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NÖLDEKE, Theodor Skip to content (1836-1930)
Alman şarkiyatçısı.
2 Mart 1836’da Hamburg yakınlarındaki Harburg’da doğdu. 1849-1853 yılları arasında babasının idarecilik yaptığı Lingen Lisesi’nde okudu. On dört yaşında iken önemli bir rahatsızlık geçirdi ve bundan sonraki hayatında sık sık hastalandı. 1853’te Göttingen Üniversitesi’ne kaydoldu. Protestan ilâhiyatçısı ve şarkiyatçı Heinrich Ewald ve yahudi asıllı dil bilimci Theodor Benfey gibi hocalardan ders aldı. Arapça, İbrânîce, Türkçe, Farsça, Sanskritçe ve Latince öğrendi. 1856’da De origine et compositione surarum qoranicarum ipsiusque Qorani başlıklı teziyle doktor unvanı aldı ve bu tezi sebebiyle 1858’de Paris Akademisi tarafından ödüllendirildi. 1856-1857 yıllarında Viyana’da Arapça ve Türkçe yazmalar, kısmen de İran şiiriyle meşgul olan Nöldeke, 1857 sonbaharında Leiden’e giderek yazmalar üzerindeki araştırmalarına devam etti. Burada bulunduğu süre içinde Leiden Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki Doğu dilleri yazmalarından sorumlu Theodorus Willem J. Juynboll ve oğlu Abraham Willem T. Juynboll, Reinhart Dozy, Michael Jan de Goeje, W. Engelmann ve P. de Jong gibi şarkiyatçılarla tanıştı. 1858 baharında önce Gotha’ya uğrayarak malzeme topladı, daha sonra Berlin’e geçti ve burada bir yandan kendi çalışmalarını sürdürürken bir yandan da kütüphanedeki Türkçe yazmaların kataloglanmasında görev aldı. Bu arada Türk diliyle ve özellikle Çağatayca ile uğraştı. Berlin’de bulunduğu sırada Heinrich Kiepert ile tanıştı ve onun yanında eski İran coğrafyası hakkında ders gördü. 1860 Eylülünde sağlığı iyice kötüleşen Nöldeke dinlenmek üzere İtalya’ya gitti. Üç ay süren istirahatinin ardından Almanya’ya döndüğünde Aralık 1860’tan itibaren Göttingen Kütüphanesi’nde iki yıl Türkçe yazmaların kataloglanması işini yürüttü. İlmî faaliyetlerini Süryânî, Ârâmî, Mendaî dilleriyle Mişna ve Ahd-i Atîk üzerinde yoğunlaştırdı. 1861’den itibaren Göttingen Üniversitesi’nde ders vermeye başladı. 1864’te Kiel Üniversitesi Doğu dilleri ve 1872’de yeni kurulan Strasburg Üniversitesi Sâmî dilleri profesörlüğüne tayin edildi. Bu dönemde Taberî’nin Târîḫ’inin Sâsânîler’le ilgili kısmını M. J. de Goeje neşri için yayıma hazırladı, ardından bu bölümün çevirisini yaptı. Aynı üniversitede Şarkiyat Merkezi’nin yöneticiliğinden 1906’da emekliye ayrıldı. 1916’da eşini kaybetmesinden sonra 1920’de Karlsruhe’de yaşayan oğlunun yanına taşındı ve uzun bir hastalık döneminin ardından 25 Aralık 1930’da öldü.
