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NOKTAVİYYE Skip to content Hurûfîliğin Mahmûd-ı Pesîhânî’ye (ö. 831/1428) nisbet edilen kolu.
Mahmûd-ı Pesîhânî, Gîlân’a bağlı Fûmen yakınlarındaki Pesîhan köyünde doğdu. Hurûfîliğin kurucusu Fazlullah-ı Hurûfî’nin müridi olan Pesîhânî kibirli tavırlarından dolayı tarikattan uzaklaştırılmış, bu sebeple fırka mensupları arasında “Mahmûd-i merdûd, Mahmûd-i matrûd” lakaplarıyla anılmıştır. Pesîhânî 800’de (1397) kendisini mehdî ve yeni ilâhî tecellîlerin taşıyıcısı ilân etti. Cevâzü’s-sâʾirîn adlı kitabını bitirdiği 818 (1415) yılına kadar Esterâbâd’da kaldı ve muhtemelen kendisini Aras nehrine atarak intihar etti. Ancak Noktavîler bunun iftira olduğuna inanırlar. Pesîhânî görüşlerini yaymak için on altı eser kaleme almıştır.
Noktaviyye ismi kaynağını anâsır-ı erbaadan toprağın (diğer üç unsur hava, su, ateş) her şeyin aslı ve başlangıç noktası olduğu görüşünden almaktadır. Adın bir diğer dayanağı fırka metinlerinde iki, üç veya dört noktanın çeşitli şekillerde gizli kısaltmalar biçiminde kullanılmasıdır. Noktaviyye doktrinlerini içeren metinler anlaşılması oldukça zor bir üslûpla telif edilmiş ve Hurûfî eserlerindeki gibi kısaltmalara yer verilmiştir. Mahmûd-ı Pesîhânî’ye göre bedenin cüzleri ölümden sonra dağılmayıp tek bir kütle halinde toprağa karışır; toprağa karışan kütle bitki veya cansız madde şeklinde ortaya çıkar. Bunlar hayvan veya insan tarafından tüketilerek var oluşunu sürdürür ve tekrar varlık kazanır. Bir önceki beden sahibinin kazandığı bilgi ve değerler yeni bedende varlığa devam eder. Varlık seviyelerinin birinden diğerine yükselen veya inen bir varlık önceki formunun izlerini beraberinde getirir; bu durum ancak bâtınî bir idrakle anlaşılabilir. Bu süreç “ihsâ’” (sayım) adıyla bilinmektedir, dolayısıyla Noktavîliğin bir diğer adı da İhsâiyye’dir.
Tenâsühe benzer düşüncelere sahip olan Mahmûd-ı Pesîhânî kendisinin daha yüksek bir mertebede, “Rabbin seni makām-ı mahmûda yükseltecektir” âyetine (el-İsrâ 17/79) dayanarak Hz. Peygamber’le, “Ben ve Ali tek bir bedeniz” hadisine işaretle Hz. Ali ile aynîleştiğini iddia etmiş, aynı şekilde Hz. Mûsâ’nın Hz. Hüseyin, Firavun’un da Yezîd’le aynîleştiğini ileri sürmüştür. Hiç evlenmeyen ve mensuplarına da evlenmemelerini tavsiye eden Pesîhânî’ye göre bekârlık on dokuz rakamının karşılığı olan vâhid derecesine ulaşmaktır; bu derece kişiye ulûhiyyet mertebesinden feyiz alma imkânı sağlar. Bu mertebeye eren kimse “el-mürekkebü’l-mübîn” olarak isimlendirilir. Bu sebeple Noktavîler itikadlarını “lâ ilâhe ille’l-mürekkebü’l-mübîn” şeklinde tanımlamışlardır.
Noktavîliğin diğer temel ilkesi İsmâilîliğin etkisiyle oluşan dâirevî zaman tasavvurudur. Noktavî zaman anlayışına göre dünyadaki bütün hayat 64.000 yıldan ibaret olup her biri 16.000 yıllık dört döneme (zuhûr, butûn, sır ve alâniyye) ve her dönem 8000 yıllık iki devreye ayrılmıştır. Birinci devre Arap devresidir (devre-i isti‘râb). Bu devrede insanlığın hidayeti mükemmel bir Arap resulün (mürsel-i mükemmel-i Arab) sorumluluğuna verilmiştir. İkinci devre Fars devresi (devre-i isti‘câm) olup mükemmel bir Fars açıklayıcısının (mübeyyin-i mükemmel-i acem) tasarrufu altındadır. Bu devrenin başlangıcı Mahmûd-ı Pesîhânî’nin ortaya çıkışına delâlet eder. Bu Farslılık hamâseti, Gîlân ve Mâzenderan şehirlerinin Fars devresinde Mekke ve Medine’ye üstün olduğu iddiasını da beraberinde getirmiştir.
