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NÛH Skip to content Büyük peygamberler arasında sayılan, kendisine inanmayan kavmi tûfan ile helâk edilen peygamber.
Adı İbrânîce’de Nôah, Yunanca’da Nôe şeklindedir. Tevrat’a göre babası Lamek, “Rabbin lânetlediği bu toprak yüzünden çektiğimiz eziyeti, harcadığımız emeği bu çocuk hafifletip bizi rahatlatacak” diyerek (Tekvîn, 5/29) oğluna Nûh adını vermiştir. Nûh’un ilk defa üzüm yetiştirip şarap yaptığı ve şarabın da insanı rahatlatması sebebiyle, ona ad olarak verilen bu kelimenin İbrânîce’de “dinlenmek, sükûnet bulmak, rahatlamak” anlamına gelen niham kökünden türediği ifade edilmekle birlikte bunun gerçek dışı bir açıklama olduğu belirtilmektedir. Diğer taraftan Nûh’un, tûfan hadisesinin Sumer ve Bâbil versiyonlarındaki kahramanlarıyla aynı kişi olduğu da söylenmektedir. Buna göre Sumer tûfan kahramanına ölümsüzlüğü elde ettiği için “ömrü uzun olan” mânasında Ziusudra adının verildiği, tûfan olayının Bâbil versiyonundaki kahramanın adı olan Ut-napiştim’in “hayatı yaşayan” anlamında olduğu, Nûh kelimesinin de benzer bir anlam ifade ettiği belirtilmekte; Habeş dilinde nâha kelimesinden türeyen Nûh’un “uzun zaman” mânasına geldiği ve “ömrü uzun” anlamında kullanıldığı söylenmektedir (DBS , I, 750, 758). Öte yandan Nûh’un, tûfanın Hurri versiyonundaki kahramanın adı olan Na-ah-ma-su-le-el kelimesinin kısaltılmış şekli olduğu veya Akkadca nâh kelimesinden geldiği de ifade edilmektedir (IDB , III, 555-556; EJd. , XII, 1193; Catholicisme , IX, 1308).
Hz. Nûh’un şeceresiyle ilgili olarak Tevrat’ta iki ayrı liste verilmektedir. Ruhban metnine ait birinci listede soyu Âdem’in oğlu Şît yoluyla nakledilmekte (Tekvîn, 5/1-32; I. Târihler, 1/1) ve ömrünün 350 yılının tûfan sonrasında geçtiği, tûfan öncesinin on lideri arasında sonuncu halkayı teşkil ettiği belirtilmektedir. Tûfan öncesi şahsiyetlerin isimleri ve ömürleri şu şekilde verilmektedir (Tekvîn, 5/1-31): Âdem 930 yıl, oğlu Şît 912 yıl, oğlu Enoş 905 yıl, oğlu Ken‘ân 910 yıl, oğlu Mahalalel 895 yıl, oğlu Yared 962 yıl, oğlu Hanok 365 yıl, oğlu Metuşelah 969 yıl, oğlu Lamek 777 yıl, oğlu Nûh 950 yıl. Diğer bir listede ise Nûh’un soyu Âdem’in oğlu Kābil (Kāin) yoluyla Nûh’un babası Lamek’e kadar götürülmektedir (Tekvîn, 4/17-24).
Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık’ta. Tevrat’a göre Nûh, Âdem’in yaratılışından 1056, vefatından 126 yıl sonra doğmuştur. Hayatının ilk 500 yılı hakkında Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te bilgi yoktur. Tevrat’ın naklettiğine göre Nûh zamanında insanlar çok bozulmuştu, yeryüzünde kötülük hüküm sürüyordu. Şît’in çocukları Kābil’in soyundan gelen kızlarla evlenmiş, bu birleşmenin sonucunda şiddet taraftarı kötü bir nesil ortaya çıkmıştı (DB , IV/2, s. 1662). Bunlar kötülükte öylesine ileri gitmişlerdi ki Tanrı insanı yarattığına pişman olmuş ve büyük bir tûfanla bütün insanlığı, hayvanları, sürüngenleri ve göğün kuşlarını helâk etmeye karar vermişti. Sadece Nûh, Rabb’in gözünde lutuf bulmuştu, çünkü Nûh sâdık ve kâmil adamdı ve Allah ile yürüyordu (Tekvîn, 6/1-9, 17).
