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OKKA Skip to content Bir Osmanlı ağırlık ölçüsü birimi.
Okıyye, vukıyye, vakıyye veya kısaca kıyye ve hokka isimleriyle de anılan okkanın Arapça’da etimolojisi yapılamayan ukıyyeden veya Grekçe’de “ağırlık, yük” anlamındaki ödünç kelime ougkostan (Arndt – Gingrich, s. 553) geldiği ileri sürülür (Fâhûrî – Havvâm, s. 180). Aslen Etrüskçe’ye dayandırılan “on ikide bir” mânasındaki Latince uncianın da (Lewis – Short, s. 1929) bunlarla ilişkisi kurulabilir. Kelimenin Türkçe “on iki” sayısından geldiği ve çeşitli diller üzerinden muhtelif telaffuz şekilleriyle tekrar Osmanlıca’ya geçtiği de düşünülebilir. Çünkü uncia/ukıyye libranın/rıtlın on ikide biridir (ayrıca bk. UKIYYE).
Kaynakların verdiği bilgilerden Osmanlı tarihi boyunca değişik mekân ve zamanlarda farklı okkaların kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Meselâ 907 (1502) yılına ait Edirne İhtisap Kanunnâmesi’nde sade yağ ölçümünde kullanılan önkenin 600 dirhem olduğu kaydedilmektedir (Beldiceanu, s. 254; Akgündüz, II, 390). Bunun 600 dirhemlik menne denk geldiği düşünülebilir (bk. MEN). 935 (1528) tarihli Aydın Livâsı Kanunnâmesi’ne göre vukıyye 300 dirheme eşittir (Barkan, s. 10; Akgündüz, II, 157). 14 Aralık 1593 tarihli hükümde İzmir ve civarında kullanılan 300 dirhemlik okka yerine 400 dirhemliğin kullanılması emredilmiştir (Emecen, s. 204, 225). 949 (1542) yılına ait Bağdat Eyaleti Kanunnâmesi’nde okkanın karşılığı 400 dirhemdir (Akgündüz, V, 185). 989’da (1581) çıkarılan Yağcılar Kanunu’nda yağın vukıyyesi 400 dirhem olarak kaydedilmiştir (Barkan, s. 245).
XVI-XVII. yüzyıllarda Macaristan’da kullanılan 400 dirhemlik Osmanlı okkaları için 1259,2 gr. ve 1281 gr. olmak üzere iki değer verilmektedir (Feher, III, 213). P. G. İnciciyan XVIII. yüzyılın sonunda okkanın Van’da 460-470, Beyazıt ile Hoy’da 700 ve Basra’da 550 dirheme denk düştüğünü kaydetmekte, fakat hemen ardından Basra ve İstanbul okkalarının oranını 100:142 şeklinde vermektedir. Dolayısıyla Basra okkası (142 × 400 ÷ 100 = 568 dirhem =) 1821,7819 gr. demektir ki bu da 570 dirhemlik rıtlı çağrıştırmaktadır. Sultan Abdülaziz devri sadrazamlarından Ahmed Esad Paşa’nın kongre için hazırlamış olduğu tablodan Hicaz, Şam, Siirt, Giresun, Tekirdağ, Edirne, Yanya, Filibe, İslimye gibi yerlerde 400 dirhemlik okkanın kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır (SA, III, 1563, 1564, 1569, 1570, 1572, 1573).
