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OKYAY, Mehmed Necmeddin Skip to content (1883-1976)
Hat, ebru ve kitap sanatları üstadı.
28 Ocak 1883’te Üsküdar’ın Toygartepe semtinde doğdu. Babası Üsküdar Mahkeme-i Şer‘iyye başkâtibi ve Yeni Vâlide Camii imam-hatibi Abdünnebî Efendi, annesi Binnaz Hanım’dır. Karagazi (Karakadı) mahalle mektebini bitirdikten sonra Kasapzâde Hâfız Mehmed Efendi’nin yanında hıfza başladı. Ravza-i Terakkî Mektebi’nde tahsilini sürdürürken hocasının vefatı üzerine hıfzını bu mektebin hocası Hâfız Şükrü Efendi’den tamamladı. Mektebin hat muallimi Hasan Talat Bey’den rik‘a, divanî, celî divanî yazılarını rüşdiye seviyesinde meşkederek icâzet aldı. Hasan Talat Bey, 1902 yılında onu Nuruosmaniye Medresesi’ndeki “yazı odası”na götürerek Filibeli (Bakkal) Hacı Ârif Efendi’nin derslerine devam etmesini sağladı. Üsküdar İdâdîsi’ndeki tahsilinin ikinci yılında hat meşkine gitmesine müsaade edilmeyince mektebi bıraktı. Bu sırada eline geçen bir ebru kâğıdı onu bu sanata yönlendirdi. 1903 yılında Sultantepe’deki Özbekler Tekkesi şeyhi Edhem Efendi’ye devam ederek ondan ebru sanatını, kâğıt boyama ve âharlama usullerini, biraz da ince marangozluğu öğrendi. Ertesi yıl hocasının vefatının ardından ebruyu kendi gayretiyle ilerletti. Toygartepe’de komşusu olan ressam Hoca Ali Rızâ Bey’den bu konuda renk zevkini geliştirdi. Edhem Efendi’nin delâletiyle meşhur celî üstadı Sâmi Efendi’den ta‘lik hattını meşkedip 1905 yılında bu yazıdan, ertesi yıl da sülüs-nesih yazılarından icâzet almaya hak kazandı. Bu arada Konyalı müderris Mehmed Vehbi Efendi’den is mürekkebi imalini, Sultan Abdülaziz’in okçubaşısı Seyfeddin Bey’den kemankeşliği öğrendi. Kaptanpaşa Camii imamı Ahmed Nazîf Efendi’den aşere ve takrîb, Çinili Camii imamı Nûri Efendi’den ilmiye icâzetnâmelerini aldı. 1907’de babası vefat edince Yeni Vâlide Camii’nin ikinci imamlığı kendisine intikal etti. Daha sonra tayin edildiği birinci imamlık ve hatiplik vazifelerini 1947 yılına kadar sürdürdü.
Necmeddin Efendi genç yaşlarından itibaren eski hat üstatlarının icâzetnâmelerini ve sanat hayatlarının muhtelif devrelerine ait örnekleri titizlikle toplamaya başladı. Hoca olarak davet edilip yanlışlıkla talebe kaydedildiği Medresetü’l-hattâtîn’de Hacı Kâmil Efendi’den (Akdik) sülüs hattını ilerletti, Tuğrakeş İsmail Hakkı Bey’den de (Altunbezer) celî sülüs ve tuğra meşketti. Medresetü’l-hattâtîn’den diploma almasından iki yıl önce 22 Mayıs 1916’da ebru ve âhar muallimliğine tayin edildi. Daha sonra buranın mubassırlık vazifesini de üstlendi. Yine aynı yıllarda Süleymaniye’deki Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman Mektebi ile Bostancı ve Erenköy mekteplerinde rik‘a yazısını öğretti. Medresetü’l-hattâtîn’deki hocalığı sırasında yazılı ebru denilen tarzı ve çiçekli ebruyu buldu. Lâle, karanfil, sümbül gibi çiçekleri aslına uygun şekilde ebru teknesinde resmetmeyi başardı. Bundan dolayı çiçekli ebrulara sanat çevrelerinde “Necmeddin ebrusu” adı verildi. Medresetü’l-hattâtîn’in 1925’te Hattat Mektebi, 1929’da Şark Tezyînî Sanatlar Mektebi ismiyle devamında da öğretim vazifesini sürdürdü. Bu arada hat ve kitap sanatlarına dair tabir ve ıstılahları başta Bahâeddin Efendi (Tokatlıoğlu) olmak üzere eski üstatlardan tesbit etme yolunda çalışmalara başladı. Celâl Esat Arseven’in Sanat Ansiklopedisi’ne ve Mehmet Zeki Pakalın’ın Osmanlı Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlüğü’ne bu konularda şifahî kaynaklık etti.
