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Halvetiyye’nin Mısriyye kolunun kurucusu, mutasavvıf şair.
1/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA AŞKAR Bölüme Git
12 Rebîülevvel 1027’de (9 Mart 1618) Malatya’nın Aspozi kasabasında doğdu. Asıl adı Mehmed’dir. Şiirlerinde, ilim tahsili için bir süre Mısır’da kaldı…
2/2 Müellif: EKREM DEMİRLİ Bölüme Git
Tasavvufî Görüşleri. Niyâzî-i Mısrî vahdet-i vücûd görüşünü benimseyen sûfîlerdendir. Vahdet-i vücûdun temel ilkesi olan, “Varlık birdir, o da Hakk’ın…
12 Rebîülevvel 1027’de (9 Mart 1618) Malatya’nın Aspozi kasabasında doğdu. Asıl adı Mehmed’dir. Şiirlerinde, ilim tahsili için bir süre Mısır’da kaldığından “Mısrî” mahlasıyla “Niyâzî” mahlasını kullanmış, bu ikisinin birleşiminden meydana gelen Niyâzî-i Mısrî, Mısrî Niyâzî ve Şeyh Mısrî diye tanınmıştır.
Niyâzî gençlik yıllarındaki tahsili sırasında sûfîlere muhalif olduğunu, meclislerine gitmediğini, ancak zamanla bu görüşünün değiştiğini ve bir Halvetî şeyhine intisap ettiğini, Nakşibendî dervişi olan babası Soğancızâde Ali Çelebi’nin bundan memnun olmayıp kendi şeyhine götürmek istediğini, fakat bu şeyhi kâmil bulmadığı için babasının teklifini reddettiğini söyler (Mawaidu’l-irfân , s. 47). Şeyhinin Malatya’dan ayrılmasının ardından zâhir ilimleri alanındaki öğrenimini sürdürmek üzere Diyarbekir’e giden (1048/1638), bir yıl orada kaldıktan sonra Mardin’e geçen Niyâzî bu iki şehirdeki âlimlerden mantık ve kelâm okudu. 1050’de (1640) Kahire’ye gidip Ezher medreselerinde ilim tahsiline başladı. Bu sırada oturmakta olduğu Şeyhûniyye Külliyesi’ndeki Kādirî Tekkesi’nin şeyhine intisap etti. Adını vermediği bu şeyhin, ilim ve tasavvuf yolunda büyük bir gayretle çalışırken bir gün kendisine zâhir ilmi talebinden tamamen vazgeçmedikçe tarikat ilminin kendisine açılmayacağını söylemesinden etkilenen Niyâzî (a.g.e. , s. 48) ikisi arasında tercih konusunda kararsız kaldı. Abdülkādir-i Geylânî rüyasında zuhur ederek zâhir ilmini öğrenip onunla amel etmesini, tarikat ilmini ise bir mürşide ulaşarak elde edebileceğini, ancak kendisini irşad edecek kişinin bu şehirde olmadığını söylemesi üzerine üç yıldır ikamet etmekte olduğu Kahire’den şeyhinin izniyle ayrıldı (1053/1643). Mısır, Suriye ve Anadolu’nun çeşitli şehirlerini dolaşıp 1056’da (1646) İstanbul’a gitti. Küçükayasofya civarında Sokullu Mehmed Paşa Camii Medresesi’nin bir hücresinde halvete girdi, daha sonra bir süre Kasımpaşa’da Uşşâkī Âsitanesi’nde misafir kaldı. Aynı yıl İstanbul’dan ayrılıp Anadolu şehirlerini dolaşmaya başladı. Uşak’ta Ümmî Sinan’ın halifelerinden Şeyh Mehmed Efendi’nin zâviyesinde iken Elmalı’dan Uşak’a gelen Ümmî Sinan’a intisap etti (1057/1647) ve onunla birlikte dergâhının bulunduğu Elmalı’ya gitti. Dokuz yıl burada şeyhine hizmet edip seyrüsülûkünü tamamlayan Niyâzî 1066’da (1656) halife tayin edilmesinin ardından Uşak, Çal ve Kütahya’da irşad faaliyetinde bulundu. İstanbul’da başlayıp yayılan Kadızâdeliler hareketinin etkisiyle aleyhinde bazı dedikodular çıkınca 1072 (1661) yılı başlarında bölgeden ayrılarak birkaç müridiyle birlikte Bursa’ya yerleşti. Bu yıllarda Hacı Mustafa adlı müridinin kız kardeşiyle evlendi. Fâtıma ve Çelebi Ali adlı iki çocuğu dünyaya geldi. Kadızâdeliler zihniyetini sürdüren vâiz Vanî Mehmed Efendi’nin IV. Mehmed’le yakınlık kurarak ülkede semâ, zikir ve devranı yasaklattığı 1077 (1666) yılından sonra da faaliyetlerini sürdüren Niyâzî-i Mısrî, vaazlarında bu yasağa sebep olan Vanî Mehmed Efendi ile onun temsil ettiği zihniyeti sürekli eleştirdi. Mensuplarının giderek artıp zikir yaptıkları caminin yetersiz kalması üzerine Abdal Çelebi adlı bir hayır sever tarafından Ulucami civarında bir dergâh inşa edildi (1080/1669).
