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NÜŞÛZ Skip to content Eşlerin ve özellikle kadının evlilik hukukuna riayet etmemesi, geçimsiz davranması anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “yükselmek, ayağa kalkmak; (eşler) geçimsiz davranmak” gibi anlamlara gelen nüşûz kelimesi fıkıhta “kadının evlilik hukukuna riayet etmemesi, evlilik birliğini sürdürmeyi engelleyecek düzeyde geçimsizlik sergilemesi” demektir. Bu durumdaki kadına nâşize denir. Genellikle kadın için kullanılan nüşûz kelimesi erkeğe izâfe edilerek kullanıldığında kocanın karısına karşı görevlerini ihmal etmesini, ona karşı kötü muamelede bulunmasını ifade eder. Bu durumdaki erkeğe de nâşiz denilmiştir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de nüşûz kökünden türeyen kelimelerin başka bağlamlarda kullanımına iki âyette rastlanırsa da (el-Bakara 2/259; el-Mücâdile 58/11) kelime terim anlamında biri kadın (en-Nisâ 4/34), diğeri erkek (en-Nisâ 4/128) hakkında olmak üzere iki yerde geçmektedir. Kadının nüşûzünden bahseden âyette ailede erkeklerin koruyucu ve yönetici (kavvâm) konumunda bulunduğu, sâliha kadınların da Allah’ın buyruklarına itaatkâr olduğu belirtildikten sonra nüşûz alâmeti gösteren kadınlara aile düzenini korumak amacıyla kocaları tarafından uygulanabilecek bir dizi yöntemden söz edilmekte ve evlilik düzenine uyum göstermeleri halinde kendilerine karşı başka bir yol aranmaması öğütlenmektedir. Erkekle ilgili âyette ise bir kadının kocasının kötü muamelesinden veya evlilik birliğinin gereklerine kayıtsız kalmasından endişe etmesi durumunda aralarını anlaşma ile düzeltmelerinde ikisi için bir sakınca olmadığı belirtilmektedir. Her iki âyette nüşûz kavramının içeriğine ilişkin bir açıklama bulunmamakla birlikte İslâm âlimleri bu kavramın anlam çerçevesini erkeğe ve kadına göre ayrı ayrı belirlemeye çalışmışlardır.
Fakihlerin bu konudaki tesbit ve değerlendirmelerine yön veren temel bakış açısı şöylece özetlenebilir: İslâm’a göre, usulüne uygun biçimde kurulmuş evlilik akdi karı ve koca için şahsî ve malî birtakım hak ve vecîbeler doğurur (el-Bakara 2/228; en-Nisâ 4/20-21; et-Talâk 65/7). Karşılıklı iyi muamele, sevgi, saygı ve sadakat, birbirinin cinsel yönlerinden yararlanma, birlikte oturma, çocukların bakım ve terbiyesi eşlerin ortak hak ve görevlerindendir. Kur’an ve Sünnet insan olarak erkekle kadını eşit kabul ettiği gibi fıkıhtaki düzenlemeler de kadının kocasına karşı bağımsız bir kişiliğe sahip bulunduğu esası üzerine kurulmuştur. Fakat ailede huzurun temini ve karmaşanın önlenmesi için bir yandan kadın ve erkeğin fıtrî özellikleri, öte yandan erkeğin aile ve toplum hayatında yüklenmiş olduğu ağır sorumluluklar göz önünde tutularak aile reisliği kocanın uhdesine verilmiş, kocaya aile ilişkilerinde kadına göre nisbî bir üstünlük tanınmıştır (el-Bakara 2/228; en-Nisâ 4/34; Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 90; “Ahḳâm”, 1; Müslim, “İmâre”, 20). Bu hak ve mükellefiyetler dengesi içinde meselâ zengin bile olsa evlilik içinde kadının her türlü masrafı kocaya ait olup kocanın miras dışında karısı üzerinde herhangi bir malî hakkı bulunmamaktadır (el-Bakara 2/233; en-Nisâ 4/34; et-Talâk 65/6; Buhârî, “Nafaḳāt”, 1-4; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 147; İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 3; Ebû Dâvûd, “Nikâḥ”, 40). Buna karşılık kadının da -kocanın mehir ve nafaka mükellefiyetini yerine getirmesi şartıyla- meşrû ve mâruf ölçülerde kocasına itaat etme, onun bilgisi ve izni olmadan evi terketmeme, kocanın yokluğunda evine ve haklarına sahip çıkma yükümlülüğü vardır (en-Nisâ 4/34; İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 5; Nesâî, “Nikâḥ”, 14; ayrıca bk. AİLE; KADIN).
