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NİYET Skip to content Kesinlik kazanmış ve bir fiilin işlenmesine yönelmiş irade anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “yönelmek, ciddiyet ve kararlılık göstermek” gibi anlamlara gelen niyyet (niyet) kelimesinin sözlük anlamı esas alınarak yapılan değişik tanımları arasında “kalbin hemen veya sonucu itibariyle maksada uygun bulduğu, yani bir yararı sağlayacağına yahut bir zararı savacağına hükmettiği fiile yönelmesi” şeklindeki tarif daha çok yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Genellikle Beyzâvî’ye nisbet edilmekle birlikte Gazzâlî’nin eserinde yer alması (İḥyâʾ, IV, 365) bu tanımın daha öncesine ait olduğunu göstermektedir (İbn Fûrek tarafından verilen farklı bir tanım için bk. Kitâbü’l-Ḥudûd, s. 116). Dinî bir terim olarak niyet için yapılan tanımlar arasında genellikle benimseneni yine Beyzâvî’ye izâfe edilen, “Allah’ın rızâsını kazanma arzusuyla ve O’nun hükmüne tâbi olmak üzere fiile yönelen irade” şeklindeki tariftir. Bunu “işlenmesinin hemen öncesinde bir şeyi yapma iradesi” tarzında tanımlayanlar da vardır. Naslarda niyet kelimesinin bağlama göre geniş ve dar anlamlarda kullanımlarının bulunduğu açık olmakla birlikte dinin buna sözlük mânası dışında şer‘î bir içerik yükleyip yüklemediği hususu tartışmalıdır (Ömer Süleyman el-Eşkar, s. 32-35).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de niyet kelimesi ve -“çekirdek” anlamındaki nevâ (el-En‘âm 6/95) dışında- aynı kökten gelen kelimeler yer almaz. Hadislerde ise niyet ve türevlerine sıkça rastlanmaktadır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem, “nvy” md.). İslâm âlimleri niyetle amel arasında ruh-beden misali bir ilişki bulunduğunu, niyetin kulluğun sırrı, amelin özü, ruhu ve direği olduğunu belirterek amellerin Allah katında değerli veya değersiz sayılması hususunda olduğu gibi dünyevî sonuçlarını belirlerken yapılacak değerlendirmeler bakımından da niyetin büyük önem taşıdığını vurgulamıştır (meselâ bk. İbn Hazm, II, 706-707; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, İʿlâmü’l-muvaḳḳıʿîn, III, 111, 164). Konunun özel olarak ele alındığı eserlerde niyetin ehemmiyeti ve amellerin değerlendirilmesinde temel ölçü sayıldığı hakkında birçok âyet (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/265, 272; Âl-i İmrân 3/152; en-Nisâ 4/114; el-En‘âm 6/52; Hûd 11/15-16; el-İsrâ 17/18-19; el-Kehf 18/28; el-Hac 22/37; er-Rûm 30/38-39; eş-Şûrâ 42/20; el-Leyl 92/20; el-Beyyine 98/5), hadis (meselâ bk. Müsned, I, 297; V, 183; Dârimî, “Muḳaddime”, 27, “Riḳāḳ”, 70, “Cihâd”, 23; Buhârî, “Riḳāḳ”, 31; İbn Mâce, “Cihâd”, 13, “Zühd”, 9) ve sahâbî sözü (Gazzâlî, IV, 362-368; Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, el-Ümniyye, s. 19; İbn Receb, I, 66-71) zikredilir. Fakat bu hususta üzerinde en fazla durulan özel delil Resûl-i Ekrem’in, “Ameller ancak niyetlere göredir” anlamındaki sözüdür (Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-vaḥy”, 1; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭalâḳ”, 11; hadisin rivayeti, vürûd sebebi, lafızlarının analizi ve kapsadığı konular hakkında geniş bilgi ve değerlendirme için bk. İbn Receb, I, 61-65; Bedreddin el-Aynî, I, 