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ONİKİ ADA Skip to content Ege denizinin güneydoğusundaki adalardan bir kısmına verilen ad.
Oniki ada tabiri, irili ufaklı birçok adası bulunan Ege denizinin güneydoğu kesiminde Anadolu kıyılarına yakın konumda yer alan ve Menteşe adaları, Güney Sporat adaları gibi isimlerle anılan adalar grubunun 1912’de İtalyan işgaline uğrayan bir bölümüne Yunanlılar’ın verdiği Dodeca-nissas adlandırmasının Türkçe tercümesine dayanır. Bu adalar Batnoz (Patmos), Lipso, Leryoz (Leros), Kilimli (Kalimnos), İstanköy (Kos), İstanpulya (Astipalaia/Astropalya), İncirli (Nisiros), İlyaki (Tilos), Sömbeki (Simi), Kerpe (Karpatos), Herki (Halki) ve Kaşot’tur (Kasos). Bunların çoğu Anadolu’nun devamı olan kıta sahanlığı üzerindedir ve fizikî bakımdan Anadolu’nun bir parçasıdır. Dodeca-nissas (Dodecanese) tabiri bütün Batı dillerinde kullanıldığı gibi Osmanlı Türkçesi’nde “Cezâyir-i isnâ-aşer” şeklinde geçer.
1309 yılından beri Saint-Jean şövalyelerinin elinde bulunan Rodos ve Oniki Ada 1522’de Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman tarafından fethedildi. Anadolu’nun savunması açısından stratejik önemi olan bu adalar önce kaptanpaşalığa, ardından Rodos sancağı adıyla yeni oluşturulan Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd eyaletine bağlandı. 1867’de kabul edilen Vilâyetler Nizamnâmesi ile yeni bir idarî düzen kurulurken Biga, Rodos, Midilli, Sakız, İstanköy ve Kıbrıs sancak ve mutasarrıflıkları Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd vilâyeti adı altında bir araya getirildi. Bir süre sonra Biga ile Kıbrıs’ın ayrılması ve İstanköy’ün yerine Limni’nin sancak merkezi olmasıyla sancak sayısı dörde indirildi (Rodos, Sakız, Midilli, Limni). Bu sırada vilâyet merkezi Rodos’la Sakız arasında birkaç defa değiştirildiyse de nihayet Rodos vilâyet merkezi oldu. Oniki Ada açısından vilâyetin son şekli şöyle idi: Rodos sancağı Rodos, Sömbeki ve Kerpe kazalarından oluşuyordu. Herke ve Meis Rodos’a, İlyaki Sömbeki’ye ve Kaşot Kerpe’ye bağlı nahiyelerdi. Sakız sancağı da İstanköy, Kilimli ve Leryoz kazalarından meydana geliyordu. İncirli İstanköy’e, İstanpulya Kilimli’ye, Batnoz ve Lipso Leryoz’a bağlı nahiyelerdi.
