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NİSAB Skip to content Zekât yükümlülüğünde esas alınan zenginlik ölçüsü anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “sınır, işaret, asıl, kök, kaynak” anlamlarına gelen nisâb kelimesi fıkıh terimi olarak zekâtın farz olduğunu gösteren zenginlik ölçüsünü ifade eder. Fakihler, zekâtın farz olması için mükellefte ve malda aranacak şartları incelerken öncelikle farziyet hükmünün “ele alınan hadisede gerçekleşmesinin işareti” mânasında olmak üzere vücûb sebebi üzerinde durmuşlardır. Zekâtın vücûb sebebi kişinin aslî ihtiyaçları (bk. HAVÂİC-i ASLİYYE ) dışında kalan zekâta tâbi mallarının belirli bir miktara ulaşmasıdır ki bunun asgari sınırı nisab terimiyle belirtilir. Nisâb-ı istiğnâ adı verilen ve kişiyi zekâtla yükümlü kılmamakla birlikte bazı fıkhî hükümlere temel teşkil eden zenginlik ölçüsünden (aş.bk.) ayırt etmek üzere zekât mükellefi sayılmada esas alınan nisab için nisâb-ı gınâ tabiri kullanılır.
Nisâb-ı gınâ, hangi türden olursa olsun artıcı nitelikteki malların şer‘an belirlenmiş miktara ulaşmasını ifade eder. Fakihler, toprak ürünleri ve madenler dışındaki zekâta tâbi mallarda nisabın vücûb sebebi olduğu hususunda görüş birliği içindedir. Hadislerde belirlenen nisab miktarları ve konuya ilişkin fıkhî görüşler şöylece özetlenebilir: 1. Altın-Gümüş-Para. Bir hadiste 5 ukıyyeden (200 dirhem) az gümüşte zekât yükümlülüğünün bulunmadığı bildirildiğinden (Buhârî, “Zekat”, 32) gümüşün nisabının 200 dirhem (595 gr.) olduğu hususunda görüş birliği vardır. Resûl-i Ekrem’in hayatının sonlarına doğru hazırlattığı, Hz. Ebû Bekir, Ömer ve Emevî Halifesi Ömer b. Abdülazîz tarafından uygulamaya konulan zekât nisab ve nisbetleri hakkındaki ayrıntılı yazılı tâlimatta (Müsned , II, 183-184), “Altın 20 dinara ulaşmadıkça onda hiçbir mükellefiyet yoktur, 20 dinar olunca bunun ½ dinarı -zekât olarak- verilir” ibaresi bulunduğu gibi kaynaklarda altının nisabının 20 dinar olduğuna dair başka hadisler ve sahâbe uygulamaları da mevcuttur (Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, s. 557, 559-560). Ancak tâbiîn fakihlerinden Hasan-ı Basrî’nin altının nisabını 40 miskal kabul ettiği, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, Tâvûs b. Keysân ve İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî’nin altının zekâtında onun ağırlığına değil kıymetine itibar ettiği, yani kıymeti 200 dirhem gümüş değerine eşit olduğunda 20 miskalden az da olsa onda zekât tahakkuk edeceği görüşünü benimsediği nakledilir. Bu dört müctehid daha kuvvetli buldukları gümüş nisabı hakkındaki hadisleri esas almış ve altının nisabını gümüşünkine kıyasla tesbit etmiş olmalıdır. Fakat sahâbe ve tâbiîn devri uygulamalarında altının nisabı daima 20 miskal olarak kabul edilegelmiş ve mezhep imamlarının tamamı da bu hususta ittifak etmiştir.
