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NURUOSMANİYE KÜLLİYESİ Skip to content İstanbul’da XVIII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında I. Mahmud tarafından yaptırılan külliye.
Külliye, şehrin merkezî bir kesiminde ve ticaret bölgesinin hemen hemen içinde Büyük Çarşı’ya (Kapalı Çarşı) komşu olarak I. Mahmud tarafından 29 Muharrem 1162’de (19 Ocak 1749) temeli atılarak inşasına başlanmışsa da onun ölümü üzerine kardeşi III. Osman tarafından bitirilmiş ve açılışı 1 Rebîülevvel 1169’da (5 Aralık 1755) yapılmıştır. III. Osman camiye Nûr-ı Osmânî (Nuruosmaniye) adını vermekle görünüşte hânedanın ismini, gerçekte ise kendi adını ölümsüz kılmıştır. Kitâbede de kurucu olarak III. Osman’ın adı geçmektedir. Yerinde önceleri Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’nin zevcesinin adını taşıyan Fatma Hanım Mescidi’nin bulunduğu Nuruosmaniye Camii ile etrafındaki ek yapılar, Târîh-i Câmi-i Şerîf-i Nûr-i Osmânî başlıklı bir risâle kaleme alan bina emini Ahmed Efendi’nin idaresinde Simeon (Simon) Kalfa tarafından yeni bir sanat akımına uygun biçimde inşa edilmiştir. Caminin müştemilâtı ile birlikte düzenlemesi klasik dönem selâtin külliyelerinden çok farklı olarak düşünülmüştür. R. Walsh, İstanbul hakkındaki kitabında bu camiyi yaptırmadan önce bânisinin Avrupa’ya bir mimar gönderdiğini, oradaki katedralleri incelettiğini, daha sonra caminin projelendirildiğini bildirirse de bu iddianın doğruluğu tesbit edilememiştir.
Nuruosmaniye Külliyesi cami, hünkâr kasrı, medrese, kütüphane, türbe, sebil, çeşme, aşhane-imaret ve dükkânlardan meydana gelmiştir. Cami meyilli bir arazide kurulduğundan cami ile avlunun teşkil ettiği terasın altında bulunan ve belki de çarşı olarak düşünülmüş olan mahzen bugüne kadar hiç kullanılmamıştır. Cami, doğu ve batı yönünde yuvarlak kemerli iki kapısı bulunan dış avlunun kuzeybatı yönünde yer almıştır. Dış avludan merdivenlerle çıkılan revaklı avlu Türk sanatında ilk defa yarım yuvarlak biçimde yapılmıştır. Genel estetiği tamamlayan bir süs unsuru gibi düşünülen bu avlu kullanışsız ve sapa kalmıştır. Ortasında şadırvanı da olmadığı için abdest muslukları dış avluda caminin yan duvarlarında bulunmaktadır.
Caminin kare biçimindeki harimi, ağırlığı dört büyük kemere dağılan 25,50 m. çapındaki tek ve büyük bir kubbe örter. Caminin inşa edildiği yıllarda İstanbul’da bulunan Fransız mimarı Le Roy bu kubbenin tuğlalarının örtülüş metodunu görmüş ve anlatmıştır. Mermer mihrap, dışarıya çıkıntı teşkil eden üstü yarım kubbe ile örtülmüş küçük bir mekân içindedir. Ayrıca mihrap duvarında iki köşede kıble duvarına bitişik iki küçük kanat bulunmaktadır. İkişer şerefeli iki kesme taş minare yivli gövdelere sahiptir. Aslında kurşun külâhlı olan bu minarelere XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında bugün görülen taş külâhlar yapılmıştır. Nuruosmaniye Camii’nde XVIII. yüzyıl içinde Türk sanatına sızan Avrupa’nın barok üslûbu kuvvetle kendini belli eder. O sırada inşa edilen başka eserlerde Türk mimari geleneklerinin az da olsa yaşamasına karşılık burada mekân şekli istisna edilecek olursa her şey tamamen barok sanatının izlerini taşır. Avlunun yarım yuvarlak biçimi, pencere ve kapıların kemer profilleri, büyük kapıların nişlerinin üst bölümleri ve içerideki süsleme Türk barok sanatı anlayışına göre yapılmıştır. Pencerelerdeki renkli camlı (revzen) alçı pencerelerin desenleri ve mermer mihrapla minber de barok motifleriyle tezyin edilmiştir. Camide Türk sanat geleneklerini sürdüren tek unsur, içeride ve dışarıda çeşitli yerlerde görülen devrin en iyi hattatları tarafından yazılmış kitâbeler ve yazılardır.