Niyâzî’nin Bursa’da iken Sadrazam Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın davetine uyarak IV. Mehmed’in ikamet ettiği Edirne’ye gittiği, itibar ve hürmet gördüğü, dönüşte İstanbul’a uğradığı, hangi tarihte gerçekleştiği belirtilmeyen bu ziyaretin ardından 1083’te (1672-73) bir defa daha Edirne’ye davet edildiği kaydedilmektedir (Belîğ, s. 190; Şeyhî, II, 93). Kendisi de aynı yıl Edirne’ye davet edildiğini, devlet adamlarıyla görüştüğünü, sağlam delillerle görüşlerini savunup kabul ettirdiğini söyler, ancak orada ne kadar kaldığından ve daha önceki ziyaretinden bahsetmez. Onun Edirne’ye muhtemelen ilk defa bu tarihte gittiği söylenebilir. Niyâzî, bu ziyareti sırasında Eskicami’de vaaz ettiği sırada söylediklerinden dolayı, daha sonra kendisine intisap edip halifesi olan Sadr-ı Âlî çavuşlarından Azbî Baba nezâretinde Rodos’a sürgün edildi ve adanın kalesinde bir hücreye kapatıldı. Dokuz ay sonra Bursa’ya dönmesine izin verildi. Niyâzî hapse giriş tarihini 13 Cemâziyelâhir 1085 (14 Eylül 1674) olarak kaydeder. Kaynaklarda vaaz sırasında cifre dayalı bazı bilgilerden bahsetmesi yüzünden sürgüne gönderildiği söyleniyorsa da sürgünün asıl sebebi devlet adamlarına yönelttiği eleştiriler olmalıdır. Niyâzî, yaklaşık bir buçuk yıl kadar süren bir dönemin ardından Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa’ya göre (Zübde-i Vekayiât , s. 82) cezbe galebesiyle şeriatın zâhirine aykırı bazı sözleri sebebiyle Bursa kadısı Ak Mehmed Efendi’nin şikâyeti üzerine bu defa Limni adasına sürgün edildi (Safer 1088 / Nisan 1677). On beş yıla yakın sürgün hayatı yaşadıktan sonra II. Ahmed’in fermanıyla istediği yere gitmesine izin verilince tekrar Bursa’ya döndü (1103/1692). Ertesi yıl ordunun Avusturya seferine çıkacağı sırada 200 müridiyle birlikte sefere katılmak için hazırlıklara başladığı öğrenilince kendisine Bursa’dan ayrılmayıp hayır dua ile meşgul olması için bir hatt-ı hümâyun gönderildi. Ancak o, padişaha bir mektup yazarak bu isteğini kabul edemeyeceğini bildirdi.
