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ÖMER LUTFİ PAŞA Skip to content (1806-1871)
Osmanlı kumandanı ve devlet adamı.
Hırvatistan’ın Plaşki kasabasında doğdu. Ortodoks mezhebine mensup, Habsburg hizmetine girmiş Bosna kökenli bir subay ailesinin oğludur. Asıl adı Michael Lattas olup devrinde Macar (Frenk) Ömer Paşa olarak da anılmıştır. 1827’de Avusturya’da Harp Okulu öğrencisiyken Osmanlı Devleti’ne sığındı. Şenikli İbrâhim Paşa dairesine girerek İslâmiyet’i benimsedi. Devletin yetenekli yabancı mültecilerden yararlanma politikası gereğince orduda istihdam edildi. Bir aralık Veliaht Abdülmecid’e hocalık yaptı. Bu yıllarda askerî alandaki yeniden yapılanma çalışmalarında Batı dillerinden tercüme yapabilecek elemanlara duyulan ihtiyaç sebebiyle seraskerlik mütercimliğine tayin edildi.
Miralay rütbesinde iken Lübnan emirliğine gönderildi (1841). Bu sırada Lübnan özellikle Dürzî-Mârûnî kabilelerinin yer yer çatıştığı, yerli Şihâbî ailesi tarafından yönetilen özerk bir bölge idi. Lübnan’ın devlete ödeyeceği vergiyle ilgili anlaşmazlıkların Dürzî-Mârûnî çatışması haline dönüşmesi üzerine Lübnan’ın özerkliğine son verildi ve Ömer Lutfi emirliğe getirildi. Ancak İngiltere ile Fransa’nın müdahalesiyle konu devletlerarası bir boyut kazandı. Halk Ömer Lutfi’nin idaresinden memnun olduğu halde ileri gelen ailelerle Batılı devletlerin ısrarlı talepleri ve emirliğe bir hıristiyanın getirilmesi yolundaki baskıları yüzünden görevinden alındı (1842).
1843’te orduda yapılan düzenlemeler sırasında mîrî ümerâlıkla askerlikten uzaklaştırıldı. Daha sonra bir ateşli tâlimde kumandanın askerî düzenlemede hata yapması üzerine dayanamayarak idareyi ele alıp hatayı düzeltmesi padişahın hoşuna gittiğinden askerî rütbe ve sıfatı iade edildi. Ömer Lutfi Paşa’nın askerî yeteneklerini gösterdiği ilk önemli görevi Memleketeyn’in güneyini kontrol altına alan ordunun kumandanlığına getirilmesi oldu. Avrupa’da baş gösteren 1848 ihtilâli Eflak ve Boğdan taraflarında da etkili olmuş, milliyetçi ve hürriyetçi fikirlerden etkilenerek Boğdan’ın bağımsızlığını ve Eflak ile birleşmesini talep eden gruplar ayaklanmıştı. İsyan Gospodar Mihail Sturza tarafından çok çabuk bastırıldı. Fakat Eflak’ta bağımsızlık taraftarları bir anayasa yayımlamaya muvaffak oldular. Sturza bu hareketi önleyemediğinden çekilmek zorunda kaldı. Geçici hükümet, Rusya’nın egemenliği altına girmektense bazı hususlarda Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı kalmayı tercih etti. İstanbul hükümeti de ayaklananlarla anlaşmaya varılması eğilimindeydi. Fakat Rusya’nın yaptığı baskı üzerine Bâbıâli, Eflak olaylarını tanımadığını ilân etti. Rusya, sınırları yanında ihtilâl prensiplerinin gerçekleşmesine taraftar olmadığı için bölgenin statüsünü belirleyen Edirne Antlaşması’nın 5. maddesine aykırı biçimde Eflak ve Boğdan’ın kuzey tarafını işgale başladı. Bunun üzerine bölgenin güneyini kontrol altına almak için Ömer Lutfi Paşa görevlendirildi. Hızla hareket eden Osmanlı ordusu Temmuz 1848’den itibaren Memleketeyn’in güney kısmını denetim altına aldı. Bâbıâli, Ruslar’la ihtilâf konularını görüşmek üzere Keçecizâde Fuad Efendi’yi (Paşa) özel memuriyetle Bükreş’e yolladı. Ömer Lutfi Paşa, yerinde tedbirlerle Rusya’nın emrivâkilerini engellediği gibi Osmanlılar’a sığınan Macar-Leh mültecileri meselesinin çözümünde Fuad Efendi’ye yardımcı oldu. Görevindeki başarılarından dolayı vezir rütbesiyle Rumeli Ordusu müşirliğine getirildi (Haziran 1849).
