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OKYAR, Ali Fethi Skip to content (1880-1943)
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün yakın arkadaşı, Türk siyaset adamı.
29 Nisan 1880’de bugün Makedonya sınırları içerisinde kalan Pirlepe’de doğdu. Babası Osmanlı Hariciye Nezâreti’nde memurluk yapan İsmâil Hakkı Bey’dir. Sekiz yaşına kadar Pirlepe’de kaldı. İlk öğrenimini Manastır’da yaptı (1891). Rüşdiye ve Manastır Askerî İdâdîsi’ndeki tahsilini de burada bitirdikten sonra (1897) 1898’de İstanbul’da bulunan Mekteb-i Harbiyye’ye girdi. Hacı Dâvut gemisiyle Manastır’dan İstanbul’a gelen, içlerinde Mustafa Kemal’in de bulunduğu on yedi öğrenci arasında yer aldı. Mustafa Kemal ile Manastır’da askerî idâdî esnasında başlayan dostlukları ileri yıllarda da giderek artarak devam edecektir. Harbiye sıralarında II. Abdülhamid’in baskıcı yöntemine karşı okulda bazı arkadaşlarıyla birlik kurarak İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin taraftarları arasına katıldı. Jön Türkler’in yabancı postahaneler vasıtasıyla ülkeye soktuğu yasak yayınlardan etkilendi. Nâmık Kemal ve Tevfik Fikret’in şiirlerini ezberledi. Özellikle Harbiye döneminde Nâmık Kemal’in vatan ve hürriyet ideallerine dayanan düşünceleri Ali Fethi Bey’e çok tesir etti. 1901’de Harbiye’den mezun olduktan sonra kurmay sınıfına ayrıldı ve buradan 1904’te mezun oldu. Aynı yıl merkezi Selânik’te bulunan üçüncü Ordu’nun kadrosunda kurmay yüzbaşı olarak göreve başladı. Ali Fethi Bey’in sınıf arkadaşları arasında Ali Fuad Paşa (Erden), Cafer Tayyar Eğilmez Paşa, Galatalı Albay Şevket, Karakol Cemiyeti’nin kurucularından İttihatçı Albay Kara Vâsıf Bey, Mustafa Muğlalı Paşa, İttihatçı şeflerinden Enver ve Hâfız Hakkı paşalar gibi önemli simalar vardır. Üçüncü Ordu’ya bağlı 13. Süvari Alayı’nda ilk kıta hizmetine başladı. Oluşturulan Manastır Mıntıka Komutanlığı’na bağlı olarak Edirne, Kesriye, Nasliç, Selânik gibi bölgelerde Enver Bey ve Kâzım Karabekir’le birlikte eşkıya takibatında bulundu. 1908’de II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânına kadar bu görevde kalan Fethi Bey, bu yıllar içerisinde İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası’nın askerî kanadına da resmen katılmış oldu. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından bir gün önce (23 Temmuz 1908) Selânik’te Manyasîzâde Refik Bey’in evinde İttihat ve Terakkî’nin Selânik şubesinin yaptığı toplantıya iştirak etti ve cemiyetin meşrutiyeti ilân ettirmede asıl amacının ne olacağı yönündeki beyannâmeyi Talat Paşa’nın teklifi üzerine bizzat kaleme aldı.
Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası sebebiyle Selânik’ten gelen Hareket Ordusu’nun kurmayları arasında Ali Fethi Bey de vardı. II. Abdülhamid’in tahttan indirilmesinin (27 Nisan 1909) ardından zorunlu ikamet yeri olan Selânik’teki Alatini Köşkü’ne sevki için oluşturulan muhafız birliğinin başında yer aldı. Selânik’teki görevi esnasında II. Abdülhamid’in şahsî servetinin elinden alınarak ordu hesabına geçirilmesi muamelesinde aktif bir şekilde çalıştı. İstanbul’da İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin üyeleri arasında iktidar kavgasının kızışması ve askerlerin ya siyaseti ya da askerliği seçmesi yönünde bir kararın uygulamaya sokulması üzerine Ali Fethi Bey Paris’e ataşemiliter olarak gönderildi (1910). Burada Büyükelçi Rifat Paşa ile çok iyi anlaştı ve 1911 yılına kadar görevini sürdürdü. O yıllarda pek çok silâh arkadaşının aksine siyaseti tercih etmedi. Bu arada Fransız demokrasisini ve parlamenter yapısını araştırdı; böylece daha sonraki yıllarda siyasî hayatında yolunu çizecek olan liberal anlayışın temellerini atmış oldu. 1911 Eylülünde İtalyanlar’ın Trablusgarp’ı işgal etmesi üzerine Tunus’tan sınırı geçerek bölgenin korunmasında yararlı faaliyetlerde bulundu. Balkan Savaşı çıkınca (1912) Boğazlar’ı savunmak için Bolayır’da kurulan Bahr-i Sefîd Boğazı Kuvâ-yi Mürettebesi’nde kurmay başkanı olarak çalıştı. Ayrıca Arnavutluk’taki İpek cephesinde Abdullah Paşa’nın maiyetinde kurmay başkanı sıfatıyla bulundu ve Talat Paşa’nın önerisi üzerine 1912’de Manastır’dan İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası adına Osmanlı Meclis-i Meb‘ûsanı’na milletvekili olarak girdi. Bu arada İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası’nın genel sekreterliğine getirildi. Yunanlılar’ın Selânik’i işgali kesinleşince II. Abdülhamid’in İstanbul’a getirilmesi görevi kendisine verildi. Abdülhamid’in bir Alman gemisiyle geri getirilip Beylerbeyi Sarayı’na yerleştirilmesini (1 Kasım 1912) temin etti. Bâbıâli Baskını’ndan sonra İttihatçılar’ın iktidarı kesin biçimde ele geçirmesi üzerine radikal İttihatçılar’ın baskısıyla genel sekreterlik görevini Eyüp Sabri Bey’e bıraktı. Sadrâzam Mahmud Şevket Paşa’nın bir suikast neticesinde öldürülmesiyle gerilen siyasî ortamdan kurtulması için 10 Ekim 1913’te Sofya’ya büyükelçi tayin edildi. Yanına ataşemiliter olarak Mustafa Kemal’i aldı. Ali Fethi Bey, Mahmud Şevket Paşa suikastından sonra kendi isteğiyle askerlikten ayrılmış ve kurmay yarbay rütbesiyle yedek subay sınıfına geçmişti. Mustafa Kemal’in Enver Paşa’nın Harbiye nezâretine getiriliş biçimini eleştirmesi ve askerlerin siyasetten ellerini çekmesine taraftar olması kendisini çeşitli tehlikelerle karşı karşıya getirmişti. Bu durumda Sofya formülünü beraber bulmuşlardı. Fethi Bey 4 Aralık 1917’ye kadar Sofya’da kaldı, bugünkü elçilik binasını da kendisi satın aldı. Buradaki hizmetlerinden dolayı Bulgar kralı tarafından Sivil Liyakat ve Şecaat nişanlarıyla ödüllendirildi. Sofya’dan İstanbul’a dönen Ali Fethi Bey, Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın III. dönemine İstanbul milletvekili olarak girdi. Ekim 1918’de kurulan Ahmed İzzet Paşa kabinesinde Dahiliye nâzırı oldu. Mondros Mütarekesi’nin en çetin şartları içerisinde, İstanbul’daki muhalefetin İttihatçı düşmanlığına karşı bir cevap olmak üzere adını Mustafa Kemal’in koyduğu Minber gazetesini onunla birlikte çıkardı. Bu arada Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası’nın gazetelerinde yayımlanan İttihatçılar’ın resimleri arasında Fethi Bey’in resmi de vardı. Bu gazeteler sorumlu İttihatçılar’ın cezalandırılmasını istiyordu. Mart 1919’da Damad Ferit Paşa hükümeti tarafından Hayri Efendi ve Rauf Orbay gibi arkadaşları ile beraber tutuklanarak Bekir Ağa Bölüğü’nde iki buçuk ay kaldıktan sonra 28 Mayıs 1919’da altmış altı tutuklu ile birlikte Galata’daki Arabyan Hanı’na getirildi ve oradan Malta’ya sürgüne gönderildi (16 Mart 1920). Fethi Bey 30 Nisan 1921 tarihine kadar sürgünde kaldı. Malta’dan Avrupa’ya geçti, Münih üzerinden Roma’ya gitti, ardından İstanbul’a geldi ve Ankara’ya geçip Millî Mücadele’ye katıldı. Ardından kurmay olarak cepheleri dolaştı. 