16-35; Süyûtî, Müntehe’l-âmâl, s. 15-88). Niyetin önemiyle ilgili açıklamaları pekiştirmek için sıkça zikredilen, “Müminin niyeti amelinden hayırlıdır” mânasındaki hadisin (Taberânî, VI, 185-186; hadisin rivayetiyle ilgili değerlendirme için bk. Aclûnî, II, 430) nasıl anlaşılması gerektiği hakkında değişik görüşler ortaya konmuş olmakla birlikte bunun kalp temizliğinin yeterli sayıldığı, dolayısıyla niyet sağlam oldukça bedenî anlamda ibadete gerek kalmayacağı şeklinde yorumlanamayacağına dikkat çekilmiştir. Gazzâlî, bu hadis için yapılan ve kendisinin de katıldığı bazı açıklamaları aktardıktan sonra asıl kastedilen anlamın şu olduğunu belirtir: Niyet de amel de Allah’ın kuldan istedikleri (taat) arasındadır ve her ikisinin hedeflenen amaca katkısı ve etkisi vardır; fakat niyetin etkisi amelinkinden fazladır. Bir başka anlatımla niyet de amel de müminin Allah’a kulluğunun icaplarındandır ve bunların ikisi de kulun seçimini gerektiren işlerdir; ancak niyet amele göre daha önemlidir (İḥyâʾ, IV, 366-367; hadisin başka bir yorumu ve fiile dönüşmemiş kötü niyetin hükmü hakkında bk. Şemseddin el-Kirmânî, I, 21-22). Bu arada bazı âlimler, niyetin önemine dikkat çekmek için müminin cennette ve kâfirin cehennemde kalma süresinin niçin amellerine yani dünya hayatında yaşadığı süreye denk olmayıp orada ebedî olarak kalma ile ödüllendirildiği veya cezalandırıldığı sorusunu gündeme getirirler ve bu durumu itaat ve inkâr yönündeki niyet ve kararlılığın devamlı olmasıyla açıklarlar (a.g.e., I, 21).
“Ameller ancak niyetlere göredir” (inneme’l-a‘mâlü bi’n-niyyât) hadisinde geçen “bi’n-niyyât” ibaresi değişik mânalar takdir edilerek açıklanır. Burada niyete ihtiyaç duyulan şer‘î amellerin kastedildiğini düşünen âlimler hadise, “Ameller niyetlere göre sahih, muteber ve makbul olur” anlamını verirken diğerleri hadisin bütün amelleri kapsadığını ve hepsinde niyetin etkili olduğunu söyler (İbn Receb, I, 61-65). Hadiste niçin başka kelime kullanılmayıp “niyetler” dendiği sorusunu cevaplandırırken niyetle irade arasında içlem-kapsam ilişkisi bulunduğunu, iradenin niyeti de kapsamına alan daha geniş bir kavram (cins) olduğunu belirten Karâfî, niyeti “fiilin kendisine yön veren değil onu ihtimalli olduğu yönlerden birine yönelten irade” şeklinde tanımlar. Aynı müellif iradenin türlerini (nevi) oluşturan on kavramı (azim, hem, niyet, şehvet, kast, ihtiyar, kazâ, kader, inâyet, meşîet) inceleyip aralarında ne tür bir ilişki olduğunu açıkladıktan sonra niyetin diğerlerinden farklılık taşıdığını, ancak neredeyse eş anlamlı olduklarını söylemeye imkân verecek derecede yakın oldukları için irade, azim, kast ve inâyetin de “niyet” anlamında kullanıldığını söyler (el-Ümniyye, s. 7-13; “niyet” ve “irade” arasında bir mukayese için bk. İbn Receb, I, 66). Gerek Karâfî’nin gerekse başka birçok müellifin bu kavramlarla ilgili tahlillerinde hangilerinin Allah hakkında kullanılmasının câiz sayıldığı hususunu dikkate almalarının da etkili olduğu görülür. Öte yandan Ehl-i sünnet’in, mahiyeti bakımından niyeti irade ve azim cinsi içinde mütalaa etmesine karşılık bazı Şiîler ilim ve itikad cinsinden saymışlardır (Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, eẕ-Ẕaḫîre, I, 240; Ömer Süleyman el-Eşkar, s. 38).