Osmanlı yönetimi, 1523’te çıkarılan bir fermanla Rodos ve İstanköy dışındaki adalara vergi alınabilecek kapasitede nüfus ve ekonomik yeterlilikleri olmadığından bazı idarî ve malî kolaylıklar tanıdı ve “maktu” denilen yıllık bir meblağı toplu şekilde cüzi ölçüde ödeme kolaylığı getirdi. Adaların adlî-hukukî denetimi ise merkezden gönderilen kadıya havale edildi. Rodos ve ona tâbi adalar grubu tahrir sistemiyle belirlenmiş bir statü içindeydi; padişah haslarına ve timarlara bölünmüştü. İstanköy, Leryoz ve Kilimli’de kale muhafızı timarları vardı. Ayrıca yine Rodos dışında Herki, İncirli, İstanköy, Sömbeki, İleki/İlyaki, Kilimli ve Leryoz adalarının gelirleri Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın vakfına ait bulunuyordu. Ruslar’ın 1770’te Ege denizindeki faaliyetleri adalardaki asayişin sarsılmasına yol açan bir başlangıç oldu. 1821’de Mora isyanı patlak verince Rodos ve Oniki Ada halkı da ayaklandı. Osmanlı hükümeti Rodos’a asker sevkederek isyanı bastırdı. İngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya, Mora’yı ve diğer adaları geçici olarak himayelerine aldıklarını açıkladılar. Mora isyanını desteklemek için Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş açan Rusya ile imzalanan Edirne Antlaşması sınırları belirsiz Yunanistan’ın bağımsızlığını öngörüyordu. “Üç büyükler” 3 Şubat 1830 tarihli Londra Protokolü ile yeni devletin sınırlarını belirlediler. Kuzey Sporat ve Kiklat adaları ile Eğriboz adası Yunanistan’a verildi. Buna karşılık 39° kuzey enlemi ile 26° doğu boylamının doğusunda kalan bütün adalar Osmanlı egemenliğinde bırakıldı. Osmanlı hükümeti de 24 Nisan 1830’da Yunanistan’ın bağımsızlığını ve sınırlarını tanıdı.
Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki adalara ilk saldırı, Trablusgarp ve Bingazi’deki çıkarlarını koruma gerekçesiyle 1911’de Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş açan İtalya’dan geldi. İtalya 28 Nisan – 20 Mayıs 1912 tarihleri arasında İstanpulya, Rodos, Herke, Kerpe, İlyaki, Leryoz, Batnoz, Kilimli, Lipso, Sömbeki ve İstanköy adalarıyla birlikte toplam on altı adayı işgal etti. 15-18 Ekim 1912’de İtalya ile Osmanlı Devleti arasında imzalanan Uşi Antlaşması ile Osmanlılar’ın Trablusgarp’tan çekilmesi halinde İtalya işgal ettiği adaları kayıtsız şartsız boşaltacaktı. Ancak İtalyanlar, Osmanlı askerinin Trablusgarp’tan çekilmediğini ileri sürerek adaları tahliye etmediler. Yunanistan da 20 Ekim – 20 Aralık 1912 tarihleri arasında Bozcaada, Limni, Taşoz, İmroz (Gökçeada), Bozbaba, Semadirek, İpsara, Ahikerya, Sakız ve Midilli adalarını ele geçirdi. 23 Aralık 1912’de toplanan Londra Barış Konferansı’ndan bir sonuç alınamadı. İngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, 17 Ocak 1913’te Bâbıâli’ye nota vererek Rumeli topraklarının Balkan devletlerine terkini ve adaların geleceğinin tayininin de kendilerine bırakılmasını, aksi halde savaşa devam edileceğini bildirdiler. 3 Şubat’ta yeniden başlayan savaş devam ederken Yunanistan, 13-14 Mart 1913 gecesi bizzat çıkarttığı isyanı bahane ederek Meis adasını ve özerk statüdeki Sisam adasını işgal etti. Meis’in işgalini kendi çıkarlarına bir saldırı olarak değerlendirdiğini açıklayan İtalya bu adalardan vazgeçmeyeceğinin işaretini vermiş oldu.
Adaların geleceğinin tayini konusunun Londra Anlaşması ile havale edildiği “Süferâ Konferansı”nda mesele uzun tartışmalara sebep oldu. Üç büyük devletin bir fikir birliği içinde olmadığını gören İtalya, Rodos ve Oniki Ada’nın iadesini geciktirmeye çalıştı. Büyük devletlerin 14 Şubat 1914’te Osmanlı Devleti’ne tebliğ ettikleri adalarla ilgili Süferâ Konferansı kararlarında İtalyan işgalindeki Rodos ve Oniki Ada söz konusu dahi edilmiyordu. Karara göre İmroz, Bozcaada ve Meis Türkiye’ye iade ediliyordu. Bu karara tepki gösteren Bâbıâli, adaların Anadolu’nun tabii ve tamamlayıcı parçaları olduğunu ileri sürerek üç adanın kendisine iade edilmesini senet kabul ettiğini, diğer adalar üzerindeki egemenlik haklarından ve haklı taleplerinden vazgeçmediğini bir nota ile devletlere bildirdi.