Niyâzî’nin Tekfurdağı (Tekirdağ) yakınlarına kadar geldiğini öğrenen II. Ahmed, Silâhşor Beşir Ağa ile birlikte kendisine hediye olarak bir araba ve dervişlere dağıtılmak üzere önemli miktarda para gönderip kendisini Tekfurdağı’nda karşılamasını istedi. Fakat o bunları şiddetle reddetti. Edirne’ye ulaşmasının engellenmesi için gönderilen Mîrâhur Dilâver Ağa da Niyâzî’yi ikna edemedi. Bu arada Sadrazam Bozoklu Mustafa Paşa, Niyâzî’nin Edirne’ye gelmesi halinde sözlerinin halk ve ordu üzerinde etkili olacağını ve büyük bir fitne kopacağını ileri sürerek padişahı etkiledi. Niyâzî’nin müridleriyle birlikte öğle namazından önce Selimiye Camii’ne geldiğini duyan halk camiyi doldurdu (26 Şevval 1104 / 30 Haziran 1693). Sadrazam, şeyh sürgün edilmezse büyük bir kargaşa çıkacağını söyleyerek padişahı tekrar uyardı. Bunun üzerine Kaymakam Vezir Osman Paşa ile yeniçeri ağası Abdullah Ağa, padişah tarafından davet edildiğini belirterek Niyâzî’yi camiden dışarı çıkarıp Limni’ye sürgün edildiğini kendisine tebliğ ettiler. Otuz kadar müridiyle birlikte tekrar Limni’ye gönderilen Niyâzî-i Mısrî ertesi yıl burada vefat etti (20 Receb 1105 / 16 Mart 1694). Kabri üzerine yaptırılan türbesi Sultan Abdülmecid zamanında onarılmıştır.
Niyâzî-i Mısrî, Halvetiyye’nin dört ana kolundan Ahmediyye’nin Mısriyye şubesinin pîri olarak kabul edilir. Tarikatın Bursa Ulucamii’nin güney kısmında Niyâzî’nin sağlığında inşa edilen âsitanesi XX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar faaliyetini sürdürmüş, daha sonra bakımsızlıktan yıkılıp yerine bugünkü postahane binası yaptırılmıştır. Niyâzî-i Mısrî Limni’de sürgünde iken tekkede halifelerinden Şenikzâde Mehmed Efendi vekâleten postnişin olmuş, onun ölümünün ardından bir süre Gazzî Ahmed Efendi ve ardından oğlu Çelebi Ali Efendi postnişinlik yapmıştır. Son postnişin Mehmed Şemseddin Efendi’dir (Ulusoy, ö. 1936). Tarikatın Bursa dışında Selânik, İzmir ve Kahire’de dergâhları olduğu bilinmektedir.
Eserleri. Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin büyük bir kısmı birkaç yapraklık risâlelerden oluşan otuzu aşkın eseri bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan başlıcaları şunlardır:
A) Arapça Eserleri. 1. Mevâʾidü’l-ʿirfân . “Mâide” adlı yetmiş bir bölümden oluşan eserin altmış sekizinci bölümü Türkçe’dir. Bazı âyet ve hadislerin yorumuyla Ehl-i beyt’in faziletinden, Hz. Hasan ile Hüseyin’in nübüvvetinden bahseden Mevâʾidü’l-ʿirfân Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin en önemli eseri olup Süleyman Ateş tarafından Mawaidu’l-irfân: İrfan Sofraları adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (Ankara 1971).
2. ed-Devretü’l-ʿarşiyye fî aḥkâmi’l-ferşiyye (Devre-i ʿArşiyye ). Üç bölüm ve bir hâtimeden meydana gelen eser burçlar, kıyamet ve kıyamet alâmetleri, haşir gibi konuları ihtiva eder. Mehmed Nûrullah eseri 1323 (1905) yılında Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir.
3. Tesbîʿ-i Ḳaṣîde-i Bürde . Eserin müellif nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Reşid Efendi, nr. 1218).
4. Tefsîru Fâtiḥati’l-Kitâb . Fâtiha sûresinin bu işârî tefsiri, sûrenin faziletiyle ilgili hadislerden başka cifr hesaplarından oluşan küçük bir risâledir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Pertev Paşa, nr. 244/2; Uşşâkī Tekkesi, nr. 36/6).
5. Mecâlis . Nisâ, Mâide, En‘âm ve Kadr sûrelerinin işârî tefsiridir. Bazı cifr hesapları ve öğütleri de içeren esere Nisâ sûresinin tefsiri sonradan eklenmiştir. Müellif hattı tek nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 1718).