Gazzâlî niyet, irade ve kasıt kelimelerinin aynı anlamda kullanıldığını, niyetin kalbin bir hali ve sıfatı olduğunu belirttikten sonra bir hususta bilgi sahibi olmanın ihtiyarî bir amelin, yani bir hareket veya hareketsizliğin temeli ve ön şartı, amelin ise onun semeresi olduğunu, dolayısıyla böyle bir sonucun ancak ilim, irade ve kudretin varlığı halinde meydana gelebileceğini söyler. Bu süreçte niyetin (irade) ilimden kudrete geçişi sağlayan bir işleve sahip bulunduğunu ifade eden Gazzâlî, özellikle “bâis” (dürtü, sâik) kavramından yararlanarak iradenin amele yöneliş biçimleri hakkında psikolojik tahliller yapar (İḥyâʾ, IV, 365-366). Onun bu konudaki yaklaşımlarını “niyette dürüstlük” kavramını merkeze alarak incelemeye tâbi tutan Abdülhalîm Ahmedî, niyetin amele bitişik olan “kasıt” anlamıyla “bâis” (amele yönlendiren itici güç ve gaye) anlamının birbirine karıştırılmaması gerektiğini söyler (Mecelletü’ş-şerîʿa, VI/13 [1409/1989], s. 77-154).
Niyetin mahalli konusu ele alınırken genellikle niyetin kalple ilgili olduğu belirtilmekle birlikte kalbin akılla olan ilişkisi, aklın vücudun neresinde bulunduğu, ruh ve nefsin mahiyeti gibi hususlar geniş biçimde tartışılır (meselâ bk. Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, el-Ümniyye, s. 17-18; eẕ-Ẕaḫîre, I, 240-241). Gazzâlî de niyetin önemi ve birden fazla iyi niyet sayesinde aynı amelle daha fazla ecir alınabileceği hakkında söylenenleri cahil kimsenin yanlış anlayıp yaptığı her işte sadece, “Niyet ettim Allah rızası için şu işi yapmaya” demesinin niyet olduğunu zannedebileceğine, halbuki niyetin “kalbin hemen veya gelecekte fayda sağlayacağına inandığı tarafa yönelişi” anlamına geldiğine, dolayısıyla sırf sözlü açıklamayla bu yönelişin meydana getirilemeyeceğine dikkat çeker; bununla birlikte kalpte meylin oluşmasında sebeplere sarılmanın önemli olduğunu belirtir (İḥyâʾ, IV, 373-376). Sebeplere tevessülle ilgili bu uyarı bir yönüyle de kişinin niyetine hâkim olma gücünün bulunup bulunmadığı, bu güce sahip değilse yükümlülükteki kudret şartının göz ardı mı edildiği sorularına cevap oluşturmakta, gerek felsefede gerekse kelâmda geniş tartışmalara konu olan irade hürriyeti problemine bu bağlamda nasıl bakılması gerektiği hakkında pratik bir öneri getirmektedir (Şâtıbî’nin konuya ilişkin açıklamaları için bk. el-Muvâfaḳāt, II, 107-119).
Ameller fiil, kavil, hareket, sükûn, celp, def‘, fikir, zikir gibi pek çok kısma ayrılabilirse de niyetin etkisi bakımından üç ana grupta toplanabilir. a) Yasaklanmış fiiller (maâsî). Bunların hükmü niyetle değişmez. Meselâ başkasının gönlünü almak için birisini çekiştirmek, başkasının malından fakire yedirmek, haram malla okul, mescid vb. hayır yollarına harcama yapmak böyledir. Bunlar niyet iyi de olsa zulüm ve mâsiyet olmaktan çıkmaz. b) Yapılması emir veya tavsiye edilmiş fiiller (taat). Bunlar gerek aslının geçerliliği gerekse faziletinin katlanması bakımından niyetlerle ilişkilidir. Aslın geçerliliğinden maksat kendisiyle sırf Allah’a kulluğa niyet edilmiş olmasıdır, eğer riyâ niyeti taşıyorsa mâsiyet olur. Faziletinin katlanmasıyla kastedilen ise tek bir taatle birçok hayra niyet edilerek her bir niyet için sevap kazanılabilmesidir. Zira her bir niyet bir hasenedir (iyi amel). Meselâ mescidde oturma bir taattir ve bununla Allah’a kulluğun özel mekânı olan mâbedi ziyaret, kötü davranışlardan uzak duracağı bir zaman geçirmek, Allah için yeni dostlar kazanmak, yanlış hareketi olanlara doğrusunu göstermek gibi birçok iyi şeye niyet