11 Ekim 1921’de Dahiliye vekilliğine getirildi. Ağustos-Kasım 1923 ve Kasım 1924 – Mart 1925’te iki defa başbakan oldu. İlk başbakanlık görevinde Dahiliye vekilliğini de üzerine almıştı. Fethi Bey Kasım 1923’te yerini İsmet Paşa’ya (İnönü) bıraktı. Kasım 1924’e kadar Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası’nın İstanbul mebusu olarak kaldı. Kısa bir dönem Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin ilk başkanlığını da yürüttü. İkinci defa geldiği başbakanlıkta fırka içindeki bazı siyasî sorunlarla uğraştı. 17 Kasım 1924’te kurulan Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası’nın meclis içindeki muhalefetiyle karşılaştı. Bu sırada Millî Müdafaa Vekâleti de kendi üzerindeydi. Üç buçuk ay sürecek olan bu hükümet 1925 yılı Mart ayında çıkan Şeyh Said isyanı sebebiyle düştü ve İsmet Paşa hükümeti kuruldu. Fethi Bey 27 Mart 1925’te Paris’e büyükelçi tayin edildi. 1930 yılı Ağustosunda izinli olarak döndüğünde Mustafa Kemal tarafından kendisine yeni bir parti kurması teklif edildi. Ali Fethi Bey bu konuda Atatürk’ten gerekli teminatı almaya çalıştı ve 12 Ağustos 1930’da Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası kuruldu, Fethi Bey de Gümüşhane’den milletvekili seçildi. Yurdun her yanından Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası’na büyük yöneliş oldu. Bu sırada yapılacak belediye seçimlerinde yeni partinin ezici bir çoğunluk sağlayacağı beklentisi fırkanın geleceğini ciddi anlamda tehlikeye düşürdü. Sonunda parti daha teşkilâtlanmasını tamamlamadan Kasım 1930’da kendini feshetti.
Bu denemeden sonra Fethi Bey’e yeniden Paris’e dönebileceği bildirildiyse de kabul etmedi. 7 Nisan 1934’te Londra büyükelçiliğine gönderildi. 1936’da İngiltere Kralı VIII. Edward’ın Türkiye ziyareti dolayısıyla İstanbul’a geldi. O yıl içinde imzalanan Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi’nin Türk delegasyonu içinde bulundu. Atatürk’ün ölümünden sonra 1939’da ülkeye döndü. İsmet İnönü kendisiyle barışmak istedi ve onu Refik Saydam kabinesine Adalet bakanı tayin etti. Bu arada Bolu milletvekilliğine seçildi. 1942’de emekli oldu. Büyükada’daki köşküne çekilerek hâtıralarını yazmaya başladı. Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası dönemine ait hâtıralarını kaleme aldı, fakat 1943 yılının başlarından itibaren hastalığı ilerledi. 7 Mayıs 1943 tarihinde İstanbul Nişantaşı’ndaki evinde öldü ve Zincirlikuyu Asrî Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ali Fethi Okyar, Üç Devirde Bir Adam (haz. Cemal Kutay), İstanbul 1980.
a.mlf., Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası Nasıl Doğdu, Nasıl Fesh Edildi? , İstanbul 1987.
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E. J. Zürcher, Political Opposition in the Early Turkish Republic: The Progressive Republican Party, 1924-1925 , Leiden 1991, tür.yer.
Ahmet Ağaoğlu, Serbest Fırka Hatıraları , İstanbul 1994, tür.yer.
Nevin Yurtsever Ateş, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin Kuruluşu ve Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası , İstanbul 1994.
Fethi Okyar’ın Anıları: Atatürk-Okyar ve Çok Partili Türkiye (haz. Osman Okyar – Mehmet Seyitdanlıoğlu), Ankara 1997.
Ahmet Yeşil, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde İlk Teşkilatlı Muhalefet Hareketi: Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası , Ankara 2002.
F. Tevetoğlu, “Okyar, Ali Fethi”, TA , XXV, 408-409.
W. Hale, “Okyar”, EI2 (İng.) , VIII, 168.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 342-343 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.