Osmanlı hükümeti, Oniki Ada’dan bazı adaların kendisine verilmesi karşılığında işgal ettiği adaları iade edebileceğini söyleyen Yunanistan’la ikili görüşmeleri sürdürürken I. Dünya Savaşı başladı. İtilâf devletleri İtalya ile, savaşa katılması karşılığında kendisine Rodos, Oniki Ada ve Antalya’nın verilmesini öngören 26 Nisan 1915 tarihli Londra Antlaşması’nı imzaladı. İtalya 22 Ağustos 1915’te Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş ilân ederken Uşi Antlaşması’nın kendisine yüklediği yükümlülükleri feshettiğini, Rodos ve Oniki Ada’dan çekilmeyeceğini açıkladı. Fransa, Yunan idaresine karşı ayaklanan halkın daveti üzerine 30 Aralık 1915’te Meis adasını ele geçirdi.
Paris Barış Konferansı, Batı Anadolu’nun Yunanistan’a verilmesini kararlaştırınca Yunanistan Başbakanı Venizelos, Rodos ve Oniki Ada’nın da kendilerine verilmesini istedi. Gerekçe olarak da Osmanlı Devleti’nin daima savunduğu, adaların Anadolu’nun ayrılmaz parçaları olduğu tezini ileri sürüyordu. Konferansta 14 Mayıs 1919’da Rodos ve Oniki Ada Yunanistan’a verildiyse de İtalya bunu kabul etmedi. 10 Ağustos 1920’de Osmanlı Murahhas Heyeti’ne imzalatılan Sevr Antlaşması ile Rodos, Oniki Ada, bunlara bağlı adacıklar ve Meis adası İtalya’ya bırakıldı (md. 122). Yunanistan’ın Rodos ve Oniki Ada üzerindeki iddialarından vazgeçmemesi yüzünden İtalya ile Yunanistan arasında ek bir antlaşma daha imzalandı. İtalya’nın Paris büyükelçisi Bonin ile Venizelos arasında yapıldığı için Bonin-Venizelos Mutabakatı adı verilen bu antlaşma, Rodos ve Meis hariç Oniki Ada ile onlara bağlı adacıkları Yunanistan’a devrediyordu. İtalya, iki ay içinde Rodos’a geniş bir muhtariyet verecek ve İngiltere Kıbrıs’ı Yunanistan’a terke karar verdiği takdirde on beş yıl sonra yapılmak şartıyla Rodos’ta halk oylamasını kabul edecekti. Yunanistan da İtalya’nın adalarda yaptığı masrafları ödeyecekti. Yunanistan’a bırakılan adalar halkı Yunan vatandaşı sayılacaktı. Ancak on sekiz yaşın üstündekiler bir yıl içerisinde Türk veya İtalyan tâbiiyetine geçebilecekti. Bonin-Venizelos Mutabakatı, Sevr Antlaşması’nın onaylanıp yürürlüğe girmesiyle birlikte geçerli olacaktı.
İtalya, bu mutabakata dayanarak Rodos’ta bir İtalyan belediye reisinin başkanlığında Türk, Grek, Latin ve yahudi cemaatlerinden birer danışmanın bulunduğu yerel bir yönetim kurdu. Adalardaki idarenin adını Rodos ve Meis İdaresi olarak değiştirdi. Fakat Sevr Antlaşması onaylanıp yürürlüğe girmediği için Yunanistan’a devretmesi gereken adalardaki işgalini sürdürdü. 1 Mart 1921’de Meis’i de Fransa’dan devralan İtalya 20 Kasım 1921’de adalardaki idaresine “Rodos, Meis ve İşgal Altında Bulunan Diğer Oniki Adalar İdaresi” adını verdi. Yunanistan’ın Türkiye tarafından yenilgiye uğratılması üzerine de 8 Ekim 1922’de Bonin-Venizelos Mutabakatı’nı feshettiğini ve adaların İtalya himayesinde olduğunu açıkladı. Böylece Londra Antlaşması ile Yunanistan’a devredilen Girit hariç Osmanlı Devleti’nin adalar üzerindeki egemenlik hakları kaldırılmamış oldu.