Standart okka için kaynaklardan şu eşitlik elde edilmektedir: 1 okka = 4 lidre = 6 ukıyye = 40 şer‘î ukıyye = 266 2/3 miskal = 400 dirhem. III. Selim zamanında Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun’da ikinci halife olarak görev yapan İbrâhim Edhem Paşa, kurumun başhocalarından Hüseyin Rıfkı Tamânî’nin 1794’te eski Paris libresiyle okka arasındaki karşılaştırmadan elde ettiği orantılardan yararlanarak okkanın metrik karşılığını 1,288172 kg. hesaplamaktadır. Kimyager Derviş Mehmed Emin Paşa ise 1864 yılında kıyyenin 1,3016 kiloya denk geldiğini kaydetmektedir. Halbuki Mehmed Emin Paşa aracılığı ile 25 Ekim 1841 tarihinde Paris’te yaptırılan ölçüm sonucu Osmanlı arşını 75,7738 cm., bunun küpünün aldığı saf suyun ağırlığının okka cinsinden belirlenerek metrik sisteme çevrilmesi sonucunda da okkanın değeri 1282,945 gr. olarak hesaplanmıştır (Günergun, II [1998], s. 39, 40). Nitekim 20 Cemâziyelâhir 1286 (26 Eylül 1869) tarihli kanunnâmeye göre eski okkanın karşılığı için aynı değer verilirken 1 kıyye-i a‘şârî veya kıyye-i cedîde = 1 kilogram = 1000 dirhem a‘şârî olmak üzere metrik sistemdeki yeni okka değeri belirtilmektedir (Règlement, s. 2, 5). 1298 (1881) kararnâmesiyle kıyye-i a‘şârî yerine yeni okka tabiri benimsenerek 1000 yeni dirheme eşitlenmiştir.
Garo Kürkman’ın araştırmalarına göre çeşitli müzelerin koleksiyonlarında korunan bazı okkaların ait oldukları dönemler ve gramajları şöyledir: I. Selim 1225; IV. Murad 1215,2; IV. Mehmed 1230; III. Mustafa 1278,45 ve 1280; III. Selim 1240,6; II. Mahmud 1250, 1261,55 ve 1265 (halbuki 2,5 ve 5 okkalıkların birim ağırlığı 1280 gr.); Abdülmecid 1257,01; Abdülaziz 1282; II. Abdülhamid 1265,25, 1285, 1287 ve 1298,15; V. Mehmed 1283,67 ve 1294. Bunların dışında dönemleri kesin belli olmayan 1150, 1165,2, 1170, 1194,44, 1200, 1234,45, 1248, 1250, 1260, 1264, 1280,5 (iki okkalığın birim ağırlığı), 1283,574 (beş okkalığın birim ağırlığı) ve 1305 gramlık okkalara da yer verilmektedir (Anadolu Ağırlık ve Ölçüleri, s. 66-67, 70, 82-83, 89, 249, 257, 269, 270, 296, 313, 317-318; Osmanlılarda Ölçü ve Tartılar, s. 21, 33, 36, 46, 60, 65, 69).
Fransa Ticaret Odası bülteninde kaydedilen bilgilere ve Osmanlı Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye İdaresi verilerine dayanan G. Young, 1890’larda standart okka dışında kullanılan diğer bazı okkalar için şu değerleri vermektedir: Adana’da 1212 gr., el-Cezîre’de (büyük okka) 2,5 okka = 3,21 kg., İzmir’de 380 dirhem = 1219 gr., Cidde’de (Mısır okkası) 1050 gr., Arnavutluk’ta (Venedik kantar okkası) 1412 gr. (Corps de droit ottoman, IV, 368). Ayrıca 1870’lerde Zaho okkası 480 dirheme denkti (Sachau, s. 468).
Kenneth M. Cuno’ya göre XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarında Mısır’da okka/vukka 1,554 kg. çekerdi. 1820-1830’lar arasında 2,75 Kahire rıtlı (396 ÷ 144) – 2m$frac{7}{9}$ Kahire rıtlı (400 ÷ 144) veya 396-400 dirhem civarındayken 1835’te standartlaştırılmıştır. Alfred von Kremer, 1850’lerde Mısır okkasının metrik karşılığını 1,25 kg. (= 400 × 3,125 gr.) olarak verirken astronomi âlimi Mahmud Bey yirmi yıl kadar sonra dirhemi 3,0898 gr. kabul etmek suretiyle 1235,92 gramlık biraz daha küçük bir değer hesaplamaktadır. Halbuki 3,148 gramlık dirhem esas alındığında 1246,6-1259,259 gram aralığı elde edilir. Nitekim Mısır Hidivi Mehmed Tevfik Paşa’nın 28 Nisan 1891 tarihinde kanunlaştırdığı metrik sistemde eski Mısır okkasının karşılığı 1248 gr. olarak belirtilmiştir (Système des mesures, s. 20).