500 yaşından sonra Nûh’un Sâm, Hâm ve Yâfes (Yâfet) adındaki üç oğlu dünyaya gelir (Tekvîn, 5/32). Allah, Nûh’tan bir gemi yapmasını ister ve hangi ağaçtan, hangi ölçülerde olacağını da bildirir. Nûh gofer ağacından uzunluğu 300, genişliği 50, yüksekliği 30 arşın olan üç katlı gemiyi inşa eder. Gemiye Nûh ve eşiyle üç oğlu ve eşleri binerler. Ayrıca kuşlar, sığırlar ve toprakta sürünenlerden, her canlı türünden erkek ve dişi olmak üzere birer, eti yenilenlerden ise (kaşer olanlardan) yedişer çift gemiye alınır (Tekvîn, 6/14-21; 7/2). Rivayete göre Nûh 480 yaşında iken gemi yapma emri almış, bu emirden sonra geminin yapılacağı sedir ağaçları dikilerek büyümüş ve ancak 120 yıl sonra gemi tamamlanmıştır (a.g.e. , IV/2, s. 1662).
Nûh 600 yaşında iken tûfan başlar (Tekvîn, 7/6). Kırk gün süren ve yüz elli gün boyunca suları yeryüzünü kaplayan tûfan sonrasında (Tekvîn, 7/117; krş. 7/24) Nûh ve gemidekiler karaya çıkar. Nûh, Rabb’e bir mezbah yaparak her temiz hayvandan ve kuştan yakılan takdime arzeder. Buna memnun olan Rab ise artık bir daha toprağı lânetlemeyeceğini belirtir. Allah, Nûh’u ve oğullarını mübarek kılıp onlara çoğalıp yeryüzünü doldurmalarını emreder ve her şeyin onların emrine verildiğini, hareket eden her hayvanı yiyebileceklerini bildirir. Buna karşılık kanlı et yememelerini ve insan kanı dökmemelerini ister ve bir ahid yapar. Nûh vasıtasıyla Allah ile bütün insanlar arasında yapılan bu ahde göre insanlar, Allah’ın bildirdiği kurallara uydukları takdirde bir daha tûfan gibi bir musibet meydana gelmeyecektir ve bu ahdin alâmeti gök kuşağı olacaktır (Tekvîn, 8/13-9/17).
Tevrat’a göre gemiden inen Nûh çiftçilik yapmaya başlamış, bağ dikmiş, üzüm yetiştirip şarap üretmiş ve bu şaraptan içerek sarhoş olmuş, çadırında çıplak kalmıştır. Nûh’un oğlu Hâm babasının çıplaklığını görüp diğer kardeşlerine haber vermiş, onlar da babalarının çıplaklığını örtmüş, kendine gelen Nûh ise Hâm’ın oğlu Ken‘ân’ı lânetlemiştir (Tekvîn, 9/20-27). Yeryüzünün bütün insanları Nûh’un bu üç oğlunun soyundan gelmiştir (Tekvîn, 9/18-19). Nûh tûfandan sonra 350 yıl yaşamış ve 950 yaşında vefat etmiştir (Tekvîn, 9/28-29).
