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NİŞANCI Skip to content Osmanlı bürokrasisinde Dîvân-ı Hümâyun üyesi olan üst düzey görevli.
Sözlükte “bir şeyi belli etmek için üzerine alâmet koymak” mânasına gelen Farsça nişân kelimesinden türemiş bir isim olan nişancı Osmanlı merkez teşkilâtında padişahın tuğrasını çeken, Dîvân-ı Hümâyun üyesi yüksek rütbeli bir memurdur. Osmanlı kaynaklarında tuğraî, tuğrakeş-i ahkâm, muvakki‘ ve tevkīî adlarıyla da geçer. Diğer Türk-İslâm devletlerinde de nişancılığa benzer memuriyetler bulunmaktadır. Büyük Selçuklular’da ve Anadolu Selçukluları’nda tuğraî, Memlükler’de kâtibü’s-sır (nâzırü’l-inşâ ), İlhanlılar’da “uluğ bitigci ” bu tür işleri yapmaktaydı.
Nişancılığın bir kurum olarak ne zaman ortaya çıktığı belli değildir. Ancak timar sisteminin Orhan Bey devrine kadar inmesi sebebiyle o dönemlerde timarla ilgili işlemleri yürüten bir görevlinin varlığı düşünülebilir. Orhan Bey döneminden intikal eden belgelerin tahlili, o devirdeki devlet işlerinin kitâbet usullerini iyi bilen bir kâtip zümresiyle bunları örgütleyen merkezî bir dairenin bulunduğuna işaret eder (İA , IX, 672). Bu döneme ait belgelerde Orhan Bey’in tuğrası da mevcuttur. II. Murad zamanında bizzat sultanın emriyle Mahmud Şirvânî tarafından Türkçe’ye tercüme edilen İbn Kesîr tarihinin Arapça metnindeki “muvakki‘” kelimesinin “nişancı” diye çevrilmesi bu tabirin XV. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlılar tarafından kullanıldığını gösterir (Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 214). Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in teşkilât kanunnâmesinde nişancının vazifeleri, yetkileri, tayinleri ve gelirleri gibi hususların bulunması bu görevin bir kalem halinde tam anlamıyla teşkilâtlandığını ortaya koyar.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin ilk dönemlerinde nişancının idaresinde bulunan dar bir kâtip kadrosunun timar yanında idarî ve malî işlere ait bürokratik işlemleri de yürüttüğü tahmin edilebilir. Bütün bürokratik işlemlere nezaret eden nişancı, muhtemelen I. Bayezid devrinden (1389-1403) itibaren yetkilerinin bir kısmını Dîvân-ı Hümâyun bünyesinde faaliyet gösteren kâtiplere devretmiştir. Devletin büyümesine bağlı olarak işlerin artması ve çeşitlenmesi sebebiyle XV. yüzyılın başlarında malî işlemleri yürütmek üzere ayrı bir kurum olarak defterdarlık, timar sisteminin gelişmesi ve merkeziyetçiliğin artması neticesinde Fâtih Sultan Mehmed döneminde (1451-1481) bürokrasinin üçüncü ayağı olan Defterhâne-i Âmire kurulmuştur.
Nişancılar, XVI. yüzyılın başlarına kadar profesyonel bürokratlar içinden değil ilmiye zümresi mensupları arasından inşâsı kuvvetli kişilerden seçilmiştir. Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’nde nişancılığa dâhil ve sahn müderrislerinin tayin edilmesi maddesi yer alır. XVI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Osmanlı kalemiyesinde memurların yetişme usullerinde meydana gelen uzmanlaşma sonucunda nişancılar daha çok profesyonel bürokratlar arasından tayin edilmeye başlanmıştır. Nişancılar sancak beyi ya da beylerbeyi pâyesiyle tayin edilebilirdi. Bazı durumlarda nişancılıkla kubbe vezirliği birleştirilerek tek kişinin uhdesine verilmekteydi. Güvenilir kişiler sayılan nişancılarla defterdarlar göreve seçildiklerinde kendilerine diğer Osmanlı ricâlinin aksine memuriyetleriyle ilgili berat verilmez, bunlar yalnızca hükümdarın şifahî emriyle tayin edilirlerdi.