Evliliğin getirdiği hak ve ödevlerin erkek ve kadın açısından taşıdığı farklılıklar sebebiyle nüşûzün muhtevası ve sonuçları iki tarafa nisbetle değişmektedir. İslâm dinindeki yerleşik kurala göre dine ve örfe aykırı hususlarda kadının kocasına itaat yükümlülüğü bulunmamakta (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 94; “Aḥkâm”, 4; Müslim, “İmâre”, 3), kocasının bu tür emir ve isteklerini yerine getirmeyen kadın nâşize sayılmamaktadır. Bu sebeple klasik fıkıh kitaplarında karşılıklı hak ihlâllerinin önlenmesi açısından kadının kocasına itaat borcunun kapsam ve sınırlarının ne olduğu ve buna bağlı olarak kadının hangi hal ve davranışlarının nüşûz sayılacağı üzerinde önemle durulmaktadır. Bu konudaki fıkhî hükümlerin büyük bir kısmı nasların açık ifadelerinden çok toplumun örf, âdet ve telakkileri üzerine kurulduğundan birçok meselede İslâm âlimlerinin görüş ayrılığı içinde olduğu görülür. Tartışmalar daha ziyade kadının geçerli bir mazereti bulunmadığı halde kocasının evine taşınmaması ya da kocasının rızası olmadan evi terketmesi, onun izin vermediği kimseleri eve alması, kocasından izinsiz veya mahremsiz yolculuğa çıkması, ev dışında bir iş veya meslek icra etmesi, kocasıyla birlikte yolculuğa çıkmaktan veya onun cinsel isteklerine cevap vermekten kaçınması, maddî veya dinî temizliğe riayet etmemesi, farz ibadetleri yerine getirmemesi, kocasının karşı çıkmasına rağmen nâfile ibadetlerle meşgul olması, kocasının malını koruma hususunda gerekli özeni göstermemesi gibi meseleler etrafında yoğunlaşmaktadır. Ayrıntılarda farklı görüşler bulunmakla birlikte dört mezhep fakihleri, kadının kocasının izni olmadan veya haklı bir sebep yokken evinden çıkmasını ve özrü bulunmadığı halde eşiyle cinsel ilişkiden kaçınmasını nüşûz olarak görmektedir. Ev işlerini yapmanın kadının evlilikten doğan bir borcu olup olmadığı da bu bağlamda ele alınan konulardandır. Fakihlerin büyük çoğunluğuna göre bu hususta hukukî bir görev bulunmasa da genellikle Hz. Peygamber’in evin dışındaki işleri damadı Ali’nin, evin içindeki işleri kızı Fâtıma’nın uhdesine vermesi örneğinden (İbn Ebû Şeybe, VI, 10; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, II, 39), ayrıca örf ve âdetin bu yönde olmasından hareketle bunun ahlâkî-dinî bir vazife olduğu belirtilmiştir. Kadının nâşize sayılması kural olarak onun nafaka ve süknâ hakkını düşürmektedir. Bu konuda Mâlikî mezhebi içinde tercih edilmeyen bir görüş dışında İslâm âlimlerinin fikir birliği mevcuttur. Ayrıntılarda farklı görüşler bulunmakla birlikte kadının bu hali terketmesiyle nafaka hakkına yeniden kavuşacağı da ittifakla kabul edilmiştir.