Şah İsmâil zamanında etkili olmaya başlayan Noktaviyye hareketi, geç dönem Alamut Nizârî İsmâililîği’nin merkezi Kâşân şehri yakınlarındaki Encüdân’da nüfuz alanı buldu. Şah İsmâil, Muhammed Şâhî-Nizârî silsilesinde yer alan otuz birinci imam Şah Tâhir’e Noktavîler’i ve diğer dinî fırkaları Encüdân’da etrafına toplamasından dolayı kızgınlığını bildiren bir ferman yolladı. Noktavî-İsmâilî birlikteliğinin bir diğer örneğini Encüdân’da Kāsım-Şâhî Nizârî kolunun otuz altıncı imamı Murâd Mirzâ sergiledi. Noktavîlik’le İsmâilîlik arasında inançlara sahip Nîşâburlu Vukūî ve divanında Kāsım-Şâhî Nizârî imamlarından ikisine övgüler düzen ve muhtemelen gizli bir İsmâilî olan Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed Kûhpâye-i Amrî-i Şîrâzî, Noktavîlik’le İsmâilîliği birleştiren şairlerdir.
Amrî-i Şîrâzî, Şah I. Tahmasb zamanında Haremeyn evkafının yöneticiliğine, sır ilimlerinde meşhur olan kardeşi Mevlânâ Ebû Türâb saray hattatlığına getirildi. 972’de (1564-65) her iki kardeş zındıklıkla suçlanarak gözlerine mil çekildi. Noktavîler, Şah Tahmasb’ın saltanatının son yılı olan 984’e (1576) kadar Kâşân’da varlıklarını sürdürdüler. Bu tarihlerde Noktavîlik Sâve, Nâin, İsfahan ve Kazvin’de yayılışını sürdürdü. Kazvin, Derviş Hüsrev’in faaliyetleri sonucu Noktavîliğin en önemli merkezi haline geldi. Derviş Hüsrev, Kâşân’a gidip Noktavî ilkelerini öğrendikten sonra Kazvin’e dönerek inşa ettiği camide faaliyet göstermeye başladı. Ulemâ tarafından kınanınca Şah Tahmasb tarafından sorguya çekildi, kaçamak cevaplarla kurtulmayı başardıysa da faaliyet için camiye yaklaşmaması emredildi. Derviş Hüsrev, Şah Tahmasb’ın ölümünün ardından aralarında Efdal Dûtârî ve Mîr Bîgâmî gibi mûsikişinasların da bulunduğu Noktavîler’in idamına rağmen II. İsmâil ile Muhammed Hudâbende dönemlerinde ve Şah I. Abbas’ın ilk zamanlarında herhangi bir baskıya uğramadan faaliyetlerini sürdürmeyi başardı.
Şah I. Abbas, Derviş Hüsrev ile dostane ilişkiler içerisine girdikten sonra Noktavîliğe meyletti; kendisine Derviş Türâb ve Derviş Kemâl İklîdî adlı Noktavî önderleri tarafından “emin” pâyesi verildi. Safevî tarihçilerine göre Şah Abbas’ın Noktavîliğe meyletmesi onları kontrol altında tutmak amacına yöneliktir. Noktavîler, Şah Tahmasb’ı mehdî ilân etmeye teşebbüs ettiler ve onun kimliğiyle zaman teorileri arasında ilişki kurdular. Bu durum, Şah Abbas’ın Safevî Devleti’nin yeni ideolojik ilkelerini belirlerken fırkanın doktrinlerini kullanmayı düşünmesine sebep oldu. Ancak Şah Abbas’la Derviş Hüsrev arasındaki iyi ilişkiler Luristan’da çıkan Noktavî isyanları yüzünden bozuldu. İsyanları bastırmak için sefere çıkan hükümdar, fırka liderlerinden tahttan inmesi konusunda kendisine gönderilen uyarılar üzerine kumandanlarından Mâlik Ali’ye Kazvin’deki Noktavîler’i tutuklamasını emretti. Derviş Hüsrev ve Derviş Kûçik’in de aralarında bulunduğu bütün Kazvin Noktavîleri tutuklanarak isyanların önü alındı. Ulemâ tarafından sorgulanan Derviş Hüsrev üç gün boyunca halkın gözü önünde işkenceye uğradı ve idamından sonra cesedi bir hafta boyunca darağacında teşhir edildi.