Aralık 1852’de, özerk bir yönetime sahip olan Karadağ’da bağımsızlık yanlılarının güçlenerek sınırdaki köylere saldırması üzerine patlak veren isyanı bastırmakla görevlendirildi. Bir taraftan Avusturyalılar’ın yardımlarını engellemek için Arnavutluk kıyıları abluka altına alınırken diğer taraftan yerli halkın önemli bir kısmının devlet tarafına geçmesi sağlandı. İsyancıların teslim olmayı reddetmesi üzerine yürütülen kara ordusunun harekâtıyla Karadağ isyanı bastırıldı. Savaş öncesi şartlara dönmek kaydıyla Karadağ ile anlaşma yapıldı (3 Mart 1853). Ömer Lutfi Paşa bölgede hükümet otoritesinin yeniden tesisi ve ıslahatların kuvveden fiile çıkarılması için gayret gösterdi; fakat bu çalışmaların tam anlamıyla sonuçlarını alamadan Kırım savaşının patlak vermesi yüzünden bölgeden ayrılmak zorunda kaldı.
Kırım savaşının başlangıcında Tuna cephesinde görev aldı. Özellikle nehrin her noktasından karargâha bilgi ulaştırılmasını sağlayan telgraf bağlantısı tesis edilmesinden ötürü askerî harekâtı başarılı bir şekilde yönetti. Ruslar’ın saldırı planlarını boşa çıkarmak için hemen Tuna’yı geçip kuvvetlerinin azlığına rağmen Ruslar’ı önce Oltenita’da (5 Kasım 1853), ardından Kalafat yakınlarında bulunan Çatana’da (5 Ocak 1854) yenince kendisine daha ziyade sadrazamlar için kullanılan “serdâr-ı ekrem” unvanı verildi. Aynı yıl Osmanlı Devleti, Avusturya’nın Eflak ve Boğdan’ı savaş sonuna kadar her türlü saldırıya karşı koruması şartıyla işgaline razı oldu ve Rus kuvvetleri bu toprakları tahliye etti. Böylece Tuna cephesinin tasfiyesi ve savaşın Kırım’a intikali üzerine Ömer Lutfi Paşa da Kırım’daki kuvvetlerin başına geçti. Gözleve’ye saldıran Ruslar’ı ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı (17 Şubat 1855). Sivastopol’un alınmasından sonra Kars’ı içine düştüğü zor durumdan kurtarmak için Kafkas cephesine geçti. Batum’a çıkarak Kutayis üzerinden Tiflis’e ulaşmayı ve böylece Ruslar’ı ana üslerinden tecrit etmeyi planlamaktaydı. Bu düşünceyle Sohum’a çıkarma yaparak burayı üs edindi. 15 Ekim 1855’te ileri harekâta geçip İngur ırmağı kıyısında bir Rus ordusunu yendi (7 Kasım 1855), fakat hava şartları yüzünden Kars’ın işgaline engel olamadı. Trabzon üzerinden Kars’a ulaşmak yerine Gürcistan arazisine hücum etmesi ve böylece zaman kaybetmesinden dolayı harekâtı iyi yönetemediği yolunda suçlamalara muhatap oldu. Bununla birlikte kazandığı başarılar sebebiyle kendisine İngiltere tarafından Dizbağı nişanı verildi.