Nûh’un tûfan olayının kahramanı oluşu bu hadisenin Sumer versiyonundaki Zivsudra, Bâbil versiyonundaki Ut-napiştim ve Atra-Hasis ile karşılaştırılmasına yol açmış, Nûh’un bunlarla aynı şahıs olup olmadığı tartışılmış, Tevrat’ta tûfana kadar geçen şahsiyetlerle Bâbil geleneğine ait tûfan öncesi krallık listelerindeki isimler arasında benzerlikler kurulmuştur. Nitekim Tevrat’ta Âdem’den Nûh’a kadar olan bu soy ağacı Bâbil’in ilk krallık listelerine benzemektedir. Tûfan öncesi şahsiyetlerin sayıları ile Bâbil krallarının sayısı da aynıdır. Ayrıca tûfan kahramanının adı olarak geçen Zivsudra, Sisouthros ve Ut-napiştim’in aynı şahıslar olduğu ve Nûh ile aynı kişiye delâlet ettiği ifade edilmektedir (DBS , I, 750, 758). Nûh’un yaşadığı dönemle tûfanın tarihi konusunda da farklı Tevrat nüshalarında değişik rakamlar verilir. Âdem’in yaratılışından Nûh tûfanına kadar İbrânîce Masoretik metne göre 1656 yıl, Tevrat’ın Yunanca Yetmişler çevirisine göre 2242 veya 2262 yıl, Sâmirîce Tevrat’a göre ise 1307 yıl geçmiştir (a.g.e. , I, 774).
Kitâb-ı Mukaddes münekkitleri Tevrat’ta biri tûfan kahramanı, diğeri toprakla meşgul olup bağ diken iki ayrı Nûh tasvirinin bulunduğuna, Tekvîn’de (9/20-27) anlatılan Nûh kıssasının tûfan kıssasından farklı bir kaynaktan geldiğine ve bu iki anlatımın birbiriyle uzlaştırılmasının zor olduğuna kanidir. Buna göre toprakla meşgul olup bağ yetiştiren kişinin gemi yapanla pek alâkası yoktur. Ayrıca Tekvîn’de (9/22-24) Nûh’un çocukları daha küçük olarak tasvir edilmiştir, halbuki tûfan sırasında onlar evliydiler. Diğer taraftan Tekvîn’de (9/24) babasına kötülük eden çocuk en küçük olandır ve Ken‘ân diye adlandırılır (9/25), kardeşleri ise Sâm ve Yâfes’tir. Kötü fiilin Ken‘ân’ın babası Hâm’a nisbet edilmesi ve Hâm’ın Ken‘ân’ın atası olduğu ifadesi (9/18) iki anlatımı uzlaştırmaya yöneliktir. Buna göre Sâm, Hâm ve Yâfes ile Sâm, Yâfes ve Ken‘ân listeleri birbiriyle uzlaştırılmaya çalışılmıştır (IDB , III, 555).
Yahudi ve hıristiyan dinî literatürlerinde Nûh, İbrânî ataları kadar önemli bir yere sahip olmamakla birlikte dürüst ve imanlı bir kişi diye takdim edilir (Genesis Rabba, 30: 77; Sanhedrin, 108a ; Petrus’un İkinci Mektubu, 2: 5; İbrânîler’e Mektup 11/7). Onun faydalı icraatlarının başında saban, orak, balta vb. aletleri insanlara kazandırması, insanları tövbeye çağırması ve hayvanlara karşı iyi muamelesi gelmektedir (EJd. , XII, 1191-1198). Gemi yapımında kullanılacak sedir ağaçlarının yetişmesini beklemek suretiyle gemi yapımını 120 yıl erteleyerek kavmine kurtuluş için zaman kazandırmış ve insanlığın helâkini geciktirmiştir. Talmud’da “Nûh kanunları” diye bilinen yedi kuraldan bahsedilmektedir. Putperestliği, Tanrı’yı inkârı (yalancı şahitliği de kapsamaktadır), öldürmeyi, gayri meşrû cinsî ilişkileri, hırsızlığı, canlı hayvan eti yemeyi (her tür zulüm ve gaddarlığı) yasaklayan ve adaletin tesisini emreden bu kurallar, bütün milletler tarafından uyulması gereken en temel ahlâkî ilkeler olarak kabul edilmektedir (a.g.e. , XII, 1189).