B) Türkçe Eserleri. 1. Divan . Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin şiirleri bütün tarikat çevrelerinde beğenilmiş, divanı âdeta dervişlerin bir el kitabı haline gelmiştir. Yurt içinde ve yurt dışında birçok nüshası bulunan divanın eski ve yeni harflerle çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır (Kenan Erdoğan, s. CLXXXI-CXCVI). Eserin, Muhammed Nûrü’l-Arabî’nin sohbetlerinde derlenen metinlerin sadeleştirilmesinden oluşan iki şerhi vardır (Mısrî Niyâzî Dîvânı ve Şerhi , nşr. Hasan Özlem, Ankara 1974; Edebî ve Tasavvufî Mısrî Niyâzî Dîvânı Şerhi , nşr. M. Sadettin Bilginer, İstanbul 1976). Divanın karşılaştırmalı metni Kenan Erdoğan tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Ankara 1998). Buna göre eserde 158’i gazel 199 şiir bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca bir mesnevi, yedi murabba, dört muhammes, bir müseddes, iki tarih, biri Arapça üç tahmîs, çeşitli na‘t ve mersiyeler vardır.
2. Tuhfetü’l-uşşâk . Allah, varlık, insan, kâinat, ibadet gibi konuları içeren eser Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin düşünce dünyasını tanıma açısından önemli bir kaynaktır. Eserin kütüphane kayıtlarına dayanılarak (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 2980) Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin aynı adlı kitabının genişletilmiş tercümesi olduğunun söylenmesi (Öztekin, III, 273) yanlıştır. Bazı nüshaları Risâle-i Vahdet-i vücûd adıyla kayıtlıdır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 3299/3; Hâşim Paşa, nr. 27/2).
3. Mecmua . Mısrî’nin bizzat kendi el yazısıyla kaleme aldığı iki mecmua bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan “Mecmûa-i Kelimât-ı Kudsiyye” diye adlandırıldığı anlaşılan ilki (Bursa Eski Yazma ve Basma Eserler Ktp., Orhan Gazi, nr. 690) hâtırat mahiyetinde olup burada daha çok Limni’de geçirdiği sıkıntılı günler anlatılmıştır. Bu mecmua Niyazî-i Mısrî’nin Hatıraları adıyla yayımlanmıştır (nşr. Halil Çeçen, İstanbul 2006). Bir derleme ve antoloji niteliğindeki diğer mecmua (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1218) Niyâzî’nin ne tür eserleri okuduğunu, kimlerden etkilendiğini göstermesi bakımından önemlidir.
4. Risâle-i Es’ile ve Ecvibe-i Mutasavvıfâne (Risâle fi’t-tasavvuf) . Bazı tasavvuf terimlerinin açıklandığı eserin elliden fazla yazması tesbit edilmiştir. Matbu nüshaları ve sadeleştirilmiş neşirleri de bulunan eserin müellifin en çok okunan kitaplarından biri olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Kenan Erdoğan, s. CLII-CLIII).
5. Risâle-i Devriyye . Tasavvuftaki devir nazariyesiyle ilgili mensur bir eser olup Abdurrahman Güzel tarafından özensiz bir şekilde yayımlanmıştır (Türk Kültürü Araştırmaları , XVII-XXI/1-2 [Ankara 1983], s. 121- 137).
6. Ta‘bîrâtü’l-vâkıât . Tasavvufta rüyaların sâlikin geçeceği yedi nefis merhalesine göre değerlendirildiği ve her birinin bir daire olarak ele alındığı bu küçük risâleyi Mustafa Tatcı neşretmiştir (Türk Folkloru Araştırmaları [Ankara 1989], s. 85-95).
7. Şerh-i Esmâü’l-hüsnâ (Esmâ-i Halvetiyye) . Halvetîler’in seyrüsülûk esnasında zikrettikleri Allah, alî, hû, alîm, kahhâr, hay, azîm, hak, vâhid, kayyûm, samed, ahad isimlerinden oluşan on iki esmâ-i ilâhiyyenin tasavvufî şerhidir. Mustafa Tatcı (TY , 12/8 [1988], s. 28-33) ve Baha Doğramacı (Niyazi-yi Mısrî: Hayatı ve Eserleri , Ankara 1988, s. 68-75) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
8. Şerh-i Nutk-ı Yûnus Emre . Şathiye türünün en güzel örneklerinden biri olup Yûnus Emre’ye atfedilen “Çıktım erik dalına …” diye başlayan şiirinin şerhidir. Birçok yazması bulunan bu şerhin eski ve yeni harflerle çeşitli yayımları bulunmaktadır (meselâ bk. Yûnus Emre Şerhleri [haz. Emine Sevim – Necla Pekolcay], Ankara 1991, s. 137-152). Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin Yûnus Emre’ye ait olması muhtemel bir başka şiir şerhinin daha bulunduğu ileri sürülmüştür (Mustafa Tatcı, “Yûnus’un Yeni Bir Şiiri mi?”, Erguvan , sy. 1 [Ankara 1985], s. 7-8).
