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NİŞAN Skip to content Devlet tarafından üstün hizmet karşılığı verilen, genellikle süslü ve değerli taşlarla bezeli bir çeşit madalyon.
Sözlükte “alâmet, işaret” gibi anlamlara gelen nişân kelimesi Farsça olup Osmanlı bürokrasisinde değişik mânalarda kullanılmıştır. Padişahın tuğrasını taşıyan belgelere “nişân-ı hümâyun” da denirdi (bk. FERMAN; TUĞRA). Osmanlılar’da üstün hizmeti görülen askerî ve mülkî erkâna çeşitli dereceleri olan bir tür madalya verilmesi ve takılması geleneği Batı etkisiyle II. Mahmud döneminde başlamıştır. Daha önceleri de Osmanlılar’da başarılı kimselere nişana benzer şekilde, fakat ondan daha kıymetli olarak sorguç, tuğ, çelenk, avize takdim edilirdi. Meselâ 1150’de (1737) sefer dolayısıyla gümüşten 1300 çelenk hazırlanmıştır (BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 1315). I. Abdülhamid devrinde (1774-1789) İsveç’in Ruslar’a karşı başarı haberini bildiren elçisine 7500 kuruş değerinde bir çelenk verilmiştir. Yine Bosna’da Avusturyalılar’a karşı zafer kazanan Vali Bekir Paşa’ya türlü hediyeler yanında çelenk de gönderilmiştir. Sadece yüksek rütbeli kimselere değil savaşta başarı gösteren askerlere de çelenk dağıtıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Hatta aşırı ölçüde dağıtılmasını bir tarihçi “çelenk fırtınası” diye anmıştır (Taylesanizâde Hafız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi, s. 314, 318, 319). III. Selim zamanında 1213’te (1798) İngiliz Amirali Nelson’un Fransız donanmasını Ebûkīr’da yakması haberi İstanbul’da büyük bir sevinçle karşılanmış ve Nelson’a mücevherli bir çelenk gönderilmiştir. Arşiv kayıtlarında Nelson’a ve diğer İngilizler’e yollanan hediyeler arasında çelenk yanında nişanların da mevcut olduğu dikkati çeker (BA, HH, nr. 15136). Ayrıca Nelson’un taktığı “hilâl nişanı” denilen bir madalya daha vardır. Genellikle ilk Osmanlı nişanı olarak bu hilâl nişanı gösterilir. Yine Mısır olayı sırasında diğer bazı İngiliz generallerine nişan diye anılan ay yıldızlı madalyalar verildiği bilinmektedir. 1216 (1801) tarihli bir belgeye göre İngiliz Generali Hutchinson, boynuna nişanlı şerit ve göğsüne bir başka mücevher nişan takılmak suretiyle ödüllendirilmiştir. Daha sonra hilâl veya şemseli nişan verme geleneği yaygınlaştı.
II. Mahmud döneminde 1812’de eski tip nişan ve taltif alâmetlerine son verilişinin ardından Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılması ve yeni askerî teşkilâtın kurulması sebebiyle rütbeleri belirtmek üzere nişanlar oluşturuldu. Bu tür nişanlar ûlâ, sâniye, sâlise ve râbia rütbelerine mahsus olmak üzere dört çeşitti ve mücevherliydi. Aynı devirde çıkarılan iftihar nişanları da altın ve gümüşten yapılmış olup elmasla bezenmiştir. Vak‘anüvis Ahmed Lutfi Efendi 1833’te iftihar nişanının bir nizamnâmesinin yayımlandığından söz eder. Sultan Abdülmecid zamanında imtiyaz nişanı denilen bir başka nişan daha ihdas edildi. Bunun dereceleri yoktu. Ahmed Lutfi Efendi, 1841’de Mustafa Reşid Paşa’ya Mısır meselesinin çözümünde gösterdiği hizmet karşılığı bir adet nişân-ı imtiyaz verildiğini yazar. Bu nişan 1846’da Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’ya da verilmişti. Bir başkası 1849’da Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa’ya takdim edilmişti. Yüksek seviyedeki şahıslara verildiği anlaşılan bu nişan sahibinin ölümü halinde evlâdına intikal eder, ancak izinsiz takılamazdı. 1265’te (1848), olur olmaz vesilelerle nişan verildiği gerekçesiyle memurlarla lâyık olanlardan başkalarına nişan takılmaması hakkında bir nizamnâme çıkarıldı. Bu nizamnâmeye göre ilmiye mensuplarından bilâd-ı erbaa ve mahreç mollalarının nişanları olmadığı için yaptırılan on dört adet nişanın şeyhülislâm vasıtasıyla tedariki kararlaştırıldı. 1851’de eski iftihar nişanları kaldırıldı ve para darlığı yüzünden nişanlar toplattırılıp darphâneye teslim edildi.
Osmanlılar’da Batı tarzında ilk nişan 1852’de Mecîdî nişanı ile ihdas edildi ve iftihar nişanı lağvedildi. Bu nişanla ilgili 13 Zilkade 1268 (29 Ağustos 1852) tarihli bir nizamnâme yayımlandı. Burada nişanın birden beşe kadar sıralanan derece/rütbeden oluştuğu, birinci rütbesinin 50, ikinci rütbesinin 150, üçüncü rütbesinin 800, dördüncü rütbesinin 3000, beşincisinin 6000 olmak üzere toplam 10.000 adet olduğu belirtilmiştir. Yabancılara verilenler ise bir sınırlandırmaya tâbi değildi. Bunun birinci rütbesi murassa‘ idi. Ayrıca bu nişan kaydıhayat olmak üzere veriliyordu. Birinci Mecîdî nişanı sahibi ölünce nişan hazineye iade ediliyordu ve bunun berat harcı 500 kuruştu. İkinci Mecîdî nişanı şemsesi göğsün sol tarafına ve nişan da boyna asılır, sahibinin ölümünde yine hazineye geri verilirdi, berat harcı 100 kuruştu. Üçüncü Mecîdî nişanı boyna asılırdı, berat harcı 50 kuruştu. Dördüncü ve beşinci Mecîdî nişanları da göğsün sol tarafına asılır ve sahibinin ölümü üzerine bu da hazineye iade edilirdi.
Yine Sultan Abdülaziz zamanında 9 Cemâziyelâhir 1278 (12 Aralık 1861) tarihli nizamnâmeyle nişân-ı Osmânî çıkarıldı. Bu nişan Mecîdî nişanıyla bazı farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bunda üç rütbe esas alınmıştı. Daha sonra dördüncüsü eklendi. Murassa‘ Osmanlı nişanı şemsesi göğsün sol tarafına, nişan kurdelenin ucuna, sağdan sola bağlanır, sahibinin ölümünden sonra takılmamak şartıyla vârislere bırakılırdı. Murassa‘ Osmânî nişanının her şubesinde yarım kırat ağırlığında yedi taş, bütün nişanda 3,5 kırat ağırlığında kırk dokuz taş vardır. Şemsesinde ise her şubede 5 kırat ağırlığında elli bir taş ve bütün şemsede 40 kırat ağırlığında 408 pırlanta bulunmaktadır. Nişân-ı Osmânî’nin dört rütbesinden ilkinin şemsesi göğsün sol tarafına, nişan ise kurdelenin ucuna, kordon da sağdan sola doğru bağlanır, sahibinin ölümünde hazineye verilirdi. İkinci Osmânî nişanı şemsesi göğsün sağ tarafına, nişan da göğse asılır, sahibinin ölümünde hazineye intikal ederdi. Üçüncü Osmânî nişanı kendine has kordonu ile boyna asılırdı. Dördüncü Osmânî nişanı göğsün sol tarafına asılır, sahibinin ölümünde bu da hazineye verilirdi, berat harcı 50 kuruştur. Sultan Abdülaziz, 1862 yılı Bursa gezisi sırasında Osman Gazi’nin türbesine kendi eliyle murassa‘ nişân-ı Osmânî asmıştı. Bu nişanın orta kısmı yazılarını çeviren çemberde yeşil mine yerine yirmi yedi adet zümrüt vardır. Bu şemse halen Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Hazine Dairesi’nde (nr. 2/1029) teşhir edilmektedir.
II. Abdülhamid döneminde önceki nişanların kullanılması sürdü. Ancak II. Abdülhamid kadınlara verilmek üzere yeni bir nişanın ihdasını gerekli görmekteydi. Bunun ortaya çıkmasında Batı’daki örnekler etkili olmuştur. “Şefkat nişanı” adı verilen bu nişan 16 Receb 1295 (16 Temmuz 1878) tarihli nizamnâmeyle tanıtıldı. Nizamnâmenin beşinci maddesinde bunun savaş zamanlarında, deprem, yangın ve su baskını gibi olaylarda devlete ve millete hizmet eden kadınlara verileceği ve üç rütbeden ibaret olacağı belirtilmişti. Birinci ve ikinci şefkat nişanları murassa‘ idi. Üç rütbenin tam ortasında II. Abdülhamid’in “el-gāzî” unvanlı tuğrası ve bunun biraz altında “1295” (1878) tarihi vardır. Tuğra evini çeviren yeşil çember üzerinde “insâniyyet, muâvenet, hamiyyet” kelimeleri yer alır.