Altın ve gümüşte nisabı aşan kısım nisab miktarına ulaşıyorsa bunun da aynı oranda zekâta tâbi olacağı hususunda görüş birliği bulunmakla birlikte bu miktara ulaşmayan küsuratın zekâtı meselesinde üç görüş vardır: a) Nisabı aşan kısım az olsun çok olsun zekâta tâbidir. Süfyân es-Sevrî, Mâlik, Ebû Yûsuf, Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî, Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel bu görüştedir. b) Nisab fazlası % 20’ye ulaşmazsa bu fazlalık zekâta tâbi değildir. Buna göre 239 dirhem gümüşü olan 200 dirhem, 23 miskal altını olan 20 miskal üzerinden zekât öder; 240 ve daha fazla gümüşü veya 24 miskal ve daha fazla altını olanın ise her 40 dirhemde veya her 4 dinarda 1 dirhem zekât vermesi gerekir. Ebû Hanîfe ve Züfer’in ictihadı bu yöndedir. c) Nisab iki katına ulaşmadıkça nisabı aşan kısma zekât yoktur. Bu Tâvûs b. Keysân’ın görüşüdür (a.g.e. , s. 575-577, 578-579; Serahsî, II, 189; İbn Rüşd, I, 275).
Altın ve gümüş nisab miktarından az olduğunda nisabı tamamlamak için birinin diğerine ilâve edilip edilmeyeceği hususu geniş biçimde tartışılmıştır. Sahâbe uygulamalarında bir bilgiye rastlanmayan bu mesele hakkındaki görüşler özetle şöyledir: a) Şâfiî, Ahmed b. Hanbel, Ebû Sevr ve Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî’ye göre nisabın aynı cinsten olması gerekir; ayrı maddeler olduğu için altın ve gümüşün birbirine eklenmesi uygun değildir (İbn Rüşd, I, 277; Tecrid Tercemesi , V, 66). b) Hanefî fakihleri bunların birinin diğeriyle tamamlanacağını kabul eder; ancak Ebû Hanîfe bu konuda kıymeti, Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed ise ağırlığı dikkate almıştır. Buna göre 100 dirhem gümüşle 100 dirhem gümüş kıymetinde 10 miskal altın varsa her iki ölçü gerçekleştiğinden zekât ittifakla vâciptir. 50 dirhem gümüşle 150 dirhem gümüş değerinde 10 miskal altın örneğinde ise kıymet kriteri tahakkuk ettiği için Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre zekât vâcip olduğu halde gümüşün ağırlığı nisabın yarısına ulaşmadığından İmâmeyn’e göre zekât vâcip değildir. c) Tâbiîn fakihlerinden Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, Tâvûs ve Zührî’nin altının zekâtını hesaplarken onun kıymetini esas aldıkları dikkate alınırsa gümüşü şer‘î bir temel kabul ettikleri, dolayısıyla bunların nisabının birbirine ekleneceği görüşünde oldukları söylenebilir. Madenî ve kâğıt paralar altın, gümüş ve ticaret malları hükmünde olduğundan kendi başlarına veya Hanefî mezhebine göre altın, gümüş ve ticaret malları ile beraber nisab miktarına ulaşınca yıl sonunda 1/40 nisbetinde zekâtının verilmesi gerekir. Paraların nisabının neye göre hesap edileceği günümüz fıkıh çevrelerince tartışılan bir konu olmakla birlikte ağırlıklı görüş 20 miskal (85 gr.) altın değerinin her çeşit para için nisab olarak alınması yönündedir.
2. Ticaret Malları. Zâhirîler dışındaki fakihler her çeşit ticaret malının, değeri 20 miskal altın veya 200 dirhem gümüş değerine ulaşınca zekâta tâbi olacağı hususunda görüş birliği içindedir. Ancak zekâtın vücûbu için bu nisabın yıl başında mı sonunda mı yoksa bütün yıl mı bulunması gerekeceği tartışılmıştır. Hanefî fakihlerine göre ticaret mallarının kıymeti sene başında ve sene sonunda altın veya gümüş nisablarının altına düşerse zekât gerekmez, yıl içinde nisabın altına düşmesi ise zekâtın farz olmasına engel değildir. Mâlikî ve Şâfiî fakihleri ticaret mallarında nisabın sadece yıl sonunda aranacağı, yıl başı ve/veya yıl içinde nisab miktarının altında olmasının bu mallarda zekâtın vücûbuna mani olmadığı kanaatindedir. Hanbelîler ise bu mallarda zekâtın farziyeti için bütün yıl boyunca nisabın bulunması şartını ararlar. Zira yıl içinde malın kıymeti nisabın altına düşerse bir yıl geçmesi şartı (havl) kesilmiş olur, bu durumda zekâtın tahakkuku için tekrar bu mal üzerinden bir yıl geçmesi gerekir. Ticaret mallarının yıl sonunda kıymetleri mal oluş fiyatlarına göre tesbit edilir. Bu tesbit işleminde mal sahibi dilerse altın, dilerse gümüş nisabını esas alır. Ancak gümüşün çok değer kaybetmesine karşılık altının asırlardır değerini korumuş olduğunu dikkate alan günümüz fıkıh âlimleri, gerek para (banknot) gerekse ticaret mallarının nisabını tayinde altın nisabının esas alınmasını uygun görürler.