1890’da Royal Asiatic Society’ye şeref üyesi seçilen Nöldeke Edouard Sachau, Carl Brockelmann, Friedrich Schwally, Charles James Lyall, C. Snouck-Hurgronje ve Enno Littmann gibi birçok ünlü şarkiyatçı yetiştirmiştir. Kendisi meslektaşlarının çoğu gibi Sâmî diller ve Ahd-i Atîk metin tenkidi alanlarında uzmanlaşmıştır. Kur’an araştırmalarında bunların etkisini görmek mümkündür. Her ne kadar Nöldeke Tevrat, İncil ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm arasında önemli bir farkın olduğunu bir karşılaştırma yaparak tesbit etmişse de bulduğu fark Kur’an hakkında onu Tevrat ve İncil’le ilgili araştırmalarda ulaşılan sonuçları aramaktan alıkoymamıştır. Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık gerek kurucuları ve kuruluş süreçleri gerekse kutsal kitapları itibariyle belli bir şahıs, zaman ve metinle sınırlı değilken Kur’an diğer kutsal kitapların aksine bir insan ömrü içinde tamamlanmıştır (Geschichte des Qorāns, II, 119-121). Ancak bu tesbite rağmen onun Kur’an’ın toplanması, âyet ve sûrelerin sıralanmasına dair rivayetlerle ilgili olarak bazı şüpheler oluşturmaya çalıştığı görülmektedir. Nöldeke, bu konuda mevcut rivayetleri incelemek yerine Kur’an’ı Hz. Peygamber’in yazdığı herhangi bir kitap gibi ele almış ve âyetlerin sıralanması işini edebî eleştiri yöntemlerine göre dil kullanımına dayalı biçimde yorumlamaya çalışmıştır. Ona göre Kur’an’da belirli dönemlerde sıkça kullanılan kelimeler ve deyimler metnin kronolojik düzenlenmesinde yardımcı olur (a.g.e., I, 63). Sâmî diller alanındaki araştırmalarıyla da dikkat çeken Nöldeke’nin Süryânîce ve Arapça üzerine telif ettiği eserler günümüzde de birçok araştırmacı tarafından kullanılmaktadır.
Nöldeke’nin 70 ve 80. doğum günleri için iki armağan kitabı yayımlanmış (Orientalische Studien. Theodor Nöldeke zum siebzigsten Geburtstag [2 März 1906] gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern [ed. Carl Bezold, I-II, Gieszen 1906]; Festgabe für Theodor Nöldeke zum achtzigsten Geburtstage [ed. E. Littmann – E. Ehlers, Göttingen 1916]), ayrıca hakkında çok sayıda inceleme yazısı kaleme alınmıştır.
Eserleri. Nöldeke eski ve yaşayan Sâmî dilleri, bunların değişik lehçeleri, Farsça, dil bilimi, Kitâb-ı Mukaddes ve Kur’an gibi alanlarda çeşitli eserler vermiştir. 1906’da onun kitap, neşir, tercüme, makale, ansiklopedi maddesi ve kitap tanıtımı türünden yaptığı çalışmaların bir listesini hazırlayan Ernst Kuhn bunların sayısını 564 olarak verir (bk. bibl.). Ancak Nöldeke bu tarihten sonra da ilmî çalışmalarına devam etmiş ve bunların tamamını yayımlamıştır (Bibliographie der Deutschsprachigen Arabistik und Islamkunde , XVI, 317-325). A) Telifleri. 1. Geschichte des Qorāns (Göttingen 1860; I-III, Leipzig 1909-1938 [genişletilmiş baskı]; Hildesheim 1961, 1970). Şarkiyatçıların Kur’an tarihi ve kaynağı araştırmaları açısından çok önemli bir çalışma olarak kabul ettiği eser Nöldeke’nin Latince doktora tezinin genişletilmiş Almanca’sıdır. Eserin ikinci baskısının uzun bir hikâyesi vardır: Kitap yayınevi tarafından tekrar neşredilmek istendiğinde Nöldeke çeşitli sebepler yüzünden bunu tamamlayamadı ve Friedrich Schwally eser üzerinde çalışarak I ve II. cildi Über den Ursprung des Qorāns ve Die Sammlung des Qorāns