Nuruosmaniye Camii’nin doğu tarafında yan cepheleri pencereli, hünkâr kasrına çıkışı sağlayan büyük bir rampa bulunmaktadır. Yuvarlak kemerli bir kapıdan sonra başlayan rampalı yol üstte sola dönüp camiye bağlanarak mahfile ulaşmaktadır. Rampalı yolun sonundaki mekânlardan doğu yönündeki dükkânlar, batı yönündeki sütunlar üzerine oturtulmuştur. Medrese ile imaret dış avluda kıble istikametinde yer almaktadır. Kitâbeleri bunların 1755’te yapıldığını bildirir. Bunlarda da barok üslûbu daha az gösterişli olarak hâkimdir. Medrese kare planlı, revaklı avlu etrafında farklı boyutlarda on iki talebe odası ve bir dershaneden oluşmuştur. Odaların üstü kubbeli olan yapıda kuzeyde cephe ortasında kapı, kapının karşısında dershane yer almıştır. Vakfiyesinde yazı öğretimi şartı bulunan Nuruosmaniye Medresesi’nin meşk odasında Hattat Abdullah Zühdü ve Filibeli Ârif efendiler yıllarca hat meşketmişlerdir. Medresenin batısında yapıya bitişik olarak yer alan imarete de kuzeyde cephe ortasında yer alan kapıdan geçilir. Dikdörtgen planlı avlunun güneyinde iki köşe hafif pahlanarak şekillenmiş olup birer kapı ile solda medreseye, sağda mutfak mekânına geçiş sağlanmıştır. Batıda ise ince uzun aşhane mekânı ile bunun kuzeyinde küçük servis mekânı vardır.
Caminin kuzeydoğu yönünde yer alan kütüphane, alt katı bodrum olan ve birkaç basamakla yükseltilmiş bulunan bir platform üzerinde inşa edilmiştir. Barok anlayışına uygun özgün bir plan arzeden yapının okuma salonunda dört serbest sütuna oturan orta kubbe, iki yönde düz dilimli yarım kubbe, bir yönde de tonozla genişlemiştir. Etrafı sütunlara oturan kemerli bir diziyle ayrıca çevrelenerek ilginç bir iç mekân oluşturulmuştur. Batı yönünde yer alan kitapların konulduğu oda yuvarlak kemerli bir kapı ile oturma salonuna bağlanmaktadır. İki yanda mevcut pahlı iç köşelerden kütüphaneye geçiş sağlanmaktadır (bk. NURUOSMANİYE KÜTÜPHANESİ ).
Kütüphane ile hünkâr kasrı arasında yer alan türbe kare planlı olup üzeri kubbe ile örtülmüştür. Önünde yer alan üç birimli revak ortada kubbe, yanlarda aynalı tonoz örtüye sahiptir. İçeride II. Mustafa’nın zevcelerinden ve III. Osman’ın annesi Şehsuvar Vâlide Sultan yatmaktadır. Ayrıca türbe ile hünkâr kasrı arasındaki bölümde Hibetullah Sultan’dan başka II. Mahmud’un 1809-1824 yılları arasında ölen bir kızı ile dokuz oğlu gömülüdür. Büyük Çarşı’ya açılan avlu kapısının dışında bulunan sebille çeşme Türk barok sanatının güzel ve zarif örnekleridir. Bunların mermer işlemelerinde ve sebilin tunç şebekelerinde barok süsleme motifleri çok bilinçli şekilde kullanılmıştır. Yıllardır saçağı kaldırılmış olduğundan sebil gerçek güzelliğini belli edemez durumdadır. Taşları oldukça yıpranmış olan çeşme ise çok haraptır. Külliyenin su ihtiyacı Halkalı sularından Nuruosmaniye su yolu ile sağlanmaktaydı. Selâtin camileri arasında Nuruosmaniye Camii yepyeni bir mimari anlayışın örneği olarak şehre damgasını vurmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “Tarih-i Cami-i Nuruosmani”, VD , sy. 24 (1994), s. 127-146.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 264-266 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.