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NOGAYLAR Skip to content Altın Orda Hanlığı’nın dağılma sürecinde ortaya çıkan Türk topluluğu.
Topluluğun adının Altın Orda emîrlerinden Nogay’dan geldiği ileri sürülürse de bu durum kesin biçimde ispatlanamamıştır. Ancak Emîr Nogay gibi Mangıt boyundan Altın Orda emîri olan Edige’nin Nogay beylerinin atası sayıldığına kaynaklarda işaret edilir. Nogaylar farklı gruplardan meydana gelen topluluk özelliği gösterir. Yönetim kadrosunu Mangıtlar teşkil eder, halk tabakasının esas unsuru ise Kıpçak Türkleri’dir. Nogaylar’ın Kazak, Özbek ve Başkırtlar’la kabile ilişkileri bakımından önemli bağları vardır. Bunlar hemen hemen aynı boylardan oluşmuştur. Bu sebeple söz konusu topluluklardan bazı boyların diğerine katılması sırasında farklılıklar yaşanmamıştır. XVI. yüzyılda Nogay ordasında on sekiz değişik kabilenin bulunduğu tesbit edilmiştir.
Nogaylar esas olarak Deştikıpçak sahasında yaşamıştır. Nogay ordası ve Nogaylar’ın yerleşim alanlarının sınırlarını hayvancılık faaliyeti, hayvan sürüleriyle mevsimlik göç imkânları belirlerdi. Parçalanma öncesinde Nogay ordasının batıdaki sınırını İdil’in (Volga) sol kıyısındaki alçak düzlükler oluşturmaktaydı. Nogay ordası İdil’in sağ kıyısını Altın Orda’nın tamamen çöküşünden sonra ele geçirmiştir. Kuzeydoğudaki sınırı ise İrtiş nehrinin kolları ve düzlükleri üzerinden geçmekteydi. Doğu sınırının Emba nehri üzerinden Aral denizine kadar uzanmakta olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Nogay ordasının merkezi Nogay beyinin kışlık ikametgâhı olan Saraycık şehriydi.
Cuci ulusunda söz sahibi beylerden biri olan Edige’nin (Edigü / İdigü) 823’te (1420) ölümünden sonra oğulları Deştikıpçak’taki siyasî faaliyetler içinde yer almışlar, bazı hanların yanında emirlik görevini yürütmüşlerdi. XVI. yüzyılın başında Nogaylar’ın beyi olarak Mûsâ Mirza’nın adı geçer. Bu yüzyılın ilk yarısında Kırım Hanlığı ve diğer Türk hanlıkları ile ilişkilerinde önemli bir yere sahip olan Nogay ordası yüzyılın ortasında iç çekişmeler sebebiyle bölünmeye uğradı. Osmanlı taraftarı olan Yûsuf Mirza ile Moskova taraftarı olan kardeşi İsmâil Mirza arasındaki mücadele sonucunda Yûsuf Mirza öldürüldü. Nogay uruklarının bir bölümü İsmâil Mirza’nın yanından ayrılarak Kadı (Kazi) Mirza’nın idaresinde 964-965 (1557-1558) yıllarında İdil nehrini geçti; Kırım hanından himaye görerek Kabarda bölgesiyle Azak denizi arasındaki topraklara yerleştirildi. Burada oluşturulan ordaya Küçük Nogay denmekteydi. XVI. yüzyıl içinde Nogaylar’dan bir grup tarafından Bucak ordası adıyla yeni bir orda kuruldu. Bu orda adını Basarabya’nın güneyindeki Bucak’tan almıştı. Ruslar bu ordaya Belgorod ordası adını vermişti. Ayrıca Altavul (Altıulı) ordası da Aral denizi çevresinde bulunmaktaydı.
Büyük Nogay ordası üzerindeki yoğun Rus (Moskova) baskısı İsmâil Mirza ve Tin Ahmed Mirza zamanında da (1563-1578) sürdü. 977’deki (1569) Astarhan seferine Osmanlı Devleti’ni yönlendirenler arasında Nogaylar da vardı, fakat sefer sırasında herhangi bir yardımda bulunmadılar. Büyük Nogay ordasının beyi Urus Mirza (1578-1590) Rus baskısına karşı direndiyse de Rus yönetiminin etkisi onun zamanında da sürdü. Rusya, bu devrelerde Nogaylar’la ilişkilerini görünüşte dostluk çerçevesinde tutma politikası izlemekteydi. XVI. yüzyıla ait Rus belgelerinde Moskova’nın düşmanları sıralanırken bunlar arasında hem Büyük Nogay ordası hem Küçük Nogay ordası yer alıyordu. Bu dönemde Büyük Nogay ordasından bazı gruplar zaman zaman Rus topraklarına ganimet amaçlı akınlarda bulundular. İdil dolaylarında güvenliği sağlamak ve Büyük Nogaylar’ı etkisiz hale getirmek için Moskova Çarlığı 1586’da Sâmerrâ (Samara) ve Ufa, 1589’da Tsaritsin ve 1590’da Saratov gibi şehirler kurdu. Bununla ayrıca Astarhan’ı güvenlik altında tutmayı planlıyordu. Nogaylar, Kırım Hanlığı’nın kendilerine karşı izlediği politikadan da memnun değillerdi.