Kur’an erkeğe kadının kendisini rahatsız eden davranışları karşısında sabırlı ve hoşgörülü olmasını öğütlemekte (en-Nisâ 4/19), geçinme imkânı yoksa güzellikle ayrılmalarını ve bu süreçte karşılıklı haklara saygı gösterilmesini istemektedir (et-Talâk 65/1-2, 6-7). Bununla beraber aile birliğinin devam etmesi ve aile içi problemlerin büyüyüp dışarıya aksetmeden ve boşanma noktasına gelmeden çözülmesi esas kabul edildiği için kocanın, aile reisine tanınan sınırlı yetki çerçevesinde evlilik hukukuna riayet etmeyen karısına yönelik bazı tedbirler uygulayabileceği kabul edilmiştir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de toplumsal telakkiyi ve uygulamayı göz ardı etmeyen bir örnekleme olarak dövmeden söz edilmekle birlikte asıl başvurulması istenen yol öğüt ve ikna yöntemidir (en-Nisâ 4/34). Resûl-i Ekrem’in sözleri ve uygulamaları âyetin bu şekilde anlaşılmasını gerekli kılmaktadır (bk. KADIN). Öte yandan fakihler, bu yolun aile birliğinin bozulmasını önleme (ıslah) amacını aşıp cezalandırma boyutuna varması ve kadına zarar vermesi halinde kocaya malî ve cezaî yaptırımlar öngörmüşlerdir.
Haklı veya haksız bir gerekçeyle kocanın karısına fena muamelede bulunması erkeğe nisbetle nüşûz kavramını gündeme getirmektedir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de kadın açısından birer endişe kaynağı olarak erkeğin nüşûzü ve yüz çevirmesi birlikte zikredilmekte (en-Nisâ 4/128), ancak kocanın hangi davranışının nüşûz, hangilerinin yüz çevirme kapsamına girdiğine dair bir açıklama yer almamaktadır. İslâm âlimleri, âyetin nüzûl sebebini de dikkate alıp (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 95; Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 26) kocanın, evlenme akdinin gereği olarak kadının hakkı olan nafaka, cinsel yararlanma, geceleyin evinde kalma gibi hususlarda ödevlerini yerine getirmemesini veya karısına ilgisiz, sevgisiz ve soğuk davranmasını yüz çevirme şeklinde değerlendirirken aile reisliği hakkını kötüye kullanmak suretiyle kadına sert davranıp fena muamelede bulunmasını da nüşûz diye açıklamışlardır. Aynı âyetin devamında her iki durumda da tarafların karşılıklı bazı haklarından fedakârlık yaparak bir anlaşmaya varabilecekleri, dolayısıyla evlilik içinde birlikte yaşamaya devam edebilecekleri belirtilmektedir. Tarafların, problemlerini kendi aralarında çözememesi ve erkeğin kötü muameleye devam etmesi durumunda İslâm âlimleri kamu otoritesinin (hâkim) devreye girip erkeğin bu davranışına engel olması, gerekirse cezaî yaptırımlar uygulaması ve kadını korumak için önlem alması gerektiğinde birleşmektedir. Öte yandan Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre kocası kendisine kötü muamelede bulunan kadın hâkime başvurup boşanma talebinde bulunabilir. Bu iddiasını ispat ederse hâkim boşanmaya karar verir. Hanefî ve Şâfiîler ise bu durumu bir boşanma sebebi olarak görmemektedir. Kadın kocasının kötü muamelede bulunduğunu ispat edemediği halde boşanma talebinde ısrar ederse ya da taraflar karşılıklı olarak nüşûz veya geçimsizlik iddiasında bulunurlarsa bir başka âyetin hükmü gereğince (en-Nisâ 4/35) hâkim tercihen her iki tarafın ailesinden uygun birer kişiyi hakem tayin eder. Hakemler tarafların arasını düzeltmeye çaba gösterir. Bu mümkün olmazsa Mâlikîler’e ve Hanbelî mezhebi içindeki iki görüşten birine göre bedelli veya bedelsiz boşanmaya hükmederler. Hanefîler’e, Şâfiîler’e ve Hanbelîler’in mutemet sayılan görüşüne göre ise koca kendilerine vekâlet vermediği sürece hakemlerin boşama yetkisi yoktur. 1917 tarihli Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi ve bu kararnâmeyi kaynak edinen çağdaş İslâm ülkeleri kanunları da bu konuyla ilgili düzenlemeyi Mâlikî mezhebinin görüşü doğrultusunda yapmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 303-304 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.