Ayrıca hıristiyan geleneğinde Nûh ile Îsâ Mesîh arasında bazı benzerlikler kurulmaktadır. Buna göre tıpkı Nûh gibi Îsâ da günahkâr bir dünyada imanı temsil etmekte ve Nûh’un tûfandan canlı olarak çıkıp bütün insanlığı kurtarması gibi Îsâ da vaftiz suyu ile ölümü yenmektedir. Aynı şekilde insanlığı helâkten kurtaran Nûh’un gemisi insanlığı günahtan kurtaran kiliseye, yine Nûh’un tûfan sona erdiğinde gönderdiği güvercin de Kutsal Ruh’a karşılık gelmektedir (Luka, 17/26; Petrus’un Birinci Mektubu, 3/2; ER , X, 461).
İslâm’da. Hz. Nûh, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde diğer peygamberlere oranla geniş bir şekilde tanıtılan ve “ülü’l-azm” olarak isimlendirilen beş büyük peygamberden biridir. Kur’an’da yirmi sekiz sûrede hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve kırk üç yerde ismen zikredilmiştir. Kur’an’ın yetmiş birinci sûresi onun adını taşır ve baştan sona onun tevhid mücadelesini anlatır. Ancak Kur’an, Nûh’un hayatının sadece peygamber olarak görevlendirildikten sonraki safhasından bahsetmektedir. Kendisine inanmayan kavmi tûfanla cezalandırıldığından tûfan hadisesi de ona nisbetle Nûh tûfanı diye anılmaktadır. Nûh kelimesinin Arapça asıllı olup nevḥ (ağlamak, dövünmek) kökünden geldiğini, bizzat kendi nefsini kötülediğinden veya tövbe etmeden boğulup gitmeleri sebebiyle kavmi için üzüldüğünden ona bu adın verildiğini söyleyenler olmakla birlikte (Fîrûzâbâdî, VI, 26) kelimenin Arapça olmadığı kabul edilmektedir (Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, s. 330; Jeffery, s. 282).
Nûh’un soy kütüğü İslâmî kaynaklarda Tevrat’taki gibi Nûh b. Lamek b. Metuşelah b. Uhnuh (Hanok-İdrîs) b. Mehelail (Mahalalel) b. Kaynan (Ken‘ân) b. Enoş b. Şis (Şît) b. Âdem şeklinde yer almaktadır. Annesi de Râkîl’in veya Kābil’in kızı Kaynuş olarak verilmekte, Kābil’in çocukları ile Şît’in çocuklarından onlara tâbi olanlara peygamber olarak gönderildiği belirtilmektedir (Sa‘lebî, s. 54).
Rivayete göre insanlar Hz. Nûh’a kadar tevhid inancıyla yaşamış, putperestlik ilk defa Nûh’un kavmiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, “Dediler ki: Tanrılarınızı bırakmayın, ilâhlarınız Ved, Süvâ‘, Yegūs, Yeûk ve Nesr’den vazgeçmeyin” meâlindeki âyette (Nûh 71/23) Nûh kavminin taptığı putlardan bahsedilmektedir. Bu isimler başlangıçta iyilikleriyle temayüz etmiş kişilere aitti. Ölümlerinin ardından bunların heykelleri yapılmış, daha sonra insanlar onları Allah ile kendi aralarında aracı olarak birer tapınma objesi yapmıştır.
Hz. Nûh, kavmini putperestlikten uzaklaştırıp tevhid inancına döndürmek için gönderilmiştir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Nûh’un Allah tarafından seçildiği (Âl-i İmrân 3/33), kendisine vahyedildiği (en-Nisâ 4/163), kavmine peygamber olarak gönderildiği (Nûh 71/1), 950 yıl kavminin arasında kaldığı (el-Ankebût 29/14) ve kavmini Allah’a kulluğa davet ettiği (Yûnus 10/71; Hûd 11/25-26; eş-Şuarâ 26/106-110) belirtilmektedir. Nûh kavmini Allah’tan başkasına ibadet etmemeleri hususunda uyarmış, aksi takdirde başlarına gelecek azabı kendilerine haber vermiştir (Nûh 71/1-4). Yoldan çıkmış, çok zalim ve azgın olan kavmi (ez-Zâriyât 51/46; en-Necm 53/52) Nûh’a inanmadığı gibi ona mecnun demiş, taşlamakla tehdit edip (eş-Şuarâ 26/116) yalancılıkla itham etmiş, ondan kendisine uyan alt tabakadan insanları yanından uzaklaştırmasını (el-A‘râf 7/59-63; Hûd 11/27; el-Kamer 54/9) veya başlarına geleceğini bildirdiği azabı bir an önce getirmesini (Hûd 11/32) istemiştir.