1925’te eski bir mücellit terekesinden eline kadim tarzda cilt kalıplarının geçmesiyle mücellitliğe heves eden Necmeddin Efendi, Bahâeddin Efendi’nin yardımıyla bu meslekte de kendini geliştirdi. Elindeki eski kapların tamiri dışında yeni cilt kalıpları elde etmek için galvanoplasti metodunu öğrendi ve bu sahada da başarılı oldu, 1926 yılından itibaren kadim tarzda kitap kapları ve deriden yazı çerçeveleri imal etti. 1927’de Reisicumhur Gazi Mustafa Kemal’in lüks baskılı Nutuk nüshalarına biri ötekine benzemeyen desenlerle cilt kalıpları hazırladı. Yaptığı yirmi kitap kabı karşılığında verilen 400 lira ile Şeyh Hamdullah’ın II. Bayezid için yazdığı mushafı Salacak’taki Çürüksulu ailesinden satın alıp kendi koleksiyonuna kattı. Bu mushaf şimdi Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Yeniler, nr. 913). 1930’ların son birkaç yılında saray kütüphanesindeki tamire muhtaç kıymetli kitapların cilt bakımını yapmaya memur edildi. Okçuluğa olan sevgisini soyadı kanunu çıktığında Okyay soyadını alarak ispatlayan ve yaşlı hâlinde bile yay çekmeyi meraklılara heyecanla gösteren Necmeddin Efendi vakıf arazisi olan Okmeydanı’nın ilki 1920’de, ikincisi 1940’ta olmak üzere satışını Devlet Şûrası’na kadar takip ederek önledi. 1926’da Gülcü Şükrü Baba ve Tuğrakeş İsmail Hakkı Bey’in (Altunbezer) teşvikiyle Toygartepe’deki dört dönümlük bahçesinin bir bölümünü gül yetiştirmeye ayırarak 400 çeşit gül yetiştirdi. Katıldığı gülcülük müsabakalarında madalyalar kazandı. Bu zevkini 1950’li yıllara kadar sürdürdü.
Şark Tezyînî Sanatlar Mektebi’nin Devlet Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi’ne Türk Tezyînî Sanatları Şubesi adıyla bağlanmasının (1936) ardından muallimlik hizmetine burada da devam etti. Ocak 1948’de emekliye ayrıldıktan sonra sanat faaliyetlerini daha ziyade evinde öğrencileriyle çalışarak ve isteyenlere levhalar yazarak sürdürdü. Dostlarının ve yerli yabancı sanat severlerin uğrak yeri olan evi âdeta bir kültür ve sanat merkeziydi. 1956’da tanıştığı Muhammed Hamîdullah İstanbul’a geldiğinde kendisini ziyaret etmekten hoşlanır ve onu “bakıyyetü’s-sâlihîn” olarak anardı.
Çok cepheli oluşundan dolayı hocası Edhem Efendi gibi “hezarfen” lakabıyla anılan Necmeddin Okyay’ın önemli bir meziyeti de imzasız hüsn-i hat eserlerinin kime ait olduğunu büyük bir isabetle tayin edebilmesiydi. Şeyh Hamdullah, Hâfız Osman, İsmâil Zühdü, Mustafa Râkım, Kazasker Mustafa İzzet, Mehmed Şevki ve Sâmi gibi hayranı olduğu üstatların hatlarını yazdıkları yılı da bazan aynen, bazan küçük bir farkla söyleyebilirdi. Bunu zekâ ve hâfızasına olduğu kadar hem kendisindeki hem de başka koleksiyonlarda gördüğü eserleri tetkik edişine ve bir hattatın yazı karakterini zihnine kaydedişine borçlu olduğunu belirtirdi.