Bu olayların ardından gökte beliren bir kuyruklu yıldızı saray müneccimi Celâleddîn-i Yezdî, Şah Abbas’ın 1002 yılının Zilkade ayının 7’siyle 10’u arasında (25-28 Temmuz 1594) ölüm tehlikesiyle karşılaşacağı şeklinde yorumladı ve bu üç gün müddetince tahta bir başkasının vekâlet etmesini önerdi. Bunun üzerine Şah Abbas, Derviş Yûsufî Tarkişdûz adındaki Noktavî bir esire kuyruklu yıldızın neye işaret olduğunu sordu, yakında bir Noktavî’nin idareyi ele geçireceği cevabını aldı. Yapılan müzakerelerden sonra Derviş Yûsufî’nin taht için en uygun kişi olduğu kararına varıldı, Derviş Yûsufî üç günlük sultanlığının ardından tahttan indirilerek darağacına gönderildi. Kâşân’da şair Mîr Seyyid Ahmed-i Kâşî’nin evrakları arasında Noktavî ileri gelenlerinin ve mensuplarının adlarını bildiren bir listenin bulunması Şah Abbas’a Noktavîler’in kökünü kazıma imkânını sağladı. Şah Abbas devrinde idam edilen son Noktavî bir müneccim olan Molla Ayâz’dır (ö. 1020/1611).
Noktavîler, I. Şah Abbas’ı kendilerinden biri olarak görmüş ve olgunlaşmama alâmeti şeklinde değerlendirdikleri kendilerine yönelik düşmanlığına inanmamışlarsa da baskıların sürmesi üzerine Hindistan’a iltica etmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Mülteciler arasında Vukūî-i Nîşâbûrî, Hayâtî-i Kâşânî, Ali Ekber Teşbîhî-i Kâşânî, Molla Sûfî Mâzenderânî (Âmülî), Hakîm İbâdullāh-ı Kâşânî ve Abdülganî-i Yezdî gibi şairler yer almaktadır. Noktavîler, Hindistan’da Ekber Şah’ın hoşgörüsüyle karşılaştılar ve ona destek oldular. Noktavî müntesibi Mîr Şerîf Âmülî “dîn-i ilâhî” kültünü ayrıntılarıyla temellendiren kişidir. Ekber Şah’ın baş sırdaşı Ebü’l-Fazl Allâmî’nin Noktavîliğe meyilli olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Cihangir de Noktavîler’e müsamahalı davrandı, ancak Noktavîlik Hindistan’da varlığını uzun süre devam ettiremedi.
Noktavîlik, İran’da Şah Safî devrinde kısa süre de olsa yeniden bir canlılık kazandı. Bu dönemde Kazvin’de Derviş Rızâ adında bir Noktavî mehdî olduğunu iddia etti; vekili büyük bir taraftar kitlesini etrafında topladı. İsyan hareketi kanlı şekilde bastırıldı ve Derviş Rızâ’nın başı kesildi (1041/1631). Bu olay Noktavîliğin sonunu getirdi. Yaklaşık otuz yıl sonra Raphaël du Mans, İsfahan’da kendilerine Mahmûdîler denilen pejmürde kılıklı dervişler gördüğünü (Estat de la Perse en 1660, s. 87-88), ancak baskı altında olduklarını aktarmaktadır.
Safevîliğin sonraki dönemlerinde de Noktaviyye’nin izleri görülmektedir. Bâbîliğin kurucusu Mirza Ali Muhammed Bâb, Mâkû’daki hapsi esnasında Noktavî görüşleriyle tanışmış, Beyân’ına doğrudan bu doktrinleri dahil etmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Ni‘metullāhiyye tarikatına mensup sûfî Zeynelâbidîn-i Şirvânî kendilerini sûfî kılığında gizleyen Noktavîler’le karşılaştığını söylemektedir. Çağdaş müelliflerden Nûreddin Müderrisî Çehârdihî, Bihbehân’da kendini Noktavî olarak tanıtan Baba Muhammed adında münzevi biriyle tanıştığını ifade etmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 204-205 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.