Kendi yaptıkları karşılığında hiçbir talebinin olmadığını söyleyen Nûh gaybı bilmediğini, melek de olmadığını, sadece Allah’ın emirlerini bildirdiğini ifade edip davetini sürdürmüş (Hûd 11/28-31; eş-Şuarâ 26/105-115), uzun mücadeleler sonunda kavminin putperestlikten vazgeçmediğini görünce inanmayanları cezalandırması için Allah’a dua etmiş (eş-Şuarâ 26/118-119; Nûh 71/1-28), Allah Nûh’un duasını kabul etmiş ve inkârcı kavminin tûfanla helâk edileceğini, kendisinin ve inananların kurtulacağını bildirerek bir gemi yapmasını istemiştir (Hûd 11/36-39). Gemi inşa edilirken Nûh’un kavmi kendisiyle alay etmiştir (Hûd 11/38). Rivayete göre gemi yapması istenince Hz. Nûh tahtayı nereden bulacağını sorar, ona ağaç dikmesi emredilir ve Hint meşesi denilen ağaçları diker. Kırk yıl geçtikten sonra bu ağaçları keserek gemiyi yapar (Fîrûzâbâdî, VI, 29). Geminin inşası bitince her hayvan türünden birer çift, ayrıca boğulmasına hükmedilenler dışındaki aile fertleri ve iman eden diğer kimseler gemiye bindirilir. Nûh ve ona inananlar kurtulurken eşi ve oğlu inanmayanlarla birlikte boğulur (Hûd 11/40-47; el-Mü’minûn 23/26-29; el-Furkān 25/37; el-Kamer 54/10-17). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ayrıca Nûh’un oğlu için dua ettiği, ancak bunun kabul edilmediği belirtilmektedir (Hûd 11/42-43, 45-46; et-Tahrîm 66/10). Tûfan sona erince, “Ey Nûh! Sana ve seninle birlikte olanlara bizden selâm ve bereketle gemiden in …” denilir (Hûd 11/48). Allah’ın adını zikrettiği peygamberler Âdem’in ve Nûh ile beraber gemide taşınanların soyundan, İbrâhim ile İsrâil’in (Ya‘kūb) neslindendir (Meryem 19/58); İsrâiloğulları da Nûh ile beraber gemide taşınanların soyundan gelmiştir (el-İsrâ 17/3). Ayrıca diğer peygamberler gibi Nûh’tan da söz alındığı (el-Ahzâb 33/7), onun hidayete erdirildiği (el-En‘âm 6/84), ona verilen emirlerin müslümanlar için de geçerli ve yürürlükte olduğu (eş-Şûrâ 42/13) bildirilmektedir.
