom Erlaß der Vilayetsordnung (1864) bis zum Berliner Kongreß (1878) nach amtlichen osmanischen Veröffentlichungen , Freiburg 1976, s. 311-312; P. Mijatev, Madzarski patepisi za Balkanite XVI-XIX vek, Sofia 1976, s. 29-30; a.mlf., “Pametnitsite na materialna kultura v našite zemi ot tursko vreme”, Arheologija, IV/3, Sofia 1962, s. 65; A. Kuzev – V. Gjuzelev, Bǎlgarski srednovekovni gradove i kreposti , Varna 1981, s. 125-148; Machiel Kiel, “Little-known Ottoman Gravestones from Some Provincial Centres in the Balkans (Egriboz / Chalkis, Niğbolu / Nikopol, Rusçuk / Russe)”, Cimetières et traditions funéraires dans le monde islamique: İslâm Dünyasında Mezarlıklar ve Defin Gelenekleri (ed. J. L. Bacqué-Grammont – Aksel Tibet), Ankara 1996, I, 319-332; E. Raduschev, “Osmanskata granična periferia (serhad) v Nikopolskija Vilayet prez parvata polovina na 16 vek”, Balgarskiyat Sestnaeseti vek, Sofia 1996, s. 187-212; O. Sabev, Osmanski Učilišta v Balgarskite zemi, XV-XIX vek, Sofia 2001, s. 221, 242, 280-281; S. Parveva, “Balgari na služba na Osmanskata Armija, Voennopomoštni zadalženij na gradskoto naselenie v Nikopol i Silistra prez XVII vek”, Kontrasti i konflikti ve Balgarskoto obštestvo prez XV-XVIII vek (ed. E. Grozdanova – O. Todorova), Sofia 2003, s. 226-254; R. Kovachev, “Nikopol Sancak at the Beginning of the 16th Century According to Istanbul Ottoman Archive”, Uluslararası Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk-Bulgar İlişkileri Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, Eskişehir 2005, s. 65-76; J. Bogève, “L’Evêché de Nikopolis en Bulgarie”, Echos d’Orient, XVIII, Paris 1916, s. 160-164; Christo Kolarov, “Hronikata na Kalimah-važen izvor za Varnenskata bitka 1444”, Izvestija na Naroden Muzej, IX-XXIV, Varna 1973, s. 244; V. Beševliev, “Les cités antique en Mésie et Thrace et leur sort à l’époque du haut moyen âge”, EB, IX (1979), s. 207-220; E. Manova, “Nikopolskata srednovekovna krepost”, Muzej i Pametnitsite na Kultura, XX (1980), s. 6-8; K. Ivanova, “Un renseignement nouveau dans un manuscrit bulgare du XIVe siècle au sujet de la résistance du Tsar Ivan Šišman contre les ottomans près de Nikopol”, EB, XXIV/1 (1988), s. 88-93; A. Ilieva, “Reassessing the Crusade of Nikopolis (1396): A View from Within”, al-Masāq , X, Leeds 1998, s. 13-31; “Nikopol”, Kratka Bǎlgarska Enčiklopedija, Sofia 1966, III, 587; “Nikopol”, EJd., XII, 1159-1160; M. C. Şehâbeddin Tekindağ, “Niğbolu”, İA, IX, 247-253; A. S. Atiya, “Nīkbūlī”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 35-36.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 87-89 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.