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NİYÂS, İbrâhim b. Abdullah Skip to content (1900-1975)
Senegalli Ticânî şeyhi, Ticâniyye’nin İbrâhimiyye kolunun pîri.
8 Kasım 1900 tarihinde Senegal’in Saloum bölgesinde Kaolack şehriyle Gambia sınırı arasında yer alan Tiba Niassine (Taybe İnyâsîn) köyünde doğdu. Mahallî Wolof dilinde İbrâhim adının farklı söyleniş biçimleri olan İbrayima, İbra, İbra Asta şeklinde de anılır. 1930’da Medina Baay köyünün kurulmasından sonra Baay (baba) Niyâs lakabını aldı. Müntesipleri tarafından daha çok “Sâhibü’l-feyzâ” unvanıyla tanındı. Arap dünyasında doğum yeri Kaolack’a nisbetle “Kevlahî” nisbesiyle meşhurdur. Babası Abdullah b. Muhammed Niyâs, Sine-Saloum bölgesinin Ticânî şeyhlerinden, müfessirlerinden ve Mâlikî fakihlerindendi. Annesi Âişe bint İbrâhim (Asta jánga), İbrâhim Niyâs’ın ilim tahsilinde önemli katkıları bulunan Ticânî şeyhi Ömer Faati Jállo’nun babasının yakınıdır. Ağabeyi Muhammed Niyâs da tanınmış bir Ticânî şeyhiydi. İbrâhim Niyâs, Devâvînü’s-sit adlı manzum eserinde soyunun sahâbeden Ukbe b. Nâfi‘e dayandığını söyler.
Babasının Fas-Merakeş ziyaretinden sonra 1912’de Kaolack’ın Lewna Ñaseen köyünde bir Ticâniyye zâviyesi kurmasının ardından ailesiyle birlikte bu köye yerleşen İbrâhim Niyâs ilk dinî bilgileri babasından aldı. Civar bölgelerde etkin olan Kādiriyye, Mürîdiyye, Ticâniyye tarikatlarını yakından tanıdı. Bazı kaynaklarda onun ilk olarak Moritanyalı Ticânî şeyhi Abdullah b. Hâc tarafından irşad edildiği ileri sürülür. Rivayete göre Ticânîliğin Batı Afrika ve Senegal’de yayılmasında önemli hizmetleri olan, Idav Ali kabilesine mensup Abdullah b. Hâc, rüyasında gördüğü Ahmed et-Ticânî’nin kendisine verdiği mânevî sırrı nakledeceği kimseyi bulmak amacıyla Lewna Ñaseen köyünde Abdullah Niyâs’ı ziyaret etmiş, bu esnada oğlu İbrâhim’e, “Bu feyiz senin ellerinde ortaya çıkacak” demiştir. 1926’da Abdullah b. Hâc’dan tarikat icâzeti alan İbrâhim Niyâs gençlik yıllarında ailesine ait Kóosi Mbittéyeen’deki tarlalarda çalıştı, babasının müntesiplerine Kur’an ve Arapça dersleri verdi. İlmî ve mânevî üstünlüğüne rağmen halifelik iddiasında bulunmadı ve babasının 1922’de vefatının ardından ağabeyi Muhammed tarikatın başına geçti. 1929’da Kóosi Mbittéyeen’deki tarlada talebelerine mârifet sırlarının kendisine verildiğini söyleyerek Ticânî şeyhliğini ilân etti.
Ticâniyye’nin İbrâhimiyye kolunun pîri kabul edilen İbrâhim Niyâs, ilk tarikat icâzetini 1922’de Idav Ali kabilesi şeyhi Muhammed Mahmûd b. Muhammed es-Sagīr eş-Şinkītî’den aldı. Mutlak icâzet senedinde, babasının tarikat silsilesinde yer alan ve Ahmed et-Ticânî’ye kadar uzanan on bir kişiyle Ticâniyye’nin üç ana kolunun pîrleri (Muhammed el-Hâfız, Ali et-Tamâsînî, Ömer Tâl) bulunur. Bunun yanı sıra Üveysî yolla Ticâniyye’nin pîri Ahmed et-Ticânî’ye de nisbeti vardır. İbrâhimiyye koluna mensup şeyhlerin icâzetnâmelerinde bu Üveysî silsile zikredilmektedir. İbrâhim Niyâs 1926’da Abdullah b. Hâc’dan, 1927’de Ahmed el-Alâvî’nin oğlu Muhammed el-Kebîr’den, 1930’da Muhammed el-Hâfız’ın torunu Muhammed Saîd’den, 1935’te Şâzeliyye’nin Hâfıziyye kolunun bir şubesine mensup Muhammed el-Emîn’den icâzet aldı. 1930’da ramazan bayramı namazı sonrasında kendisiyle ağabeyi Muhammed Niyâs’ın dervişleri arasında çıkan olayların ardından küçük bir ihvan grubuyla birlikte daha sonraları Medina Baay denilen köye taşındı. Burada inşa ettirdiği zâviyede ilim ve irşad faaliyetinde bulunurken dervişleriyle beraber çiftçilik yaptı. 1945’te Tiba Niassine’deki baba evine yerleşti, yakılan köyü yeniden kurarak tarikat faaliyetlerine burada devam etti.