John Gordon Lorimer, Ahvaz’da hokkanın 2,87 İngiliz libresine (≈ 1301,81 gr.), okıyyenin de onun 1,5 katına veya 4,3 libreye (≈ 1951 gr.) tekabül ettiğini bildirir (Delîlü’l-Halîc, I, 175). Dihhudâ da bu hokkanın 280 miskale (≈ 1300 gr.) denk geldiğini belirtmektedir (Luġatnâme, VI, 8035). 23 Şâban 1239 (23 Nisan 1824) tarihinde Necef hokkası 640 kuyumcu miskaline eşdeğerdi (M. Hasan en-Necefî, XV, 210); bu ise 2,97 kiloluk Tebriz mennini çağrıştırmaktadır. Ayrıca Lorimer’in verdiği bilgilerden şu eşitlikler elde edilmektedir: 1 Bağdat okkası = 8 İngiliz libresi + 12 ounce + 8 dram (≈ 3983,1 gr.); 1 İstanbul hokkası = 2 İngiliz libresi + 12 ounce + 12 dram (≈ 1268,64 gr.), 1 Basra hokkası = 2 İngiliz libresi + 12 ounce (≈ 1247,38 gr.); 1 Basra okkası = 2,5 hokka (≈ 3118,45 gr.), 1 Lahsâ ve Katîf hokkası = 4 rub‘a/ukıyye = 2,75 İngiliz libresi (≈ 1247,38 gr.; Delîlü’l-Halîc, II, 849; III, 1000, 1002).
28 Eylül 1836 tarihli ölçü reformundan önce Yunanistan’da hacim ölçüsü olarak kullanılan okka (oke) 1,33 litreye muadildi (Hallock – Wade, s. 92). János Hóvári, XIX. yüzyılın başlarında Erdel’deki ve sınır boylarındaki okkanın 2,5 Viyana pounduna (= 1260,026 gr.) karşılık geldiğini bildirmektedir. M. Vekov da XIX. yüzyılda kullanılan Dubrovnik okkasının metrik değerini 1336 gr. olarak vermektedir (Bulgarian Historical Review, XXVI/1-2 [1998], s. 128).
Kıyye-i a‘şârînin sembolü kāf (ق) harfidir. Okkanın üst katları batman, kantar ve çeki, ast katları lidre, miskal ve dirhemdir. Tarih boyunca farklı biçimlerde üretilen okkaların bir kısmı ortası delik diskler şeklinde olup toplam ağırlığı 2 okkaya ulaşan takımın birimleri birbirinin içine geçebilirdi. Önceleri çoğunlukla bronzdan imal edilegelen okkalar XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru pirinçten, daha sonra da bakırdan ve nihayet demirden üretilmeye başlanmıştır (Pyle, XLI/161 [1977], s. 117). Muhtelif kanunnâmelerde kile, arşın ve okkanın damgasız kullanılmaması, bunların belli aralıklarla denetlenmesi hükme bağlanmıştır (I. Selim Kānūnnāmesi, s. 40; Zanaatkârlar Kanunu, s. 94).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA W. F. Arndt – F. W. Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Chicago-London 1979, s. 553; Ch. T. Lewis – Ch. Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford 1993, s. 1929; I. Selim Kānūnnāmesi (1512-1520) ve XVI. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısının Kimi Kanunları (haz. Selami Pulaha – Yaşar Yücel), Ankara 1988, s. 40; M. Hasan en-Necefî, Cevâhirü’l-kelâm fî şerḥi Şerâʾiʿi’l-İslâm (nşr. Abbas el-Kūçânî), Beyrut 1377 hş., XV, 210; A. von Kremer, Aegypten, Leipzig 1863, II, 120; Règlement et tables pour la conversion des poids et mesures, İstanbul 1870, s. 2, 5; Fî 29 Şevval Sene 1298 ve fî 11 Eylül Sene 1297 Tarihiyle Şeref-müteallik Buyurulan İrâde-i Seniyye-i Hazret-i Pâdişahî Mûcebince Yeni Ölçülerin Tanzim ve Tensîkiyle Suver-i İcrâiyyesi Hakkında Kararnâmedir , İstanbul 1299, s. 4, 5; E. Sachau, Reise in Syrien und Mesopotamien, Leipzig 1883, s. 468; W. Hallock – H. T. Wade, Outlines of the Evolution of Weights and Measures and the Metric System, New York-London 1906, s. 92; G. Young, Corps de droit ottoman, Oxford 1906, IV, 368; Delîlü’l-Halîc (Coğrafya), I, 175; II, 849; III, 1000, 1002; Barkan, Kanunlar, s. 10, 245; W. Hinz, Islamische Masse und Gewichte, Leiden 1955, s. 24; N. Beldiceanu, Recherche sur la ville ottomane au XVe siècle: Etude et actes, Paris 1973, s. 254; Zanaatkârlar Kanunu: Kanunnâme-i Ehl-i Hıref (haz. Abdullah Uysal), Ankara 1982, s. 94; G. Feher, “Osmanisch-Turkische Gewichtsstücke in Ungarn”, II. Uluslararası Türk ve İslam Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Kongresi, 28 Nisan – 2 Mayıs 1986, İstanbul 1987, III, 213; Système des mesures, poids et monnaies de l’Empire ottoman et des principaux états avec de nombreux exercices et des tables de conversion, Istanbul 1988, s. 17, 20; Feridun M. Emecen, “XVI. Asrın İkinci Yarısında İstanbul ve Sarayın İâşesi İçin Batı Anadolu’dan Yapılan Sevkıyât”, Tarih Boyunca İstanbul Semineri (haz. Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu), İstanbul 1989, s. 204, 225; Ahmet Akgündüz, Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri, İstanbul 1990-92, II, 157, 390; V, 185; K. M. Cuno, The Pasha’s Peasants: Land, Society and Economy in Lower Egypt, 1740-1858, Cambridge 1992, s. 208; Mahmûd Fâhûrî – Selâhaddin Havvâm, Mevsûʿatü vaḥdâti’l-ḳıyâsi’l-ʿArabiyye ve’l-İslâmiyye, Beyrut 2002, s. 180-181; Garo Kürkman, Anadolu Ağırlık ve Ölçüleri, İstanbul 2003, s. 66-67, 70, 82-83, 89, 249, 257, 269, 270, 296, 313, 317-318; Osmanlılarda Ölçü ve Tartılar (haz. Garo Kürkman), İstanbul, ts., s. 21, 33, 36, 46, 60, 65, 69; Mahmoud Beg, “Le système métrique actuel d’Egypte”, JA, I (1873), s. 81; M. H. Sauvaire, “Matériaux pour servir à l’histoire de la numismatique et de la métrologie musulmanes”, a.e., sekizinci seri: III (1884), s. 380; P. G. İnciciyan, “XVIII. Asrın Sonunda Osmanlı Devleti: Tartılar ve Ölçüler”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, II/8, İstanbul 1965, s. 72; N. S. Pyle, “Ottoman Okka Weights”, TTK Belleten, XLI/161 (1977), s. 117; J. Hóvári, “The Transylvanian Kanthner and the Balkan Ḳanṭār”, AOH, XXXIX/2-3 (1985), s. 259-274; Feza Günergun, “Osmanlı Ölçü ve Tartılarının Eski Fransız ve Metre Sistemlerindeki Eşdeğerleri: İlk Karşılaştırmalar ve Çevirme Cetvelleri”, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, II, İstanbul 1998, s. 39, 40; M. Vekov, “Maßeinheiten in den Bulgarischen Ländern vor der Einführung des Metrischen Maßsystems”, Bulgarian Historical Review, XXVI/1-2, Sofia 1998, s. 128-129; “Ölçü”, SA, III, 1563, 1564, 1569, 1570, 1572, 1573; Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme, VI, 8035.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 338-339 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.