Bunların dışında çoğu birkaç sayfadan ibaret olan Haseneyn , İâde , Nokta , Eşrâtü’s-sâat , Hızrıyye , Nefîse adlı risâleleri ve II. Ahmed, Köprülüzâde Mustafa Paşa, kardeşi Ahmed Efendi, Celvetî Selâmî Ali Efendi, Karabaş Ali Efendi’ye gönderdiği mektupları vardır. Şiirlerinden bazıları Hâfız Post, Ali Şîruganî, Mustafa Anber Ağa, Mehmed Zaîfî Efendi tarafından bestelenmiş ve tekkelerde yaygın biçimde okunagelmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Niyâzî-i Mısrî, Mawaidu’l-irfân: İrfan Sofraları (trc. Süleyman Ateş), Ankara 1971, s. 47, 48, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Niyazî-i Mısrî’nin Hatıraları (haz. Halil Çeçen), İstanbul 2006.
İbrâhim Râkım, Vâkıât-ı Mısrî , Süleymaniye Ktp., İzmir, nr. 790.
Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa, Vekāyi‘nâme , TTK Ktp., Yazma Eserler, nr. 44, vr. 100a -133a .
Mehmed Nazmi, Hediyyetü’l-ihvân , Süleymaniye Ktp., Râşid Efendi, nr. 495, vr. 145a -146a .
Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, Zübde-i Vekayiât (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), Ankara 1995, s. 82, 450, 475.
Safâyî, Tezkire , Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, nr. 771, vr. 410a .
Belîğ, Güldeste , s. 188-192.
Şeyhî, Vekāyiu’l-fuzalâ , II, 92-93.
Râşid, Târih , I, 139-140, 339.
Eşrefzâde Ahmed Ziyâeddin, Gülzâr-ı Sulehâ ve Vefeyât-ı Urefâ , Bursa Eski Yazma ve Basma Eserler Ktp., Orhan Gazi, nr. 1018/2, vr. 104a -106b .
Harîrîzâde, Tibyân , III, vr. 129a -130b .
Tomar-Halvetiyye , s. 111-113.
Mustafa Lutfî, Tuhfetü’l-asrî fî menâkıbi’l-Mısrî , Bursa 1309.
Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne-i Evliyâ (haz. Mehmet Akkuş – Ali Yılmaz), İstanbul 2006, V, 73-104.
Kepecioğlu, Bursa Kütüğü , III, 451.
B. G. Martin, “A Short History of the Khalwati Dervishes”, Scholars, Saints and Sufis (ed. N. R. Keddie), Berkeley 1978, s. 275-289.
Baha Doğramacı, Niyazi-yi Mısrî: Hayatı ve Eserleri , Ankara 1988.
Mustafa Kara, Niyazi-i Mısrî , Ankara 1994.
Mustafa Tatcı, Edebiyattan İçeri: Dinî – Tasavvufî Türk Edebiyatı Üzerine Yazılar , Ankara 1997, s. 234-271.
Kenan Erdoğan, Niyâzî-i Mısrî: Hayatı, Edebî Kişiliği, Eserleri ve Divanı , Ankara 1998.
Mustafa Aşkar, Niyazî-i Mısrî ve Tasavvuf Anlayışı , Ankara 1998.
Derin Terzioğlu, Sufi and the Dissident in the Ottoman Empire: Niyazī-i Mısrī 1618-1694 (doktora tezi, 1999), Harvard University.
Nezahat Öztekin, “Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin Tuhfetü’l-uşşâk’ında Panteizmin İzleri”, Bursa’da Dünden Bugüne Tasavvuf Kültürü , Bursa 2004, III, 273-289.
Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, “Niyâzî-i Mısrî”, ŞM , VII (1972), s. 183-226.
a.mlf., “Niyâzî”, İA , IX, 305-307.
Abdülkadir Karahan, “Kendi Elyazısı Hâtıratına Göre Niyâzi-i Mısrî’nin Bazı Mistik Görüşleri”, TM , XIX (1977-79), s. 93-98.
Mustafa Erdoğan, “Niyâzî-i Mısrî Şerhleri”, Dergâh , sy. 71, İstanbul 1996, s. 15-17.