Senegal’in yanı sıra Nijerya, Gana ve Nijer’e yaptığı seyahatler neticesinde şöhreti bütün Afrika’da kısa zamanda yayıldı. Senegal dışında başta Moritanya olmak üzere birçok Batı ve Kuzey Afrika kabilesi onun şeyhliğini kabul etti. Batı Afrika’da Ticânîliğin yayılmasında en başta gelen Idav Ali kabilesi, Şeyhânî, Muhammed İbnü’n-Nahvî ve Muhammed el-Mişrî gibi kabile liderleri 1930’lu yıllardan itibaren ona destek verdi, kabile üyeleri kendisine mürid oldu. Böylece İbrâhimiyye Senegal, Nijer, Nijerya, Mali, Gana, Çad, Kamerun, Sudan başta olmak üzere bölgedeki ülkelerin en yaygın tarikatı haline geldi. Nijerya-Kano Emîri el-Hâc Abdullah Bayero, 1937’deki hac ziyareti esnasında İbrâhim Niyâs’a intisap ettiğini ve onu desteklediğini bildirdi. Ardından Kuzey Nijerya’daki pek çok meşhur kişi, Ticânî şeyhleri ve dervişleri onun halkasına katıldı. Bunlardan biri Okene prensi, Birleşik Krallık’ın Nijerya yüksek komiserliğini yapmış olan, İbrâhim Niyâs’ın en genç eşi Seyyîde Bilkisu’nun babası Abdülmelik Ata’dır. Mağrib’den Körfez ülkelerine kadar birçok Arap âlimi ona tâbi oldu, Kaolack’taki zâviyesi bir ziyaret merkezi haline geldi. Afrika’nın çeşitli yerlerindeki tarikat müntesipleri hâfızlık ve İslâmî ilimleri tahsil için çocuklarını Kaolack’taki medreseye gönderdi. Bu medresenin yanı sıra Tiba Niassine, Lamarana, Keur Madiabal gibi yerlerde de medreseler açıldı.
İbrâhim Niyâs 1961’de Kahire’yi ziyareti sırasında Ezher Camii’nde cuma namazı kıldırdı ve ardından “şeyhülislâm” unvanıyla anılmaya başlandı. Afrika’daki bağımsızlık hareketleri sırasında Ganalı Kwame Nkrumah, Gineli Ahmed Seku Ture ve Cemal Abdünnâsır gibi liderlerle yakın ilişkiler kurdu, müslümanların haklarının korunmasına dair girişimlerde bulundu. Suud’daki Râbıtatü’l-âlemi’l-İslâmî, Karaçi’deki Mü’temerü’l-âlemi’l-İslâmî, Kahire Ezher Üniversitesi’ne bağlı Mecmau’l-buhûsi’l-İslâmiyye ve Kahire’deki Meclisü’l-a‘lâ li-şüûni’l-İslâmiyye üyesi olan İbrâhim Niyâs 26 Temmuz 1975’te Londra’yı ziyareti esnasında orada vefat etti, naaşı memleketine getirilerek Senegal’in Kaolack şehrinde Medina Baay Camii yanındaki türbesine defnedildi. İbrâhim Niyâs’ın Batı Afrika coğrafyasındaki müntesipleri milyonlarla ifade edilmektedir. Ticâniyye’nin günümüzde en fazla müntesibi bulunan kolu İbrâhimiyye’dir. İbrâhim Niyâs’ın halifeleri arasında pek çok âlim vardır. Kâtibi ve sır emini Barham Diop, ailevî işlerinden sorumlu halifesi ve Medina Baay Camii’nin imamı Sîdî Ali Sîse (Ali Cisse), Ebû Bekir Serembî ile oğulları Abdullah, Ahmed Dem ve Ahmed et-Ticânî bunlar arasında sayılabilir.