Okyay’ın bir başka hususiyeti de Osmanlı topraklarında yaşayan muhtelif halkların konuştuğu Türkçe’yi lehçe farklarıyla taklit edebilmesiydi. Ayrıca hocalarından Sâmi, Ârif ve Edhem efendilerle İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal, Gülcü Şükrü Baba gibi kişilerin konuşmalarını da mimiklerine kadar aksettirirdi. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i “Üsküdar ağzı” ile tiz perdeden okuyuşuyla tanınır, mûsiki tahsil etmediği halde tabii makam seyriyle okuması erbabınca çok takdir edilirdi. Hadiseler karşısında ebcedle irticâlen tarih düşürür, tarih düşürmek için çaba sarfettiği takdirde muvaffak olamadığını söylerdi. Gözlerine ârız olan glokom hastalığı, son yıllarında hüsn-i hat seyrinden kendisini mahrum bırakmakla beraber ziyaretine gelen sevenlerine birikimlerini aktararak bahtiyar olurdu. 5 Ocak 1976 tarihinde Haydarpaşa Numune Hastahanesi’nde vefat eden Okyay ertesi günü, kırk yıl imamlık yaptığı Yeni Vâlide Camii’nde öğle namazını müteakip kılınan cenaze namazından sonra Karacaahmet’teki aile kabristanına defnedildi.
Necmeddin Okyay, hocası Sâmi Efendi’nin tavsiyesi üzerine daha ziyade ta‘lik hattına yönelmiş, eserlerini o yolda vermiştir. Sınırlı sayıda sülüs ve celî sülüs levhaları da vardır. Ta‘lik ve celî ta‘lik eserlerine, bir kısmı kendi ebrularıyla bezenmiş olarak müze ve özel koleksiyonlarda rastlamak mümkündür. Elli altmış sene içinde oluşturduğu koleksiyonunun büyük bölümü 1960 yılında Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’ne intikal etmiş, kalanların bir kısmı 1974’te Ziya Aydın’a geçmiş, metrûkâtı ise 1977’de Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi ile Türkpetrol Vakfı’nda toplanmıştır.
Devlet Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi’nden ayrılırken eski personel kanununa tâbi oldukları için emekli maaşı alamayan birkaç hoca arasında yer alan Necmeddin Okyay, devrin Maarif vekili Hasan Âli Yücel’in bu haksızlığı gidermek için başlattığı bir uygulamayla her ay 178 Türk lirası karşılığında bir eserini akademiye vermeye başlamış, bunu sürdürebildiği 1960 yılı sonuna kadar 150’nin üzerinde yazısı Devlet Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi’nde toplanmıştır. Bu yazıların bir kısmı mezuniyet ödevi olarak öğrencilere tezhip ettirilmiş olup hâlen Resim ve Heykel Müzesi koleksiyonundadır. Tezhip edilmeyen diğer yazılar 2001 yılında Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü’nden çelik dolabıyla birlikte kaybolmuştur. Okyay’ın hem celî ta‘lik hem de Latin harfleriyle yazdığı tek bina kitâbesi Çemberlitaş’taki Piyer Loti’nin evi üzerindedir. Mezar kitâbelerine örnek olarak Cerrahpaşa’daki Mustafa Ağa Mescidi hazîresinde Keçecizâde İzzet Molla’nın, Karacaahmet’te Adliye Vekili Pîrîzâde İbrâhim Bey’in ve Tuğrakeş İsmâil Hakkı Bey ile babası Mehmed İlmî Efendi’nin taşları ilk hatırlanacaklardandır.