22 Zilhicce 1295 (17 Aralık 1878) tarihli iradeyle nişân-ı âlî-i imtiyâz çıkarıldı. Bu nişan ilmiye, mülkiye ve askeriye sınıflarında fevkalâde hizmeti görülenlere mahsustu. Verilmesi için padişahın iradesi gerekiyordu. Nişan iki parça ile bir adet şemseden ibarettir. Bu nişanlar altından olup murassa‘ ve her biri beşer şualı sekiz şubeden oluşuyordu, ortası da yüksek bir güneş şeklindeydi. Nişanın şemsesi göğsün sol tarafına ve orta kıtadaki nişan boyna asılır, küçük kıtadaki nişan ise kordonun ucuna bağlanır, kordon da sağdan sola uzanırdı. Nişan sahibinin ölümünde takılmamak şartıyla ailenin en büyük evlâdına bırakılırdı. Nişanın tam ortasına II. Abdülhamid’in “el-gāzî” unvanlı tuğrası ve bunun altında “1295” (1878) tarihi konulmuştur. Göbek çemberinin etrafında yine “hamiyyet, gayret, şecâat, sadâkat” kelimeleri yer alır. Bu nişan oldukça itibarlı idi ve krallara, hükümdarlara verilmişti. Ayrıca üstün hizmeti görülen Osmanlı devlet adamlarına bizzat padişah tarafından takılıyordu.
II. Abdülhamid, bunların dışında 18 Ağustos 1309 (30 Ağustos 1893) tarihli irâde-i seniyyesiyle hânedân-ı Âl-i Osmân nişanı ihdas etti. Nişan altından ve beyzî şeklinde olup ortasındaki levhada II. Abdülhamid’in “el-gāzî” unvanlı tuğrası vardır. Nişan imtiyazlı bir nitelik taşımaktaydı. Nizamnâmede bunun hânedan tarafından uygun bulunacak kişilerle devlete fiilen ve mânen yardım eden ecnebi hükümdarlara, hânedan erkânına, padişaha üstün hizmette bulunan yüksek dereceli memurlara verileceği belirtilmişti. II. Abdülhamid, hânedanı öne alan bu yeni nişan yanında Osmanlı Devleti’nin kurucu atasına atfen Ertuğrul nişanı da çıkarmak istedi. Nizamnâmesi yapıldığı halde (25 Şubat 1903) daha sonra bundan vazgeçildi.
Sultan Mehmed Reşad, 7 Cemâziyelevvel 1328 / 3 Mayıs 1326 (17 Mayıs 1910) tarihli bir emirle maarif nişanı çıkardı. Nişan üç rütbeliydi ve kaydıhayat suretiyle veriliyordu. Bu nişan eğitim işiyle uğraşanlara, ilim, mârifet ve sanat alanında başarı gösterenlere yönelikti ve üç rütbesi gümüştendi. Yine bu dönemde meziyet ve ziraat liyakat nişanlarının çıkarılmasının düşünüldüğü, nizamnâmelerinin yayımlandığı, fakat bu nişanların hazırlanmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Tasarıya göre meziyet nişanı Osmânî ve Mecîdî nişanlarının yerini alacaktı. Ziraat liyakat nişanının 29 Haziran 1912 tarihli nizamnâmesinden Fransız modeli üzere hazırlanmış olduğu dikkati çeker. Bu dönemde Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan âzalarına mahsus bir nişanın da çıkarıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu nişan altın üzerine beyaz mineli, ortasındaki hilâlde “1332/1335” tarihleri bulunmaktaydı.