Hayatının önemli bir kısmını nişancılık bekleyerek geçiren Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî, Menşeü’l-inşâ ’da nişancı seçilebilmenin şartlarını şöyle ifade eder: “Nişancı seçilebilmek yazı yazmada eskiliğe bağlı değildir; bu makam bazan ulemâya, bazan münşîlere verilmiştir; münşîlik görevinde bulunan kişinin Acem ve Buhara padişahlarından mektup gelse tercüme edebilecek durumda olması gerekir; hak kazanmış olanlar ortaya çıkmadığında kadılardan ve müderrislerden birine, lâyığı yoksa İran ve Arabistan’da araştırılıp hak edene verilmesi gerekir” (Aksoyak, sy. 19 [2006], s. 185-209). Nişancılığa XVIII. yüzyıl öncesinde genellikle reîsülküttaplıktan, defter eminliğinden, başdefterdarlıktan ve diğer defterdarlıklardan tayinler yapılmaktaydı (BA, A.RSK , nr. 1484, s. 63, 116; BA, KK , nr. 257, s. 84), XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren yıllık tayin sisteminin (şevval tevcîhatı) başlamasıyla birlikte düşük dereceli hâcegânlardan nişancı olanlara rastlanır. XVIII. yüzyıl öncesinde nişancılıktan vezîriâzamlık, mîr-i alemlik, kaymakamlık, beylerbeyilik ve sancak beylik gibi önemli görevlere yükselmek mümkünken bu yüzyıldan itibaren nişancılıktan düşük derecedeki hâcegânlıklara tayinler yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Yine XVIII. yüzyıl öncesinde nişancılıktan doğrudan doğruya defter emini olan kimseye rastlanmazken bu yüzyılda altı kişi nişancılıktan defter eminliğine getirilmiştir. Bu durum, daha önce defter eminliğinden üst bir makam olan nişancılığın kâğıt üzerinde yerini muhafaza etmesine rağmen önemini kaybettiğine işaret eder. XVIII. yüzyıl ortalarında nişancılar, şevval tevcîhatına tâbi olan hâcegân rütbesindeki memur grubuna dahildi. Dört kısma ayrılan hâcegân memuriyetlerinin birinci kısmını teşkil eden üç defterdarla nişancı, reîsülküttâb ve defter emininin mansıbına “menâsıb-ı sitte” denilirdi (Mustafa Nûri Paşa, II, 90).
Nişancının başlıca görevi ferman, nâme, ahidnâme ve berat gibi belgelerin üzerine padişahın tuğrasını çekmekti. Nişancılar kendi dairelerinin yanı sıra Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da da tuğra çekerler ve işleri fazla ise kubbe vezirlerinin en kıdemsizi kendilerine yardım ederdi. Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’nde vezirlerin tuğra çekilmesinde yardım etmelerinin kanun emri olduğu belirtilir. Nişancılar, XVIII. yüzyılın başlarına kadar devlet kanunlarını iyi bilen ve gerektiğinde yeni kanunlar teklif edebilen görevliler olduğundan “müftî-i kānun” (müftiyân-ı kavânîn-i pâdişahân) ismiyle de anılırdı. Kanunnâmelerde Osmanlı kanunlarının ve sultana ait merasimlerin nişancılardan sorulduğu ifade edilir (Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, s. 516). Nişancılar teşkilât ve teşrifat kanunlarının derlenmesinden ve muhafazasından sorumluydu. Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’nin hazırlanmasında nişancılıktan vezîriâzamlığa yükselen Karamânî Mehmed Paşa’nın, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman dönemindeki kanunlaştırma hareketlerinde Nişancı Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi’nin, XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında teşkilât ve teşrifat kanunlarının derlenmesinde Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa’nın önemli rolleri olmuştur. Âlî Mustafa Efendi, şeyhülislâm nasıl şeriat konusunda fetva veriyorsa nişancının da örfî hukukta son sözü söylediğini belirtir (Fleischer, s. 96).