3. Hayvanlar. Resûl-i Ekrem’in hayatının sonlarına doğru hazırlattığı yazılı tâlimatta yer alan ifadeler konuyla ilgili diğer rivayetlerle birlikte değerlendirildiğinde zekâtta hayvanların nisabı konusunda şu sonuçlara varılmaktadır: a) Hz. Peygamber, sahâbe ve tâbiîn devirlerinde hayvanlardan deve, sığır ve koyun zekâta tâbi tutulmuştur. b) Bunlara ait nisab beş deve, otuz sığır ve kırk koyun şeklinde tesbit edilmiştir. İslâm âlimleri ayrıca keçilerin koyun, mandaların sığır nisab ve nisbetleri içinde zekâta tâbi olacakları hususunda görüş birliğine varmıştır.
4. Toprak Mahsulleri. Hemen bütün hadis kitaplarında yer alan, “5 veskten az -üründe- zekât yoktur” hadisini (Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, s. 648) esas alan Abdullah b. Ömer, Câbir b. Abdullah, İbrâhim en-Nehaî, Şa‘bî, Hasan-ı Basrî, Saîd b. Müseyyeb, Atâ, Zührî ve Mekhûl ile Ebû Hanîfe dışındaki üç mezhep imamı ve Hanefîler’den Ebû Yûsuf toprak mahsullerinde 5 vesk şeklinde nisab konduğu, dolayısıyla bu miktara ulaşmayan üründe zekât tahakkuk etmeyeceği kanaatindedir. Hadiste geçen vesk, hâkim kanaate göre 165 litrelik bir hacim ölçüsü birimi olup yaklaşık 132 kg. buğdaya tekabül etmekte, dolayısıyla toprak ürünlerinin nisabı ağırlık ölçüsüne göre 660 kg. olmaktadır. Buna karşılık İbn Abbas, Zeyd b. Ali, bir rivayette İbrâhim en-Nehaî, Ömer b. Abdülazîz ve Hammâd b. Süleyman ile mezhep imamlarından Ebû Hanîfe, özellikle yağmurun suladığı toprak mahsullerinde onda bir ve emekle sulananlarda yirmide bir oranında zekât verilmesi gerektiği yönündeki hadiste (Buhârî, “Zekât”, 55; Nesâî, “Zekât”, 25) ürünün belirli bir miktara ulaşması şartının aranmadığını dikkate alarak ziraî ürünlerde nisab bulunmadığı görüşünü benimsemiştir.
5. Madenler. Hanefîler dışındaki üç mezhep imamı madenlerde nisab aranacağı, 20 miskal altın veya 200 dirhem gümüş nisabına ulaşmadıkça elde edilen madenlerin zekâta tâbi olmayacağı görüşündedir.