XVII. yüzyılın başında Büyük Nogay ordasının beyi olan İşterek Mirza, Kırım Hanlığı’nın aracılığı olmadan Osmanlı Devleti ile görüşmeler yapmak, Rusya ve İran ile çıkarlarına uygun siyaset izlemek istediyse de bunda başarılı olamadı. XVII. yüzyılda Nogaylar önemli sıkıntılar yaşadılar. Bunların başında Kalmuk istilâsı geliyordu. Kalmuklar’ın ağır baskısı sonucu Nogaylar’dan bir bölümü Osmanlı-Kırım koruması altındaki alana kaçtı; bir bölümü de Kalmuklar’ın idaresi altına girdi. 1644’te Kalmuklar, Nogaylar’ı kendi yanlarına çekmek ve onları eski topraklarına döndürmek için Kabarda bölgesine sefer yaptılar. Kafkas toplulukları ve Nogaylar’ın birleşik güçleri Kalmuklar’ı yenilgiye uğrattı. Ancak Kalmuklar’ın tehdit ve baskıları sürdü. Rus hükümeti ise Nogaylar’ın bozkırdaki egemenliğine son verilmesi ve bozkırın Nogaylar’dan arındırılması planını uygulamaya başladı.
XVIII. yüzyıl başlarında Nogaylar daha da parçalandı. Bunların bir kısmı Kırım yarımadasında yaşamaktaydı. Yedisan, Camboyluk, Bucak ve Kuban Nogayları, Kırım Hanlığı’nın hâkimiyeti altındaydı. Osmanlı Devleti ile Rusya arasında Nogay problemi de Kırım Hanlığı meselesine bağlı olarak sürdü. Kırım’ın Rusya’nın denetimi altına sokulmasından sonra Nogaylar kendilerine yapılan muameleye tepki gösterdilerse de 1783’te General Suvarov ve Leontyev kumandasındaki kuvvetler onları ağır bir yenilgiye ve kıyıma uğrattı.
XIX. yüzyıl içinde Nogaylar’ın hayatını etkileyen en önemli unsur göç olayıdır. Rus Çarlığı Nogaylar’ın göçlerini özellikle teşvik etmiştir. Bunda Nogaylar’ın denetiminin güç olması, verimli Nogay arazilerine el konulması gibi sebepler etkili olmuştur. 1850’li yılların sonunda Kuban ve Stavropol Nogayları, ardından Tavrida (Kırım) Nogayları göç etmeye başladı. 1865’e kadar kitleler halinde, sonra da küçük kafilelerle devam eden göçle Anadolu’da Çukurova, Ankara, Konya, Kırşehir ve Sivas gibi yerleşim bölgelerine iskân edildiler.
XX. yüzyılın içinde sayıları önemli ölçüde azalmış olarak Rusya’da kısmen toplu bir yerleşim manzarası gösteren Nogaylar’ın yaşadığı bütün topraklar 1922’de Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği sınırları içine alındı. Nogaylar’ın ihtilâlden sonra başlıca merkezlerinden biri Terskoy bölgesiydi. Nogaylar’ın birinci kurultayı 1922’de Açikulak’ta yapılmıştı; bu yılın Nisan ayında yapılan bir başka toplantıda yetkililer Nogaylar’a hangi bölgede kalmak istediklerini sormuşlar, Nogay temsilcileri de Dağıstan topraklarında kalmayı tercih etmişlerdi. Aynı toplantıda Nogaylar’a kısmî özerklik vaadinde bulunulduysa da bu söz yerine getirilmemiştir.
1922’de Kizlar merkezli bir vilâyet oluşturularak Kizlar, Şelkov, Açikulak, Kayasulin Nogayları bu vilâyetin sınırları içine alındı. 1928-1936 yılları arasında Nogay Türkçesi ile ilgili gelişmeler ortaya çıktı. Bunlar arasında Latin alfabesinin uygulanması söz konusu oldu. Bunun yanında 1936’da Nogay lehçesi resmî dil hüviyetinden uzaklaştırıldı, ancak II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra yeniden tanınma işlemi yürürlüğe konuldu. 22 Şubat 1938’de Dağıstan’ın kuzey bölgesi beşe ayrıldı, bunlardan biri de Kara Nogay bölgesiydi. II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Nogay bölgesinden Rusya’nın safında savaşa katılanlardan 2000 kişi hayatını kaybetmiştir.