Feridun M. Emecen, “Osmanlı Hanedanına Alternatif Arayışlar Üzerine Bazı Örnekler ve Mülahazalar”, İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 6, İstanbul 2001, s. 70-71.
F. Babinger, “Niyāzī”, EI2 (İng.) , VIII, 65.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 166-169 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Tasavvufî Görüşleri. Niyâzî-i Mısrî vahdet-i vücûd görüşünü benimseyen sûfîlerdendir. Vahdet-i vücûdun temel ilkesi olan, “Varlık birdir, o da Hakk’ın varlığıdır” ve “Yaratıklara var demek mecazidir” düşüncesi onun tarafından benimsenmiştir. Niyâzî bu bağlamda eserlerinde varlık mertebeleri, vahdet-kesret ilişkileri, kesretin vahdetten çıkması, kesrette vahdet, vahdette kesret, kenz-i mahfî gibi kavramlara; deniz-dalga ilişkisi gibi vahdet-i vücûdun Allah-âlem ilişkisini anlatmak için kullandığı benzetmelere ya da bütün fiillerin gerçek fâilinin Allah olduğu ana fikrine sık sık temas eder. Vahdet-i vücûdun en önemli konularından biri olan insan, insanın varlıktaki yeri ve özellikleriyle aşk, seyrüsülûkün sonunu temsil eden hayret, tenzih-teşbih, celâl-cemâl gibi karşıt kavramlarla Allah’ın bilinmesi, hakikatin enfüsîliği, Hakk’ın her an zuhur etmesi ve nefsin bilinmesinin Allah’ı bilmekle ilgisi Mısrî’nin asıl temalarını oluşturur.
Niyâzî-i Mısrî’ye göre insan âlemin ruhudur; insan, âlem ve Kur’an birbirinin aynasıdır. İnsan kemale erdikçe mükemmel bir ayna haline gelir ve âlemdeki her şey o aynaya yansır. İnsan bir ayna olarak âlemdeki her şeyin bilinme ilkesi ve aracı haline gelir. Mısrî bunu, “Büyük âlemde bulunan her şey küçük âlemde de bulunur, çünkü âlem büyük olsa da insanın hakikatine benzer yaratılmıştır” şeklinde dile getirir. İnsan âlemdeki her şeyi kendinden öğrenir. Bunun en ileri aşaması insanın Hakk’ın bilinmesini sağlayan bir araç olmasıdır. Niyâzî’nin, “Hak yüzü insan yüzünden görünür, zât-ı rahmân şeklin insân eylemiş” mısraı vahdet-i vücûdu benimseyen sûfîlerin, “Rahmân insanı kendi sûretinde yarattı” meâlindeki bir hadise yükledikleri anlamın özeti sayılabilir.
Mısrî, şeriat-tarikat-hakikat ilişkisini ilk tasavvuf eserlerinde de görülen bir yaklaşımla izah eder. Verdiği örneklerdeki ana fikir tedrîcî bir süreçte insanın şeriattan tarikata, oradan da hakikate ermesinin zorunluluğudur. Bir ifadesinde şeriat, tarikat, hakikat arasındaki ilişkiyi ve süreci denizin adını duyan, uzaktan gören, yakından gören ve denize giren dört insan örneğiyle açıklar. Tasavvufu bâtınî ilimle özdeşleştirir, bazan Hızır-Mûsâ ilişkisine atıfla “ledün ilmi” ifadesini kullanır. Ona göre iki tür ilim vardır; birincisi zâhir ilmi, ikincisi bâtın ilmidir. Zâhir ilmi cehaleti ortadan kaldırsa bile kibir, kin ve haset gibi duyguları ortadan kaldıramaz, aksine bunların ortaya çıkmasına sebep olabilir. Bâtın ilmi ise bu duyguları yok eder. Böylece tasavvufla bir sayılabilecek bâtın ilmi asıl amacı şeriatın ilke ve öğretileriyle ahlâkı olgunlaştırmak olan bir ilme dönüşür. “Bu tabîat zulmetinden bulmak istersen halâs / Gel riyâzetle erit bu cism ü cânı çün rasâs” diyen Mısrî zâhirî fıkıh karşısında tasavvufun en yaygın tanımı olan bâtınî fıkıh anlayışını kabul etmektedir. Niyâzî-i Mısrî’ye göre bu iki ilim birbirini tamamlayan iki şeydir ve özellikle bâtın ilmi sahipleri kesinlikle şeriat ilmini inkâr etmemiştir (Kara, s. 