edilebilir. c) Serbest bırakılmış fiiller (mubâhât). Bunlar sırf mubah kılındığı için işlenirse sevabı veya cezası olmaz; kötü niyetle yapılırsa mâsiyete dönüşür ve cezayı gerektirir, iyi niyetle yapılırsa bundan dolayı ecir alınır. Meselâ kişinin güzel bir kokuyu hoşlandığı için sürünmesi mubah olup fiil sırf bu gerekçeyle sınırlı kaldığında ödüle veya muahezeye konu olmaz. Fakat bunu böbürlenmek gibi bir niyetle yaparsa günaha girer; buna karşılık mescide saygı ve birlikte ibadet ettiği insanların daha huzurlu olmasını sağlama maksadıyla veya cuma günü Resûlullah’ın uygulamasına tâbi olma niyetiyle yaparsa sevabı hak eder. “Ameller ancak niyetlere göredir” hadisi sadece taat ve mubâhât ile ilgilidir. Taat niyetle mâsiyete dönüşebilir; mubah niyetle mâsiyet veya taate dönüşebilir; fakat mâsiyet niyetle taate dönüşmez. Ancak niyetin mâsiyette şu anlamda bir etkisi vardır: Yasak fiile başka çirkin niyetler de eklenirse vebali artar (Gazzâlî, IV, 370-373).
Fakihlerce fıkhın özünü tanıtmaya yeter bulunan beş küllî kaideden biri olup Mecelle’de, “Bir işten maksat ne ise hüküm ona göredir” (md. 2) şeklinde yer alan ilke ibadet konuları yanında hukukî meselelerin çözümünde geniş biçimde işletilmiş, alt kurallarla hukuk hayatındaki açılımları gösterilmeye çalışılmış ve bilhassa kavâid kitaplarıyla “el-eşbâh ve’n-nezâir” türü eserlerde niyet konusu bir bütünlük içinde ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çerçevedeki incelemelerde amellerin niyete ihtiyaç duyurup duyurmaması bakımından yapılan ayırımı özel bir yere sahiptir. Hanefî fıkhı esas alınarak bu ayırım şöylece özetlenebilir: Namaz ve oruç gibi ibadetlerin sıhhati için niyet şart iken ibadet nevinden olan abdest ve ezan gibi amellerin sahih olması için niyet şartı aranmaz. Muâmelât kapsamındaki amellerden meselâ ihrâz yoluyla mülkiyetin kazanılmasında niyetin (temellük kastı) şart olmasına karşılık kesin irade beyanı sayılan bir yolla meydana gelmiş işlemin hüküm doğurması için niyet şart değildir; niyet aşamasında kalıp fiil haline dönüşmeyenlere ise hüküm bağlanmaz. Amellere bağlanacak sonuçlara gerçek iradenin etkisine gelince bu hususta uhrevî ve dünyevî hükümlerin ayırt edilmesi gerekir. İster ibadet ister muâmelât alanıyla ilgili olsun uhrevî sonuç yani sevap veya günah bakımından esas alınacak kriter beyan edilen irade veya amelin dış dünyaya yansıyan maddî unsuru değil ilâhî iradeye boyun eğme azim ve kararı anlamıyla niyettir. Hatta bu anlamda niyetin varlığı halinde müslümanın yapmak isteyip de yapamadıkları için dahi sevap verileceği bildirilmiştir. Dünyevî sonuç hususunda ibadetlerde niyetin şart koşulmasındaki asıl amaç bir yandan ibadetleri ibadet olmayan fiillerden (âdât), öte yandan ibadetlerin farz, nâfile gibi derecelerini birbirinden ayırt etmektir. Genelde amellerin uhrevî sonucunu ve özelde ibadetlerin dünyevî hükmünü belirleyen “ilâhî iradeye boyun eğme” anlamındaki niyetin dille söylenmesi gerekli olmayıp bu hususta asıl olan kalptir. Muâmelât alanına giren amellerin dünyevî hükmünü belirlemede gerçek iradenin mi yoksa dıştan gözlenen iradenin mi esas alınacağı hususu İslâm hukukçularınca geniş biçimde tartışılmıştır (bk. AMEL; İRADE; İRADE BEYANI; HİYEL; KASIT). Diğer taraftan bazı eserlerde ibadetler ve muâmelâtla ilgili somut örnekler ışığında niyetin zamanı, keyfiyeti, geçerliliği için aranan şartlar, niyette hata veya tereddüt gibi konular da ele alınmıştır (bunlara genel bir bakış için bk. Tâceddin es-Sübkî, I, 60-93; Ömer Süleyman el-Eşkar, s. 157-262).