Kırım savaşının bitmesi üzerine İstanbul’a döndüğünde Meclis-i Âlî’ye üye yapıldı. Bu görevinde fazla kalmadan Irak ve Hicaz ordusu ilâvesiyle Bağdat valiliğine getirildi (Safer 1274 / Ekim 1857). Öteden beri problemli bir yer olan Bağdat valiliği sırasında bilhassa âsi aşiretleri yeniden otorite altına almakla meşgul oldu. Kendisi çok iyi niyetli olmasına rağmen maiyetindekilerin zaman zaman yaptıkları yolsuzluklar, iltizam usulüne karşı çıkarak isyan edenlerin cezalandırılmasında şiddete başvurulması gibi sebepler yüzünden zor durumda kaldı. Özellikle isyancılar arasında, merkezden bir ferman gelmesini beklemeden ibret olsun diye vilâyet meclisinin mazbatasına dayanarak idamlara girişilmesi yüzünden azledildi (Eylül 1859). Bir süre Harput’ta kalması istendiyse de sonradan çağrılarak çiftliğinde ikamete memur edildi.
Ömer Lutfi Paşa’nın bu defaki mâzuliyet dönemi de fazla uzun sürmedi. O sırada Rumeli bölgesinde isyan ve karışıklıkların bir türlü önünün alınamaması üzerine ikinci defa Rumeli müşirliğine ve Bosna müfettişliğine tayin edildi (Şevval 1277 / Nisan 1861). Bu görevi sırasında Tanzimat reformlarını uygulayabilmek için isyancı liderlerin çoğunu öldürttü. Feodal ailelerin politik ve ekonomik güçlerini büyük ölçüde azalttı. Reform düşüncesinin göstergesi olarak toprak ağalarının etkin olduğu Travnik yerine Saraybosna’yı merkez yaptı. İltizam yoluyla vergi toplamak yerine devletin diğer bölgelerindeki gibi doğrudan doğruya vergi toplamaya gayret ettiyse de pek başarılı olamadı. Bu sırada Ruslar’ın tahrikiyle isyan eden Hersekliler ile onları destekleyen Karadağlılar barış teklifini reddedince harekete geçen Ömer Lutfi Paşa, Mirko kumandasındaki âsi kuvvetlerini Reika’da bozguna uğrattı (23 Ağustos 1862) ve Avrupalılar’ın aracılığı ile Karadağ’da yeniden sükûnet sağlandı.
İstanbul’a dönünce ordu müşirliği kendisinde kalmak üzere serasker kaymakamlığına tayin edildi ve tekrar Meclis-i Âlî üyesi oldu. Ülke çapında istikrarı sağlamak maksadıyla teşkil edilmesi planlanan jandarma teşkilâtıyla ilgili hazırlıkları yapan komisyonun başkanlığını yaptı. Özellike gayri müslimlerin de askere alınması, müslümanlarla hizmeti eşit olarak paylaşmaları, böylece Osmanlılık fikrinin gerçekleştirilmesi tartışmalarının yapıldığı bu yıllarda eşit hizmetin ayrı birliklerden çok karma birliklerde gerçekleşebileceği düşüncesini savunan devlet adamları arasında yer aldı. İstanbul’daki hizmeti fazla uzun sürmedi ve Rumeli’de toplanan bütün orduların genel kumandanı oldu. Fakat Girit’te isyan patlak verince Karadağ’daki gerilla mücadelesinde büyük tecrübe ve başarı kazanmış olduğundan Girit isyanlarını bastırmak üzere başkumandanlığa getirildi. Kuvvetlerini iki koldan sevkederek âsileri Lasiti’de (Laşit, Lasithi) yendi (1866). Bu arada ada halkı için genel af ilân edip silâhını teslim ederek köyüne dönenlere devletin sahip çıkacağını ilân etti. Ayrıca adadaki yabancı çete mensuplarıyla onlara katılanların adadan çıkması için bir buçuk ay süre tanıdı. Askerî harekâtın bitmesiyle birlikte imar ve tanzim işlerine giriştiyse de çok geçmeden Rumeli işleriyle ilgili hususlarda görüşmelerde bulunmak üzere merkeze çağrıldı. Bir süre İstanbul dışında bulunan seraskere kaymakamlık yaptı (Mart 1868). 1869’da Hassa müşirliğine getirildi. 24 Nisan 1871 tarihinde vefat etti ve Eyüp’te Bostan İskelesi’ne defnedildi.