Lozan Konferansı 20 Kasım 1922’de çalışmalarına başladıktan iki gün sonra Rodos ve Oniki Ada dışındaki adaların geleceği tartışılmaya başlandı. Türk heyeti, görüşlerini Mîsâk-ı Millî’ye ve 14 Şubat 1914 tarihli Süferâ Konferansı kararına dayandırıyordu. İsmet Paşa, büyük devletlerin 1914’te Yunanistan’a verdiği altı adayı geri almak için çalışan Bâbıâli’nin tezlerini aynen savunduğu halde bu adaların Türkiye’ye iade edilmesi yerine askerden arınmış özerk ve tarafsız bir yönetime kavuşturulmasını istiyordu. İmroz ile Bozcaada’nın 1914’te Türkiye’ye bırakıldığını hatırlatarak Anadolu sahillerine yakın adacıklarla Semadirek’in de Türkiye’ye verilmesi gerektiğini savunuyordu. Müttefikler (İngiltere, Fransa, İtalya), diğer pek çok konuda olduğu gibi adalar konusunda da uzlaşma sağlanmadan hazırladıkları 160 madde ve dokuz ek sözleşmeden oluşan antlaşma metnini 29 Ocak 1923’te Türk heyetine verdiler. Tasarı Sevr Antlaşması’ndan pek farklı değildi. Rodos ve Oniki Ada ile ilgili 15. madde Sevr’in 122. maddesinin bir adaptasyonundan ibaretti. Konferansta hiç tartışılmayan bu maddeye göre Rodos, Oniki Ada ve onlara bağlı adacıklarla Meis adası İtalya’ya veriliyordu.
Müttefikler müzakerelerin yeniden başlaması için 29 Şubat’ta Türk itirazlarına cevap verdiler. Türkiye de 8 Mart’ta mukabil tekliflerini sunarken adalarla ilgili 12 ve 15. maddelerde bazı değişiklikler yapılmasını istedi. Lozan Konferansı’nın ikinci safhası 23 Nisan 1923’te başladıktan sonra 12. maddede yapılması istenilen değişiklik hemen kabul edilerek Bozcaada’ya bağlı Merkep adaları da Türkiye’ye iade edildi. Fakat 15. maddede değişiklik yapılarak Meis adasının da Türkiye’ye iade edilmesi talebi uzun tartışmalara sebep oldu. İsmet Paşa baskılar karşısında, Meis adası Anadolu’nun karasuları dahilinde olduğu halde Türk heyetinin dünya barışına yardım etmek amacıyla ada için yazdığı kayıtlardan vazgeçtiğini bildirmek zorunda kaldı.