Osmanlı devlet teşkilâtında en çok dikkat edilen konulardan biri, devletin vergi ve askerî sisteminin esasını teşkil eden tahrir defterlerinin tashihiydi. Timar ve arazi ihtilâflarında Defterhâne-i Âmire kayıtlarına göre hüküm verildiğinden ve tahrir defterlerindeki kayıtlar kesin delil kabul edildiğinden bunlar titizlikle saklanır, gereken tashihler ancak nişancı tarafından yapılabilirdi. Tahrir defterleri üzerinde nişancı dışında vezîriâzam ve kaptan paşanın da tashih yaptığı dikkati çeker. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren nişancılığın öneminin giderek azalmasına rağmen imparatorluğun son devirlerine kadar söz konusu defterlerdeki kayıt tashihleri onların denetiminde kalmıştır (TK, TD , nr. 29, vr. 24a ). Tahrir defterlerinde kayıt tashihi yapılması için ya ilgili evrakın üzerine buyuruldu yazılır (BA, A.DFE , Dosya, nr. 1/95) ya da nişancıya hitaben ferman gönderilirdi (BA, A.NŞT , nr. 804, s. 6, 12; BA , Tahvil Defterleri , nr. 13, s. 4-57; nr. 22, s. 136, 140-141). Tashih için nişancıya hitaben yazılan fermanın tuğrası bizzat vezîriâzam tarafından çekilirdi. Nişancı bu fermanın arkasının bir köşesine “Defteri gele” cümlesini yazarak defter eminine gönderirdi. Defterhâne kesedarı istenen defterle fermanı nişancıya getirir, o da tashihten sonra defteri geri gönderip fermanı kendi dairesinde saklardı (Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, s. 515). Bu tashihlere “tevkiî kalemiyle tashih” denilirdi. Yeni tahrirlerin yapılmaması sonucu XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren timarların gelirlerinin azalması sebebiyle bir kısım timar sahiplerinin iki üç kılıç birden tasarruf etmeye başlaması nişancının özellikle icmâl defterleri üzerinde yaptığı tashihleri arttırmıştır. Timar sahiplerinin fazla olan kılıç timarlarının tahrir defterlerindeki yeri hisse olarak nişancı tarafından tashih edilirdi (TK, TD , nr. 212, vr. 76b ; nr. 315, vr. 16a ; nr. 334, vr. 23b ; nr. 355, vr. 45a ). Nişancıların, seferler sırasında ordudaki bürokratik işlemleri idare etmek için görevlendirildikleri de bilinmektedir. XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar padişahın katıldığı seferlerde bulunmaları kanun gereğiydi.
1007 Şevvalinde (Mayıs 1599) Vezîriâzam Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın Uyvar seferine çıkışında yeniçeri ağası ve diğer önde gelen devlet ricâlinin onunla birlikte gitmesi emredilince Nişancı Okçuzâde Mehmed de ilk defa padişahın bulunmadığı bir sefere katılmış, bundan sonra da nişancılar serdâr-ı ekrem ve vezîriâzamların maiyetinde seferlerde yer almıştır. Böyle durumlarda nişancı tarafından merkezde bulunan sadâret kaymakamına baş taraflarına tuğra çekilmiş boş ahkâm kâğıtları gönderilirdi. Aynı şekilde nişancının sefere gitmediği zamanlarda da serdarlara nişancı tarafından tuğraları çekilmiş boş ahkâm kâğıtları verilirdi.
Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’ne göre nişancılık vezirlik, kazaskerlik ve başdefterdarlıktan sonra merkezî idaredeki en büyük makamdı. Nişancı Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un aslî üyelerinden olup sadırda oturur, teşrifatta vezir veya beylerbeyi rütbesinde ise defterdardan önce, sancak beyi rütbesinde ise defterdardan sonra gelirdi ve elkābı defterdarınki gibiydi. XVI. yüzyılda defterdar ve nişancı hakkında şu elkāb kullanılırdı: “İftihârü’l-ümerâ ve’l-ekâbir müstecmi-i esnâfü’l-meâlî ve’l-mefâhir zü’l-kadri’l-etem ve’l-fahrü’l-eşem el-muhtas bi-mezîdi inâyeti’l-meliki’s-samed tuğra-yi şerîfim hizmetinde olan …” (Feridun Bey, I, 9). Nişancıya havale edilen evraklarda ise “izzetlü nişancı efendi” diye hitap edilirdi. Bazan ilmine veya kıdemine hürmeten sancak beyi rütbesindeki nişancıların teşrifatta başdefterdarların üzerinde tutulduğu olabiliyordu. Meselâ II. Bayezid döneminin (1481-1512) meşhur nişancısı Tâcîzâde Câfer Çelebi, selefleri defterdarların altında iken derece itibariyle defterdarın üzerinde mevki almıştı. XVI. yüzyılın en büyük bürokratlarından Koca Nişancı Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi nişancılık yaptığı esnada defterdarlığa tayin edilen Nevbaharzâde, kanuna göre davet ve teşrifatta nişancının üzerinde yer alması gerekirken kendisi bir ara Celâlzâde’nin devatdarlığını yaptığı için eski âmirinin üstünde yer almayı reddetmiş, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman da divanda nişancı ile defterdardan hangisi kıdemli ise onun diğerinden önce gelmesini emretmişti (Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 221-222). Bu usul daha sonra kanun olmakla birlikte XVII. yüzyılda bazan aynı derecede olan nişancı ile defterdarlardan liyakat ve şahsî meziyetleri üstün olanlar protokolde öne çıkardı. XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına ait Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa Kanunnâmesi’nde nişancıların teşrifatıyla ilgili bilgiler yer alır. Burada vezirliği olan nişancının “vüzerâ-i izâm silkine” dahil olduğu, eğer Rumeli beylerbeyiliği pâyesi varsa beylerbeyi merasimi icra edileceği, kendisinden kıdemli Rumeli pâyesinde olan beylerbeyiler dışındaki bütün beylerbeyilerden ve kazaskerlerden önce geleceği, bu pâye ile Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’a vezirlerle birlikte girip çıkacağı kaydedilir. Eğer beylerbeyilik pâyesi yoksa kendisine “nişancı bey” denir, divana diğer ümerâ gibi girer, ancak teşrifatta taht kadılarından önce gelir, diğer divan hâcegânı gibi mücevveze ve soft üst ile lokmalı kutnî ve iç kaftanı giyerdi (a.g.e. , s. 219).
Nişancılar vezirlik rütbesi almamışlarsa arz günleri padişahın huzuruna giremez, sadece göreve tayin edildikleri zaman huzura girip padişaha şükranlarını sunabilirlerdi. Nişancıların çocukları beylerbeyilerin çocukları gibi 45 akçe ile müteferrika olurdu (Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, s. 12). Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da yemek yenildiğinde nişancı ilk dönemlerde vezirlerin, daha sonraları sadrazamın sofrasında yer alırdı. Bayramlarda huzura girip el öpen devlet ricâli arasındaydı.
Hemen hemen bütün resmî devlet merasimlerine katılan nişancılar mevlid, sancak ihracı, ramazan iftarları, hânedan mensupları cenazesi ve bayramlaşmalar gibi törenlerde yer alırdı. Nişancı, defterdar ve defter eminiyle birlikte selimî ve erkân kürk, kadife şalvar, çerkesî filar ve abâyî giyip “divan rahtı” adı verilen gümüşlü eyer takımlı atıyla merasimlere katılırdı (BA, BEO , Sadâret Defterleri , nr. 346, s. 28; nr. 347, s. 17). Sadrazam tayinleri sırasında yapılan merasimlere de iştirak eder, defterdar, defter emini, şehremini, başmuhasebeci gibi memurlarla birlikte ona da hil‘at (hil‘at-i sâde) verilirdi (Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 124).