İslâm âlimleri niyet konusunu incelerken niyetle ihlâs arasındaki ilişki üzerinde de önemle durmuşlardır. Sözlükte “bir şeyin safiyetini gideren unsurlardan arındırılması” anlamına gelen ihlâs dinî terminolojide inanç, düşünce ve davranışların kasıt ve niyetler bağlamında değerlendirilmesine ilişkin bir kavramdır. İslâmî literatürde genel anlamıyla ihlâs kişinin kalbini şirk, riyâ ve bâtıl inançlardan arındırmasını, bütün ibadet ve iyiliklerinde çıkar elde etme ve gösteriş yapma gibi duygulardan uzak durarak sırf Allah’ın hoşnutluğunu gözetmesini ifade eder. Niyet-ihlâs ilişkisini her bir amelin arka planında yer alan iradenin analizini yapmak suretiyle ele alan Gazzâlî özetle şunları söyler: İhlâsın da mahalli kalptir. Daha önce açıkladığımız üzere niyetin mahiyeti sâiklere olumlu karşılık vermekten ibarettir; ihlâs ise “sâikin diğerlerinden tamamen soyutlanacak derecede teke inmesi” demektir. Bu tanıma göre gerek sırf riyâ amacıyla gerekse sadece Allah’a yakınlık maksadıyla sadaka veren kişiler ihlâs sahibidir (muhlis). Fakat dinî bir terim olarak ihlâs, Allah Teâlâ’ya yakınlık maksadının her türlü şâibeden arındırılması durumunu ifade etmek üzere kullanılır olmuştur. Meselâ Allah’ın hoşnutluğunu gözetme yanında diyet yapmayı da amaçlayarak oruç tutma örneğinde olduğu gibi kişinin abdest, namaz, hac, zekât gibi fiilleri Allah’a yakınlık gayesi yanında dünyevî bir maksadı da gözeterek yerine getirmesi durumunda amel ihlâs sınırının dışına çıkmış olur. Bu anlamıyla ihlâs örneklerinin az olduğunu ve kalbi başka şâibelerden bütünüyle arındırmanın kolay olmadığını belirtmek üzere, “Ömrünün bir anını sırf Allah rızâsını gözeterek geçirebilen kişi kurtuluşa erer” denmiştir (İḥyâʾ, IV, 379-380). Tâceddin es-Sübkî niyetle ihlâs arasında umum-husus ilişkisi bulunduğunu, ihlâsın niyetin ötesinde ve niyete ilâve bir durumu yani niyetin kemal derecesini temsil ettiğini, dolayısıyla ona göre daha özel olduğunu belirtir (el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir, I, 58). M. Abdürraûf Behnesî, niyet ve ihlâsın eş anlamlı olduğunu ve bunların birbirinden ayrı düşünülemeyeceğini ileri sürer (en-Niyye, s. 163). Fıkıh eserlerinde de amelin kabulünde ihlâsın şart olduğu belirtilmekle birlikte kişinin iç dünyasına nüfuz etmenin imkânsız ve sıhhat-butlân gibi dünyevî hükümlerin objektif kriterlere bağlanmasının kaçınılmaz olması sebebiyle rükünlerini ve şartlarını taşıyan amellerin geçerli olacağı esası benimsenmiş (meselâ bk. Süyûtî, el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir, s. 61-63; Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hamevî, I, 67-68), bu derunî özelliği dolayısıyla ihlâs daha çok ahlâk ve tasavvuf eserlerinin konusu olmuştur (ayrıca bk. İHLÂS).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 169-172 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.