27). Bu konuda yaptığı atıflar veya “Şerîatsız hakîkat oldu ilhâd” ve “Şerîatın sözleri hakîkatsiz bilinmez / Hakîkatin sırları tarîkatsız bulunmaz” gibi mısralar onun şeriata bağlılığını gösterir. Şeriat-hakikat ilişkisini sûfîlerin “fark” ve “cem‘” terimleriyle açıklarken de benzer görüşleri tekrarlar. İnsan, cem‘ halinde Hak ile bir olduğunu düşünürken beşerî varlığı ile O’ndan ayrı olduğunu hatırlamalıdır. İbnü’l-Arabî’den itibaren ilâhî isimler konusu tasavvufun ana konusu haline gelmiş, Tanrı hakkındaki bilginin ilkelerinin ilâhî isimler olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Mısrî’nin de bu fikirde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Böylece onun tasavvuf anlayışının, ilk dönemde yazılan tasavvufî eserlerdeki şeriat-hakikat ilişkisi görüşleriyle İbnü’l-Arabî sonrası tasavvufunun yöneldiği metafizik tasavvuru içerdiği söylenebilir. Mısrî’nin eserlerinde sıkça geçen bir konu da ihlâstır. İhlâs, ilk dönemlerden itibaren tasavvufun en önemli konusu olmakla birlikte özellikle Melâmîler çabalarını bütünüyle ihlâsa ayırmışlardı ve ihlâsı aramak Melâmîliğin ayırıcı özelliği haline gelmişti. Şiirlerinde ihlâs bağlamında sûfîlere, din âlimlerine ve zâhidlere yönelik eleştirel tavır onun bu Melâmî tavrı sürdürdüğünü göstermektedir.
Mısrî’ye göre mürşid bulmak seyrüsülûk yapacak bir mürid için zorunludur. Bu görüşünü büyük cihad-küçük cihad karşıtlığı ile açıklar: Küçük cihad düşmanla savaşmak, büyük cihad nefisle mücadele etmektir. Küçük cihadda bir kumandanın bulunması başarı için zorunlu olduğu gibi büyük cihadda da bir mürşid zorunludur. Mürid şeyhine tam bir teslimiyetle bağlanmalı ve onu incitmemelidir. Mısrî müridlere şeyh karşısında, deniz karşısındaki nehir gibi olmayı tavsiye eder. Bunun zıddı ise deniz içindeki taşlar gibi olmaktır.
Eserlerinde Ehl-i beyt’e muhabbet konusunu özellikle vurgulayan Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin Hz. Hasan ve Hüseyin’in nebî olduğu hakkındaki görüşleri en çok eleştirildiği konulardan biri olmuştur. Benzer bir suçlama da bazı şiirlerinde mehdî ve Îsâ’ya dair ifadelerinden hareketle mehdîlik iddiasında bulunmasıyla ilgilidir. Nebîlik görüşünde onun, İbnü’l-Arabî’nin teşrîî nübüvvetle (bağlayıcı bir şeriat getiren peygamberlik) genel nübüvvet (velâyet) ayırımını dikkate aldığı anlaşılmaktadır (Suâd el-Hakîm, s. 121, 503-504). Teşrîî nübüvvetin Resûl-i Ekrem’le sona erdiği bütün müslümanların kabul ettiği bir husustur. Nitekim Niyâzî-i Mısrî de kendi inancını dile getirirken buna açıkça işaret eder. Ancak bağlayıcı bir şeriat getirmeden “hükümlerin gerçek anlamına ilâhî bildirimle varmak” mânasındaki genel nübüvvet, yani velâyet sona ermemiştir. Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin Hz. Hasan ile Hüseyin’i bu anlamda bir nebî saymış olabileceği genel görüşlerinden çıkan zorunlu bir netice sayılmalıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mustafa Kara, Niyazi-i Mısrî , Ankara 1994.
Abdullah Çaylıoğlu, Niyâzî-i Mısrî Şerhleri , İstanbul 1999.
Hasan Kavruk, Malatyalı Niyazî-i Mısrî: Hayatı, Sanatı, Eserleri ve Türkçe Şiirleri , Malatya 2004.
Suâd el-Hakîm, İbnü’l-Arabî Sözlüğü (trc. Ekrem Demirli), İstanbul 2005, s. 121, 501-505.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 169 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.