İbrâhim Niyâs’ın ölümünün ardından tarikat halifeleri Sîdî Ali Sîse ve büyük oğlu Abdullahi İbrâhim tarafından yönetilmiştir. Onun vefatından sonra diğer oğlu Ahmed Dem, onun da vefatıyla kardeşi Ahmed et-Ticânî posta geçmiş, Medina Baay Camii’nin başimamlık vazifesini ise Sîse ailesi üyeleri üstlenmiştir. Ali Sîse’nin oğlu ve İbrâhim Niyâs’ın anne tarafından torunu Şeyh Hassân Sîse (Hassan Cissé), camideki imamlığın yanı sıra tarikatı Amerika ve İngiltere başta olmak üzere Batı ülkelerine taşımıştır. Hassân Sîse, 2008 Ağustosundaki âni ölümüne kadar tarikatın bütün dünyada genel lideri kabul edilmiştir. Günümüzde Medina Baay Camii’nin imamlığını ve tarikatın liderliğini Hassân Sîse’nin en küçük oğlu Şeyh Ticânî Sîse temsil etmekte ve dünyanın önde gelen dinî liderlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir.
Eserleri. İbrâhim Niyâs’ın başta tasavvuf olmak üzere fıkıh ve edebiyat alanında elliye yakın eseri vardır. Bunların yazma nüshaları babasından intikal eden geniş bir kütüphane ile birlikte Kaolack’taki Mektebetü el-Hâc İbrâhim Niyâs Kütüphanesi’ndedir (katalog bilgileri için bk. Hunwick, s. 278-301). Bazı eserleri şunlardır: Kâşifü’l-ilbâs ʿan feyżati’l-ḫatm Ebi’l-ʿAbbâs (Ahmed et-Ticânî ve Ticânîliğe dair en meşhur eseridir, Kazablanka, ts.; Kahire 1952, 1961, 1996, 2001; Nijerya 1952; Kano 1971; Dakar 1988; bu kitabın yayımlanmasından sonra birçok Ticânî şeyhi kendisine tâbi olmuştur; eser Zachary Wright, Muhtar Holland ve Abdullahi el-Okene ortak çalışması neticesinde The Removal of Confusion Concerning the Flood of the Saintly Seal Aḥmad al-Tijānī: A Translation of Kāshif al-Ilbās ‘an Fayḍa al-Khatm Abī al-‘Abbās adıyla İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiştir [KY: Fons Vitae 2010]); el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn ʿani’t-Ticâniyye ve’t-Ticâniyyîn (Dakar 1988; Kahire 1997); es-Sırrü’l-ekber ve’l-kibrîtü’l-aḥmer (Ticânî doktrini ve tarikatın faziletlerine dairdir, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, ‘Umar Falke Collection of the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 595); Tenbîhü’l-ezkiyâʾ fî kevni’ş-Şeyḫ et-Ticânî ḫâteme’l-evliyâʾ (Kahire 1959); Tebṣıratü’l-enâm fî cevâzi rüʾyeti’l-Bârî fi’l-yaḳaẓa ve’l-menâm (Kano, ts.); Nücûmü’l-hüdâ fî kevni nebiyyinâ efḍale men deʿâ ilallāh ve hedâ (Rabat 1962; Ibadan 1968-69); Tebṣıratü’l-enâm fî enne’l-ʿilm hüve’l-imâm (tarikatın seyrüsülûk esaslarına dairdir, Kano, ts.); İfâdetü’l-mürîd fi’l-cevâb ʿan esʾileti’s-Seyyid Muḥammed el-ʿÎd (Ticânî şeyhi Seyyid Muhammed el-Îd’in Ticânî âdâb ve erkânına dair İbrâhim Niyâs’a sorduğu yirmi altı sorunun cevabını içerir, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, John Naber Paden Collection of the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 310); İfrîḳıyâ li’l-İfrîḳıyyîn (Dakar Başpiskoposu Lefebvre’nin 19 Aralık 1959’da la France catholique ’te İslâm ve Afrika milliyetçiliği aleyhine yazdığı bir makaleye cevap olarak kaleme alınmıştır, Fransızca çevirisi için bk. l’Afrique aux africans , trc. Gane Samb Lo, Lagos: Times Press, 1960); Sebîlü’s-selâm fî ibḳāʾi’l-maḳām (tavaf alanını genişletmek için Makām-ı İbrâhim’in yerinin değiştirilmesi teklifleri karşısında kaleme alınmıştır, Kano 1993); ed-Devâvînü’s-sitte fî medḥi’r-Resûl (Hz. Peygamber’in methine dair 184 kaside ile 3309 beyitten oluşan altı divanı kapsar; bu divanları İbrâhim Niyâs’ın yedinci divanı takip eder, Dakar 1988; Beyrut 1995; Hartum 1995); Efḍalü’d-daʿavât li-bulûġi’l-ḥayât ve neyli’l-meserrât (Kano, ts.; Kahire 1987; Dakar 1988); Erbaʿ ḳaṣâʾid (Hz. Peygamber’in methine dairdir, Kano 1964); Keşfü’l-ġumme fî refiʿi’l-mirâ ʿulemâʾi’l-ümme fî iḫtilâfihim fi’l-ehille (Kano, ts.; Baḥs̱ fî s̱übûti rüʾyeti’l-hilâl adlı risâlesi [Kazablanka 1996] bu eserin muhtasarıdır); Daʿve ilâ vaḥdeti’l-müslimîn fi’s-Sinigâl (Kaolack, Mektebetü el-Hâc İbrâhim Niyâs, 162); el-Feyżu’l-Aḥmedî fi’l-mevlidi’l-Muḥammedî (Kano, ts.); el-Feyżatü’l-câriye fî meʿâni’l-İslâm ve’ṭ-ṭarîḳati’t-Ticâniyye (Zaria, ts.); Ḥadîḳatü’l-envâr fîmâ iḥtevet ʿaleyhi ḳavâʿidü’l-İslâm mine’l-ḥikem ve’l-esrâr (Kano emîrinin sarayında yaptığı konuşmanın metnidir, Kano, ts.); İcâbât fetvâ fî tehâfüti’ṣ-ṣûfiyye (Kano 1964); Câmiʿu Cevâmiʿi’d-devâvîn (İbrâhim Niyâs’ın bütün şiirlerini içeren bir derlemedir, Kahire 1979, 1996); Cevâb ʿan risâleti baʿżi’l-müntemîn ile’l-ʿilm (Risâle ilâ Niyâmî) (Kano 1975); Kenzü’l-ʿârifîn fî medḥi seyyidi’l-evvelîn ve’l-âḫirîn (Beyrut 1995; Hartum 1995); Ḫuṭeb (Kano 1964); Mecmûʿu ḳaṣâʾidi’l-mevlidi’n-nebevî (yedi kasideyi ihtiva eder, Kano 1379/1959-60; Kahire, ts.; Kano, ts.); Mecmûʿu Riḥalâti’ş-Şeyḫ İbrâhîm (İbrâhim Niyâs’ın Hicaz ve Moritanya’ya yaptığı seyahatlerine dairdir, Kahire, ts.); Mecmûʿatü s̱elâs̱ mecâlisseniyye meʾs̱ûre ʿan ḫulefâʾi mürşidi’s-sâlikîn ve mürebbi’l-mürîdîn el-ḳuṭbi’r-rabbânî ve’l-ʿârifi’ṣ-ṣamedânî Sîdî Aḥmed et-Ticânî (1952-1953 yıllarında Kano, Katsina ve Kaolack’ta yaptığı konuşma metinlerini içerir, Kahire 1956); Muḫtârât fî sîreti ve menâḳıbi şeyḫinâ ve seyyidinâ Ebi’l-ʿAbbâs Aḥmed et-Ticânî (en-Nûrü’r-rabbânî fî sîreti Aḥmed et-Ticânî, Ṭayyibü’l-enfâs fî medâʾiḥi’l-ḫatm Ebi’ l-ʿAbbâs adlı üç eserini içerir, Dakar 1994); Vaṣıyye (İbrâhim Niyâs’ın 19 Ocak 1974 tarihinde kaleme aldığı vasiyetnâmesi olup Risâletü’t-tevbe adlı eserinin sonunda basılmıştır [Beyrut 1975]). İbrâhim Niyâs’ın 1950-1960 yıllarında Wolof dilinde yaptığı tefsir dersleri altmış iki kasetlik bir seri halinde yayımlanmıştır (New York, ts.).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 356-358 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.