Kaynaklarda askerliği iyi bilen, harp sanatından anlayan, gayretli ve namuslu bir kumandan olarak tanıtılır. Özellikle Kırım savaşı esnasında müttefik kumandanların ileri sürdüğü olmayacak planlar ve siyasî görüşler karmaşası içinde sağlam fikirlere sahip olan gerçek bir asker olarak temayüz etmiştir. Devrin İngiliz yanlısı olan devlet adamlarından olup 11 Haziran 1868 tarihinde teşkil edilen Mecrûhîn ve Marzâ-yi Askeriyyeye İmdad ve Muâvenet Cemiyeti’nin kurucularındandır. Bu kuruluş daha sonra Osmanlı Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti adını alarak (14 Nisan 1877) bugünkü Kızılay’ın temelini oluşturmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, Dosya Usulü İradeler Tasnifi, nr. 75-1/2, lef 2, 75-1/26, lef 3, 4, 75-1/47, lef 9, 10; J. Koetschet, Erinnerungen aus dem Leben des Serdar Ekrem Omer Pascha, Sarajevo 1885; F. Bamberg, Geschichte der orientalischen Angelegenheit im Zeitraume des Pariser und Berliner Friedens, Berlin 1892, tür.yer.; Cevdet, Ma‘rûzât, s. 25, 45, 62, 69, 78, 80-82; a.mlf., Tezâkir, I-III, tür.yer.; Mir’ât-ı Hakîkat (Miroğlu), s. 102, 150, 153; Mehmed Süreyyâ, Sicill-i Osmanî (haz. Nuri Akbayar, s.nşr. Seyit Ali Kahraman), İstanbul 1996, IV, 1322-1323; Abdurrahman Şeref, Târih Musâhabeleri (haz. Enver Koray), Ankara 1985, s. 189, 190; Gövsa, Türk Meşhurları, s. 301; Karal, Osmanlı Tarihi , V, 210, 212, 233, 234, 239, 240; VI, 72, 100; VII, 4, 5, 27, 28, 34; Ali Fuat Türkgeldi, Mesâil-i Mühimme-i Siyâsiyye (nşr. Bekir Sıtkı Baykal), Ankara 1966, III, 20, 21, 23, 25, 154; W. E. D. Allen – P. Muratoff, Kafkas Harekâtı: 1828-1921 Türk-Kafkas Sınırındaki Harplerin Tarihi, Ankara 1966, s. 83-97; G. Šljivo, Omer-paša Latas u Bosni i Hercegovini: 1850-1852, Sarajevo 1977; Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas (ed. M. Bernath – F. v. Schroeder), München 1979, III, 351; Hamdi Ertuna, Serdar-ı Ekrem Ömer Lütfü Paşa, Ankara 1981; Stanford J. Shaw – E. K. Shaw, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Modern Türkiye (trc. Mehmet Harmancı), İstanbul 1983, II, 178, 191; Reşat Kaynar, Mustafa Reşid Paşa ve Tanzimat, Ankara 1985, tür.yer.; S. Lane-Poole, Lord Stratford Canning’in Türkiye Anıları (trc. Can Yücel), Ankara 1988, s. 136, 144, 148, 160, 164, 165; Halil İnalcık, Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi, İstanbul 1992, s. 14, 50, 56, 58, 60, 63-67, 70; R. H. Davison, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Reform (trc. Osman Akınhay), İstanbul 1997, I, 88, 113, 124, 161; Fikret Adanır, “Der Krımkrieg von 1853-1856”, Handbuch der Geschichte Russlands (ed. K. Zernack), Stuttgart 2001, II, 1189-1250; Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘, sy. 428, İstanbul 1266; Muâhedât Mecmuası, IV/2, İstanbul 1298, s. 73; M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “1840’dan 1861’e Kadar Cebel-i Lübnan Meselesi ve Dürzîler”, TTK Belleten, X/40 (1946), s. 641-703; Abdullah Saydam, “Osmanlıların Siyasî İlticalara Bakışı ya da 1849 Macar-Leh Mültecileri Meselesi”, a.e., LXI/231 (1997), s. 342, 344, 374.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 74-76 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.