alt başlıkları altında neşre hazırladı; fakat II. cilt henüz basılmadan Şubat 1919’da öldü. Die Geschichte des Korantexts alt başlıklı III. cildin ilk ve kısmen ikinci bölümünü Gotthelf Bergsträsser 1926 ve 1929’da fasikül halinde yayımladı Onun da 1933’te âni ölümü üzerine yarım kalan yayım işini ancak Otto Pretzl 1938’de tamamlayabildi. Böylece kitabın genişletilmiş ikinci baskısı Nöldeke’nin müstakil eseri olmaktan çıkıp bir komisyon çalışmasına dönüşmüş, eserin ikinci cildi kısmen Türkçe’ye de çevrilmiştir (Muammer Sencer, Kur’an Tarihi, İstanbul 1970). 2. Das Leben Muhammeds. Nach den Quellen populaer dargestellt (Hannover 1863). 3. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Poesie der alten Araber (Hannover 1864; Hildesheim 1964). 4. Über die Amalekiter und einige andere Nachbarvölker der Israeliten (Göttingen 1864). Aynı başlıkla Orient und Occident’te yayımlanan makalenin (II [Göttingen 1864], s. 614-655) kitap haline getirilmiş şeklidir. 5. Untersuchungen zur Kritik des alten Testaments (Kiel 1869, 1886). 6. Mandäische Grammatik. Mit einer lithographirten Tafel der mandäischen Schriftzeichen (Halle 1875; Darmstadt 1964, Anton Schall’ın kaleme aldığı bir ekle birlikte). 7. Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik (Leipzig 1880, 1898; Darmstadt 1966, 1977). 8. Die semitischen Sprachen. Eine Skizze (Leipzig 1887, 1899). Encyclopaedia Britannica’da yayımlanan maddelerinden meydana gelmiştir. 9. Aufsätze zur persischen Geschichte (Leipzig 1887). Encyclopaedia Britannica’daki maddelerinden derlemedir. 10. Orientalische Skizzen (Berlin 1892; Hildesheim 1974). Nöldeke’nin İslâm, Kur’an, İslâm tarihi ve Sâmî diller hakkında yazdığı, çeşitli yerlerde yayımlanmış dokuz makalesinin bir araya getirilmesinden oluşan önemli bir eseridir. 11. Zur Grammatik des classischen Arabisch (Wien 1897; Darmstadt 1963). 12. Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (Strassburg 1904). Nöldeke, kitabın devamını Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft başlığı altında kaleme almış (Strassburg 1910) ve bu iki eser daha sonra birlikte tekrar basılmıştır (Beitraege und neue Beitraege zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, Zürich 1982). 13. Das iranische Nationalepos (Strassburg 1896; Berlin-Leipzig 1920). Grundriss der iranischen Philologie dergisinde yayımlanmış bir makaleden (II [Strassburg 1896], s. 130-211) ibaret olup Farsça’ya çevrilmiştir (trc. Büzürg-i Alevî, Ḫamâse-i Millî-yi Îrânî, Tahran 1948). 14. Grammatik des christlich-palaestinischen Aramaeisch (Tübingen 1924; Hildesheim 1965). 15. Belegwörterbuch zur klassischen arabischen Sprache (Berlin 1952, 1954). Jörg Kraemer tarafından yayıma hazırlanmıştır.
Nöldeke’nin ayrıca şu eserleri mevcuttur: Über die Mundart der Mandäer (Göttingen 1862); Die alttestamentliche Literatur in einer Reihe von Aufsätzen dargestellt (Leipzig 1868); Grammatik der neusyrischen Sprache am Urmia-See und in Kurdistan (Leipzig 1868; Hildesheim 1974); Die Inschrift des Königs Mesa von Moab (9. Jahrh. vor Christus) erklärt (Kiel 1870); Die Ghassanischen Fürsten aus dem Hause Gafna’s (Berlin 1887); Beitraege zur Geschichte des Alexanderromans (Wien 1890); Delectus veterum carminum arabicorum (Berolini 1890).