A. Süheyl Ünver, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi müdür muavini Lutfi Bey, Ressam Şefik Bursalı, Muhsin Demironat, Fatma Rikkat Kunt, Feyzullah Dayıgil, M. Emin Barın, Kerim Silivrili, oğulları Nebih, Sâmi ve Sâcit, yeğeni Mustafa Düzgünman, Ali Alparslan, Mesud Kacaralp, M. Bekir Pekten, Numan Buharalı ve M. Uğur Derman Okyay’ın muhtelif dallarda yetiştirdiği sanatkârlar arasında zikredilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbnülemin, Son Hattatlar, s. 597-601; M. Uğur Derman, Türk Sanatında Ebrû, İstanbul 1977, s. 40-47; a.mlf., Türk Hat Sanatının Şâheserleri, İstanbul 1982, rs. 54, 56, 59; a.mlf., “Piyer Loti Kitâbesi ve Ta’lîk Hattına Dair Bir Mülâhaza”, IV. Eyüpsultan Sempozyumu: Tebliğler, İstanbul 2000, s. 278-283; a.mlf., “Hezârfen Hattat Üsküdarlı Necmeddin Okyay”, Üsküdar Sempozyumu I: 23-25 Mayıs 2003: Bildiriler (haz. Zekeriya Kurşun v.dğr.), İstanbul 2004, II, 182-194; a.mlf., Emin Barın ve Koleksiyonu, İstanbul 2006, s. 180-193, 246-253; a.mlf., “Hezârfen Üstad Necmeddin Okyay’la Bir Konuşma”, Hayat Mecmuası, sy. 51 (1968), s. 8-10; a.mlf., “Necmeddin Okyay”, a.e., sy. 3 (1976), s. 14; a.mlf., “Toygartepesindeki Ev”, Türk Edebiyatı, sy. 389, İstanbul 2006, s. 24-32; a.mlf., “Okyay, Necmeddin”, TA, XXV, 409-410; İslâm Kültür Mirâsında Hat San’atı (haz. M. Uğur Derman), İstanbul 1992, s. 224, 225, 232; Şevket Rado, Türk Hattatları, İstanbul, ts. (Yayın Matbaacılık), s. 265; Nezih Uzel, “Hattat Necmeddin Hoca’nın Hâtırasına”, Dersaadet’ten İstanbul’a, İstanbul 1993, s. 187-189; Ali Alparslan, Osmanlı Hat Sanatı Tarihi, İstanbul 1999, s. 182-185; Şûle Aksoy, “Hezârfen Bir Hattat, Necmeddin Okyay: Hayatı, Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesinde Bulunan Kitapları”, M. Uğur Derman Armağanı: Altmışbeşinci Yaşı Münasebetiyle Sunulmuş Tebliğler (der. İrvin Cemil Schick), İstanbul 2000, s. 73-100; F. Çiçek Derman, “Türk Tezyînatındaki Istılah ve Tabir Kargaşasına Dair”, a.e., s. 253-260; Muhittin Serin, Hat Sanatı ve Meşhur Hattatlar, İstanbul 2003, s. 311-315; İsmayıl Hakkı Baltacıoğlu, “Üstadlar Ne Diyorlar: X. Necmeddin Okyay ile Görüştüm”, Yeni Adam, sy. 447, Ankara 1943, s. 6-7; sy. 448 (1943), s. 6-7, 11; Hikmet Kerim Yenisey, “Hattat Necmeddin Okyay”, Selâmet, sy. 35, İstanbul 1948, s. 6-7; Sadi Borak, “Mevlânâ Muhibbi ve Zamanımızın Büyük Hat Üstadı Necmeddin Hoca Anlatıyor”, Tarih-Coğrafya Dünyası, II/12, İstanbul 1959, s. 10-14; Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, “Hat, Ebrû ve Cilt Ustası Necmeddin Okyay’ın Ölümüyle Bir Âlem, Bir Devir Kapandı”, Milliyet Sanat Dergisi, sy. 168, İstanbul 1976, s. 10-11, 31; Emin Barın, “93 Yaşında Kaybettiğimiz, Eski Türk Sanatlarının Büyük Ustası Necmeddin Okyay”, Hayat Mecmuası, sy. 3 (1976), s. 13.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 343-345 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.