1957 yılı Nogaylar için sıkıntıların önemli ölçüde arttığı bir dönemin başlangıcıdır. Bu tarihte Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği’nin Stavropol yöneticileri Nogay okullarını ve gazetelerini kapattılar. Fakat daha sonraki dönemlerde gazete çıkarılmasına izin verildi. Sovyetler’in dağılma sürecinin ardından Nogaylar haklarını korumak için teşkilâtlanma gereği duydular. Rusya Federasyonu içinde Nogay Halkının Birlik Derneği 1989’da Nogay Halkının İkinci Birlik Kongresi yapıldıktan sonra kuruldu. Ancak Nogaylar siyasal ve kültürel haklarının korunmasında önemli ölçüde sıkıntılarla karşı karşıya kalmışlardır.
Günümüzde Nogaylar, Karaçay-Çerkez Cumhuriyeti’nde; Adige-Habl Erkenyurt, Âdilhalk, Kızılyurt, Kubanhalk ve Kızıltogay gibi yerleşim merkezlerinde; Çerkessk şehrinde; Dağıstan’da Nogay, Kızılyar, Babayurt, Hassavyurt gibi vilâyetlerde; Stavropol ilinde Kocubey ve Mineralovod bölgelerinde; Çeçenistan’da Şelkov ve Astarhan’da yaşamaktadır. Sovyetler döneminde 1989 sayımına göre Nogay nüfusu 80.000 dolayındaydı. 1991 verileri bu rakamı 90.000 olarak gösterir. Ayrıca Türkiye dışında Romanya, Macaristan, Bulgaristan, Litvanya, Kazakistan ve Kırgızistan’da da Nogay grupları vardır. Nogaylar’ın kendilerine has önemli bir edebî birikimleri olduğu bilinmektedir. Nogay lehçesi Kıpçak grubuna girer, Kazak ve Karakalpak lehçeleriyle bu grubun Nogay-Kıpçak bölümünü oluşturur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA I. Novoselskiy, Borba Moskovskogo gosudarstva s Tatarami v pervoy polovine XVII veka, Moscow 1948; Gacieva, Materialinaya Kultura Nogaysev v XIX- Naçale XX v, Moskova 1976; Mustafa Kafalı, Altın Orda Hanlığının Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Devirleri, İstanbul 1976, s. 41 vd.; Charles Andrew Riess, The History of the Kalmyk Khanat to 1724 (doktora tezi, 1983), Indiana University, tür.yer.; A. B. Koçekaev, Nogaysko Russkie Otnoşenia v. XV-XVIII v.v, Almaata 1988; K. Kereytov – Sıkaliyev v.dğr., Nogaytsi, Çerkessk 1988; Mehmet Alpargu, “Dünden Bugüne Kafkasya’da Nogaylar”, Tarih Boyunca Balkanlardan Kafkaslara Türk Dünyası Semineri, İstanbul 1996, s. 193-207; a.mlf., “Nogayların Tarihine ve Bugünkü Problemlerine Genel Bir Bakış”, Askeri Tarih Bülteni, XVII/33, Ankara 1992, s. 11-16; a.mlf., “XVI. Yüzyılın Ortasında Nogay Türkleri ve Ordaları”, Emel, sy. 215, Ankara 1996, s. 28-43; Abdullah Saydam, Kırım ve Kafkas Göçleri: 1856-1876, Ankara 1997, tür.yer.; Sami Nogay, Nogay Türkleri, Ankara 1997; A. A. Yalbulganov, Oçerki Voennoy İstorii Nogaytsev, Moskova 1998; Ahmet Gökbel, Kıpçak Türkleri, İstanbul 2000; Abuseyitova, İstoriya Kazakhistana Tsentral’noy Azii, Almatı 2001, tür.yer.; V. V. Trepavlov, The Formation and Early History of the Mangıt Yurt, Bloomington-Indiana 2001, tür.yer.; Kemal Özden, “Dağıstan’da Milli Hareketler”, Türkler (nşr. Hasan Celal Güzel v.dğr.), Ankara 2002, XX, 552; Başlangıcından Günümüze Kadar Türkiye Dışındaki Türk Edebiyatları Antolojisi: Nogay Edebiyatı, Ankara 2002, tür.yer.; M. Kemal Özergin, “Nogaylar”, Millî Eğitim ve Kültür, VII/31, Ankara 1985, s. 64-80; B. G. Williams, “Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire”, Cahiers du monde russe , XLI/1, Paris 2000, s. 79-108; I. Vásáry, “Nog̲h̲ay”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 85-86.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 202-204 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.