B) Tercüme ve Neşirleri. 1. Über das Kitâb Jamînî des Abû Naṣr Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd al Ğabbâr al ʿUtbî (Wien 1857). 2. Die Gedichte des ʿUrwa Ibn al-Ward (Göttingen 1863). 3. Sieben nestorianische Kirchenlieder, aus dem Syrischen übersetzt (Kiel 1872). 4. Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sassaniden (Leiden 1879; Graz 1973). Annales quos scripsit Abu Djafar Mohammed Ibn Djarir At-Tabari başlığıyla neşredilen eserin (ed. M. J. de Goeje, Leiden 1879-1901) II. cildini J. Barth ile birlikte yayıma hazırlamıştır (Leiden 1881-1882). 5. Das arabische Maerchen vom Doctor und Garkoch (Berlin 1891). 6. Fünf Moʿallaqāt. Übersetzt und erklaert. Nebst einigen Vorbemerkungen über die historische Wichtigkeit der altarabischen Poesie (I-III, Wien 1899-1901). I. ciltte Amr b. Külsûm ve Hâris b. Hillize’nin, II. ciltte Antere ve Lebîd b. Rebîa’nın, III. ciltte Züheyr b. Ebû Sülmâ’nın şiirleri yer alır.
Nöldeke başta Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Orient und Occident (Göttingen), Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (Berlin) ve Archiv für die Religionswissenschaft (Leipzig) gibi ilmî dergilerde, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Biblica, Encyclopaedia of Ethics and Religion, Bibel-Lexikon gibi ansiklopedilerde ve Die Grenzboten, Im neuen Reich ve Die Deutsche Rundschau gibi popüler dergilerde çok sayıda makale yayımlamış ve birçok kitabın tanıtımı için yazılar yazmıştır. Nöldeke’nin pek çok eseri çeşitli Doğu ve Batı dillerine tercüme edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA E. Kuhn, “Versuch einer Übersicht der Schriften Theodor Nöldeke’s”, Orientalische Studien: Theodor Nöldeke zum siebzigsten Geburtstag (2 Maerz 1906) gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern (ed. C. Bezold), Gieszen 1906, I, s. XIII-LI; E. Littmann, Der wissenschaftliche Nachlass von Theodor Nöldeke, Leipzig 1933; a.mlf., Ein Jahrhundert Orientalistik, Wiesbaden 1955, s. 352-362; F. Rosenthal, Die aramaistische Forschung seit Theodor Nöldekes Veröffentlichungen, Leiden 1939, s. 289-295; J. Fück, Die Arabischen Studien in Europa, Leipzig 1955, s. 217-220; R. Paret, Arabistik und Islamkunde an deutschen Universitaeten. Deutsche Orientalisten seit Theodor Nöldeke, Wiesbaden 1966, tür.yer.; a.mlf., The Study of Arabic and Islam at German Universities, Wiesbaden 1968, s. 12-14; H. Faehndrich, “Invariable Factors Underlying the Historical Perspective in Theodor Nöldeke’s Orientalische Skizzen (1892)”, Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft (ed. Albert Dietrich), Göttingen 1976, s. 146-154; el-Müsteşriḳūne’l-Almân (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid), Beyrut 1978, I, 115-124; Necîb el-Akīkī, el-Müsteşriḳūn, Kahire 1980, II, 379-382; Bedevî, Mevsûʿatü’l-müsteşriḳīn , s. 417-420; Bibliographie der Deutschsprachigen Arabistik und Islamkunde (ed. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1993, XVI, 317-325; D. H. Müller, “Theodor Nöldeke”, WZKM, XX (1906), s. 125-127; C. Snouck-Hurgronje, “Theodor Nöldeke”, ZDMG, neue folge, LXXXV (1931), s. 239-281; R. Gottheil, “Ahmad Taimur Pasha, Theodor Nöldeke and Edouard Sachau: An Appreciation”, JAOS, LI (1931), s. 104-107; I. Guidi, “Theodor Nöldeke”, Byzantion, VI, Bruxelles 1931, s. 965-968; C. H. Becker, “Theodor Nöldeke”, Isl., XX (1932), s. 43-48; M. Kâmil Ayyâd, “Ṣafaḥât min târîḫi’l-istişrâḳ”, MMLADm., XLIV/4 (1969), s. 792-793; Muhammed Rızâ Bihiştî, “Târîḫ-i Ḳurʾân”, Dânişnâme-i Cihân-ı İslâm, Tahran 1380/2002, VI, 240-241.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 217-218 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 07.02.2021 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.