Nisâb-ı İstiğnâ. Zekâtın müslümanların zenginlerinden alınıp fakirlerine verileceğini bildiren hadisi (Buhârî, “Zekât”, 1) ve diğer delilleri dikkate alan fakihler, zekât mükelleflerinin zenginler olduğu ve kişiyi zekât vermekle yükümlü kılan bir zenginlik sınırı bulunduğu hususunda görüş birliğine varmışlar ve bunu yukarıda belirtilen miktarlarda artıcı (nâmî) vasıftaki mala sahip olunması şeklinde tesbit etmişlerdir. Buna karşılık, “Zengine zekât helâl olmaz” hadisine göre (Ebû Dâvûd, “Zekât”, 28) zekât almaya mani olan zenginliğin ölçüsü belirlenirken farklı görüşler ortaya konmuştur. Hanefîler’e göre şer‘î zenginliğin ölçüsü nisab olduğundan temel ihtiyaçlarından fazla nisab miktarı mala sahip olan kişi bu mallar artıcı vasıfta olmasa da bazı yönlerden zengin kabul edilir. Buna göre yukarıda belirtilen nâmî malları nisab miktarına ulaşmamakla birlikte temel ihtiyaçları dışında 85 gr. altın veya 595 gr. gümüş değerinde -kıymetli mücevherat gibi- nâmî olmayan mala sahip olmaya nisâb-ı istiğnâ denir. Bu nitelikte ve ölçüde mala sahip bulunan kimse zekâtla yükümlü sayılmamakla beraber zekât alması da câiz olmaz; ayrıca fitre vermek ve kurban kesmekle mükelleftir. Nâmî olsun olmasın nisab miktarından az mala sahip olan kişiye ise sağlıklı ve kazanan kişi olsa da zekât verilebilir. Yine bu durumdaki kişinin başkalarından yardım istemesinde bir sakınca yoktur. Çünkü şer‘an zengin sayılmanın ölçüsü nisabdır.
Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre ise zenginliğin ölçüsü kişiye ve bakmakla yükümlü olduğu kimselere yetecek kadar mala sahip olmak (kifayet), fakirliğin ölçüsü de muhtaç olmaktır. Buna göre artıcı vasıfta olsun olmasın kendisine ve bakmakla mükellef olduğu kişilere yetecek kadar mala sahip olan kimsenin zekât alması câiz değildir; buna karşılık nisabın üstünde malı olduğu halde kendisinin ve aile fertlerinin geçimini sağlayamıyorsa zekât alması câizdir ve başkalarından yardım istemesinde bir sakınca yoktur. Meselâ nisabın çok üstünde ticarî sermayesi olan bir kimsenin ticaret hayatındaki durgunluktan veya başka bir sebepten dolayı geçim sıkıntısına düşmesi halinde zekât alması câizdir. Buna karşılık sağlığı yerinde, çalışma imkân ve gücüne sahip olduğu halde çalışmayan kişilere zekât vermek câiz değildir. Zenginlik sınırıyla ilgili bu ihtilâfın pratik sonuçlarından biri şudur: Hanefîler’e göre bir yoksula bir defada en çok nisab miktarı zekât verilebilir. Cumhura göre ise fakirin fakirliğini ortadan kaldıracak, ona bir ömür boyu yetecek ve bir daha zekât almaya muhtaç olmayacak kadar zekât verilmesi câizdir (Hz. Peygamber döneminden sonra malların değerinde meydana gelen değişiklikler karşısında nisab konusunun gözden geçirilmesi ihtiyacını dile getiren görüşler için bk. Yûsuf el-Kardâvî, I, 261-269; ayrıca bk. ZEKÂT ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , II, 183-184.
Buhârî, “Zekât”, 1, 32, 55.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Zekât”, 28.
Nesâî, “Zekât”, 25.
Ebû Yûsuf, Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc (nşr. Muhibbüddin el-Hatîb), Kahire 1396, s. 84.
Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, Kitâbü’l-Emvâl (nşr. M. Halîl Herrâs), Kahire 1389/1969, s. 557, 559-560, 575-577, 578-579, 648.
Hattâbî, Meʿâlimü’s-Sünen (nşr. Abdüsselâm Abdüşşâfî Muhammed), Beyrut 1411/1991, II, 48-49.
Mâverdî, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye , Kahire 1973, s. 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 192.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , Beyrut 1978, II, 189-191; III, 3.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , II, 19, 20-26, 30.
İbn Rüşd, Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , Kahire 1975, I, 274-275, 277, 284-285, 289.
Tecrid Tercemesi , V, 31-32, 59, 66, 83-85.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , IV, 159.
Yûsuf el-Kardâvî, Fıḳhü’z-zekât , Beyrut 1973, I, 261-269, 361-362, 440, 446, 447-450.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 138-140 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.