Nişancıların gelirleri arasında tasarruf ettikleri haslar önde gelirdi. XVI. yüzyıl başlarında nişancıların vazifelerine karşılık tasarruf ettikleri haslarının kıymeti 180.000 akçeydi. Celâlzâde Mustafa ilk defa nişancı tayin edildiğinde kendisine 180.000 akçelik has bağlanmış, fakat liyakatinden dolayı daha önce görülmemiş şekilde tasarrufundaki hassın değeri 300.000 akçeye çıkarılmıştı. Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa Kanunnâmesi’nde nişancı haslarının 400.000 akçeden fazla olacağının zikredilmesinden anlaşılacağı üzere bu hasların kıymeti zamanla artmıştır. Nişancıların, has gelirlerine ilâveten Eflak ve Boğdan voyvodalıkları ile Erdel krallığı tayini esnasında bu tevcîhattan muayyen tahsisatları vardı. Ayrıca kendi dairelerinde tahrir edilen evraktan alınan resmî harçlardan hisseleri mevcuttu (a.g.e. , s. 220-221). Et, ekmek, hayvanları için ot ve arpa ile odun, kar ve buz gibi ihtiyaçları devlet tarafından karşılanırdı.
Nişancının emrinde Dîvân-ı Hümâyun kâtipleriyle reîsülküttâb çalışırdı. XVII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Paşa Kapısı (Bâb-ı Âsafî / Bâbıâli) tedrîcî olarak Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un yerine devlet işlerinin hallinde yeni bir idare merkezi haline gelince Dîvân-ı Hümâyun bünyesinde faaliyet gösteren bazı bürokratik kadrolar Bâb-ı Âsafî’ye aktarıldı. Bâbıâli bünyesindeki reîsülküttâb, sadâret kethüdâsı ve beylikçi gibi vazifeliler en önemli bürokratlar haline geldi. Reîsülküttâblık nişancının yerine bürokrasinin âmiri oldu. Bu tarihlerden itibaren nişancılık, bir iktidar kaynağı olmaktan ziyade kadim bir makam olması dolayısıyla devlet teşkilâtındaki nüfuzunu ve teşrifattaki yerini korumuş, ilgasına kadar nişancılar Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un aslî üyesi olarak kalmış, reîsülküttâblar merkezî bürokrasinin fiilî âmiri haline gelmelerine rağmen teşrifatta onun altında tutulmuştur. Defterhâne-i Âmire’nin âmiri olan defter emini daha önce emri altında olduğu nişancı ile zamanla eşit hale gelmiş ve onun işlerinin bir kısmını devralmıştır. 1836’da nişancılığın kaldırılmasından sonra tuğra çekme işleri defter eminine verilmiştir. Önemli işlere dair fermanların üzerine Bâbıâli, diğerlerine defter emini tarafından tayin edilen tuğrakeşler tuğra çekmeye başlamıştır (a.g.e. , s. 227). Nişancılığın 1836’da tamamen kaldırılıp kaldırılmadığı veya üzerinden sadece tuğra ile ilgili işlerin mi alındığı açıkça belli değildir. Bu tarihlerden 1908’e kadar tahrir defterlerindeki tashihlerin yine “tevkī‘” imzasıyla nişancılar tarafından yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu durum, nişancılığın imparatorluğun son zamanlarına kadar mevcudiyetini koruduğunu göstermektedir (TK, TD , nr. 39, vr. 119b ; nr. 99, vr. 145b ; nr. 102, vr. 67b ; nr. 340, vr. 3a ). Amasyalı Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin’in nişancı biyografilerini ihtiva eden Nişancılar Durağı ve Osmanlı Meşâhiri adlı bir eseri vardır.
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Erhan Afyoncu, Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilâtında Defterhâne-i Âmire (XVI-XVIII. Yüzyıllar) (doktora tezi, 1997), MÜ Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, tür.yer.
Filiz Karaca, Tanzimat Dönemi ve Sonrasında Osmanlı Teşrifat Müessesesi (doktora tezi, 1997), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 19-30.
Recep Ahıshalı, Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilatında Reisülküttâblık (XVIII. Yüzyıl) , İstanbul 2001, tür.yer.
İ. Hakkı Aksoyak, “Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî’nin Menşeü’l-inşâ’sı”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları , sy. 19, Niğde 2006, s. 185-209.
M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “Nişancı”, İA , IX, 299-302.
Halil İnalcık, “Reisülküttâb”, a.e. , IX, 672.
Nejat Göyünç, “Tevkî”, a.e. , XII/1, s. 217-219.
Mustafa Sabri Küçükaşcı, “Kâtip”, DİA , XXV, 50.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 156-158 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.