Cumhuriyet devrinde Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından 26 Kasım 1934 tarihinde kabul edilerek Resmî Gazete’de 29 Kasım 1934 günü yayımlanan 2590 sayılı kanunun 2. maddesiyle sivil rütbe ve nişanlar ve madalyalar kaldırıldı ve bunların kullanılması yasaklandı. Harp madalyalarının bundan müstesna olduğu, Türkler’in yabancı devlet nişanları taşıyamayacakları belirtildi. Ancak daha sonra bu kanun yumuşatıldı. Cumhuriyet döneminde uzun süre tek madalya mevcuttu (İstiklâl madalyası). 1983’te üç nişan ihdas edildi. Devlet, Cumhuriyet ve Liyakat adlı bu nişanlar yabancılara verilmek üzere çıkarıldı (24 Ekim 1983 tarih ve 2933 sayılı kanun). Devlet nişanı devlet başkanlarına, Cumhuriyet nişanı yabancı ülke başbakanlarına, bakanlara ve dış temsilcilik mensuplarına, Liyakat nişanı ilim ve sanatta Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin uluslararası alanda tanıtılmasını ve yüceltilmesini sağlayan yabancılara yöneliktir.
Batı’da uygulandığı şekilde nişan ihdası diğer İslâm devletlerinde de özellikle XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren gerçekleştirilmiştir. İran’da Feth Ali Şah devrinde “nişân-ı Hurşîd, nişân-ı Şîr-i Hurşîd” adlı nişanlar mevcuttu. Bunlar İranlı önde gelen zümrelere ve yabancı elçilere, askerî görevlilere verilirdi. 1243’te (1827-28) nişân-ı Zafer ortaya çıktı. Bunu Muhammed Şah döneminde nişân-ı Timsâl-i Hümâyun takip etti (1271/1855). Daha sonra gerek hânedan üyelerine gerek idarecilere, devlet adamlarına, valilere, elçilere yönelik yeni nişanlar ortaya çıktı. Nişân-ı Kuds, nişân-ı Mukaddes, nişân-ı Âfitâb bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Pehlevîler döneminde nişân-ı Pehlevî, nişân-ı Tâc-ı Îrân, nişân-ı Hümâyun gibi nişanlar mevcuttu. XX. yüzyılda askerî nişanlar olarak nişân-ı Zülfikār (1922), nişân-ı Liyâkat ve nişân-ı İftihâr çeşitli görevliler için ihdas edilmiştir.
Kuzey Afrika’daki İslâm ülkelerinde de benzeri nişanların varlığı bilinmektedir. Osmanlı idaresi altında iken bu kesimde Osmanlı tarzı nişanlar geçerliydi. Ancak bunlara farklı şekiller verilmişti. Tunus beyinin iftihar nişanı bu anlamda önemlidir. Ayrıca “nişânü’d-dem” adlı bir nişan daha vardır. 1860’larda Tunus’ta nişân-ı Ahdü’l-emân ortaya çıktı. 1875’te bunun murassa‘ şekli ihdas edildi. Tunus’un bağımsızlığını kazanmasından sonra 1956’da nişân-ı İstiklâl, daha sonra nişânü’l-Cumhuriyyeti’t-Tûnisiyye hazırlanmıştır. Fas’ta nişan yerine “visâm” tabiri kullanılmıştır. Mısır’da Kral Fârûk döneminde birçok nişan ihdas edildiği bilinmektedir. Nişân-ı Muhammed Ali, nişân-ı İsmâil, Vişâhü’n-Nîl, Visâmü’l-Kemâl bunlardan bazılarıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 1315; BA, HH, nr. 15136; BA, Nişân-ı Hümâyun Defteri, nr. 2, s. 87; nr. 8; Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi: İstanbul’un Uzun Dört Yılı: 1785-1789 (haz. Feridun M. Emecen), İstanbul 2003, s. 314, 318, 319; Lutfî, Târih, VIII, 176; IX, 50; Meskûkât-ı Şâhâne İdaresi, 1396 Senesi Raporu, İstanbul 1921, s. 190-194, 231; İbrahim Artuk – Cevriye Artuk, Osmanlı Nişanları, İstanbul 1967; Muhammed b. el-Hoca, Ṣafaḥât min Târîḫi Tûnis (nşr. Hammâdî es-Sâhilî – el-Cîlânî b. Yahyâ), Beyrut 1986, s. 92-115; Metin Erüreten, Osmanlı Madalyaları ve Nişanları, Belgelerle Tarih, İstanbul 2001; Edhem Eldem, İftihar ve İmtiyaz: Osmanlı Nişan ve Madalyaları Tarihi, İstanbul 2004; İbrahim Artuk, “Nişân-ı Osmânî”, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Yıllığı, sy. 10, İstanbul 1962, s. 76; J. M. Landau – Ch. Pellat, “Nis̲h̲ān”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 57-62.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 154-156 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.