Kur’an’da Hz. Nûh’un yaşıyla ilgili olarak şu bilgi yer almaktadır: “Andolsun ki biz Nûh’u kendi kavmine gönderdik de o 950 yıl onların arasında kaldı. Sonunda onlar zulümlerini sürdürürken tûfan kendilerini yakalayıverdi. Fakat biz onu ve gemidekileri kurtardık ve bunu âlemlere bir ibret yaptık” (el-Ankebût 29/14-15). Bu âyetten anlaşıldığına göre Nûh 950 yıl kavmiyle birlikte yaşamış ancak bu sürenin onun bütün ömrünü veya peygamberlik süresinin tamamını mı yoksa tûfana kadar olan safhasını mı içine aldığına işaret edilmemiştir. Kur’an’da verilen bu rakamı Nûh’un bütün ömrü olarak kabul edenlere göre kırk yaşında peygamber olmuş, 890 yaşında iken tûfan gerçekleşmiş, tûfandan sonra altmış yıl daha yaşamıştır. Bu süreyi sadece tûfan öncesi peygamberlik müddeti olarak düşünenlere göre ise Nûh’un yaşı bundan çok daha fazladır. Bir rivayete göre peygamberler içinde en uzun ömürlüsü Nûh’tur; kendisine 350 yaşında vahiy gelmiş, 950 yıl kavmini davetle geçirmiş, dolayısıyla 1300 yıl yaşamıştır (a.g.e. , VI, 30). Hz. Nûh’un kabrinin nerede olduğu bilinmemekte, çeşitli yerlerde ona nisbet edilen makam ve kabirler bulunmaktadır. Bir rivayete göre kabri Mekke’de Mescid-i Harâm’da, Mültezem ile Makām-ı İbrâhim arasında, diğer rivayetlere göre ise Kerek, Cizre veya Necef’tedir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’e göre Hz. Nûh çok şükreden bir kuldu (el-İsrâ 17/3); güçlükler karşısında gösterdiği sabır insanlara örnek olarak gösterilmiştir (Hûd 11/49). Onun bir başka özelliği de kâfirlere karşı çok sert davranmasıdır. Rivayete göre Hz. Peygamber, Bedir Gazvesi’nden sonra esirlerin durumunu müzakere ettiği sırada Hz. Ebû Bekir onlara iyi davranılmasını, Hz. Ömer ise öldürülmelerini önermiş, bunun üzerine Resûlullah, Ebû Bekir’in Hz. İbrâhim gibi olduğunu, zira onun, “Şimdi kim bana uyarsa o bendendir, kim de bana karşı gelirse artık sen gerçekten çok bağışlayan, pek esirgeyensin” diyerek (İbrâhîm 14/36) kendisine inanmayanlara karşı yumuşak davrandığını, Ömer’in ise Nûh gibi olduğunu zira onun da, “Rabbim, yeryüzünde kâfirlerden hiç kimseyi bırakma” diyerek (Nûh 71/26) inkârcılara karşı sert davrandığını söylemiştir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “nvḥ” md.). Kur’an’da Nûh mürsel (eş-Şuarâ 26/105), resul (eş-Şuarâ 26/107), apaçık uyarıcı (ez-Zâriyât 51/50), mübarek (Hûd 11/48), muhsin (es-Sâffât 37/80), mümin (es-Sâffât 37/81), kul (el-Kamer 54/9), şükreden (el-İsrâ 17/3) gibi özelliklerle anılmaktadır (Fîrûzâbâdî, VI, 26-27). Ayrıca kavimlerine gönderilmiş emin elçilerden olduğu belirtilen Nûh’un (eş-Şuarâ 26/107) “ashâbü’n-nevâmis”ten (şeriat sahibi) sayıldığı ifade edilmiştir. Rivayete göre tûfan esnasında Hz. Nûh, Ebûkubeys dağında bulunan Hz. Âdem’in naaşını alarak bir tabut içine koymuş, tûfandan sonra tekrar yerine defnetmiştir. Nûh’un İdrîs’ten sonra gelen ilk peygamber olup marangozluk yaptığı da nakledilmektedir (İbn Kuteybe, s. 19-24). Hz. Nûh’a ayrıca İslâm ve bilhassa Şiî geleneğinde “Neciyyullah” (Allah’ın kurtardığı kişi) sıfatı verilmiştir. Nûh’un ve kavminin tûfan hadisesinden kurtarılmasına atıf yapan bu sıfat, Allah’ın inâyetiyle Firavun’un zulmünden kurtarılan Hz. Mûsâ için de kullanılmaktadır (Sa‘lebî, s. 166).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “nvḥ” md.
Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ , “nvḥ” md.
Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî, el-Muʿammerûn ve’l-Veṣâyâ (nşr. Abdülmün‘im Âmir), Kahire 1961, s. 3-4.
İbn Kuteybe, el-Maʿârif (Ukkâşe) , s. 19-24.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 224-227 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 04.01.2020 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.