Lozan Barış Antlaşması 15. maddede hiçbir değişiklik yapılmadan 24 Temmuz 1923’te imzalandı ve Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından 23 Ağustos 1923’te onaylandı. Antlaşmayı 11 Ocak 1924’te tasdik eden İtalya resmen egemenliğine aldığı Rodos, Oniki Ada ve Meis’i “İtalyan Ege adaları” ismiyle idarî bir birlik haline getirerek topraklarına kattı. 1925’te çıkarılan bir kanunla adalar halkı İtalyan tebaası sayıldı. Rodos ve İstanköy’deki Türkler’e cemaat halinde teşkilâtlanma ve yönetim kurullarını seçme hakları tanındı. 15. maddede Rodos ve Oniki Ada’ya bağlı adacıkların İtalya’ya verildiği belirtildiği halde Meis’e bağlı adacıklardan söz edilmemişti. Bu adacıkların aidiyeti konusu iki devlet arasında devamlı sorun oluyordu. Uzun müzakerelerden sonra iki devlet arasında 4 Ocak 1932’de Anadolu sahilleriyle Meis adası arasındaki ada ve adacıkların ve Bodrum körfezi karşısındaki adanın “cihet-i âidiyeti hakkında itilâf-nâme” adıyla yedi maddelik bir antlaşma daha imzalandı. Bununla Bodrum körfezindeki Karaada Türk hâkimiyetinde bırakılırken Meis adasına bağlı otuz adacıktan on dokuzu Türkiye’ye, on biri İtalya’ya verildi.
İtalya’nın II. Dünya Savaşı’nda Almanya tarafında yer almasıyla birlikte Ege adaları meselesi tekrar tartışılmaya başlandı. İngiltere ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, 8 Eylül 1943’te Yunanistan’a savaş açan İtalya’nın kayıtsız şartsız teslim olması gerektiğini ilân edince New York’ta toplanan Oniki Ada temsilcileri Yunanistan’la birleşmek istediklerini ilân ettiler. İtalyan egemenliğindeki adalar savaş sırasında önce Almanlar’ın, ardından İngilizler’in eline geçti. Almanlar’ın adaları boşaltırken Türkiye’ye yaptıkları adaları işgal etme teklifini Cumhurbaşkanı İsmet İnönü’nün reddettiği ileri sürülür. Adalarda 8 Mayıs 1945’te kurulan İngiliz askerî idaresi Rodos ve Oniki Ada’ya hâkim görünmekle birlikte yönetimin her kademesinde Yunanlılar bulunuyordu. 10 Şubat 1947’de imzalanan ve Türkiye’nin temsil edilmediği Paris İtalyan Barış Antlaşması ile Rodos, Oniki Ada ve Meis Yunanistan’a devredildi. Lozan Antlaşması’nın Anadolu kıyılarına yakın adaların askerden arındırılması hakkındaki hükmüne göre Yunanistan’ın bu adalarda askerî üsler ve yığınak yapamayacağı hükmü kabul edildi. Yunanistan bu adaları Dodecanese adıyla bir idarî bölüm halinde topraklarına kattı. Otuz beş yıl İtalyan tâbiiyetinde yaşayan Oniki Ada Türkleri yeniden tâbiiyet değiştirmek veya topraklarını terketmek durumunda kaldılar. Yunanistan’da 1953’te çıkarılan Turizm Kanunu ile Türkler’in arazileri üzerine turistik tesisler kuruldu. Topraklarını kaybeden ve her türlü siyasal baskıya mâruz kalan Türk nüfusunun bir bölümü adaları terketmek zorunda kaldı. Bugün Rodos ve İstanköy’de Türk nüfusunun varlığı devam etmektedir (bk. İSTANKÖY; RODOS).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, IX, 233 vd.; Mehmed Nâbi Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin, Trablusgarb, Bingazi ve Cezâir-i İsnâ Aşer Meseleleri, İstanbul 1334, s. 16 vd.; Cezâir-i Bahr-i Sefîd Vilâyeti Salnâmesi, İstanbul 1311; Enver Ziya Karal, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda İlk Nüfus Sayımı: 1831 , Ankara 1931, s. 159, 161; Mehmet Saka, Ege Denizi Adalarında Türk Hakları, Ankara 1955, s. 219-225; Lozan Barış Konferansı: Tutanaklar, Belgeler (trc. Seha L. Meray), takım 1, 2, cilt I, IV, kısım 1, 2, Ankara 1969-72, tür.yer.; Sırrı Erinç – Tâlip Yücel, Ege Denizi, Türkiye ile Komşu Ege Adaları, Ankara 1988, s. 55-71; Şerafettin Turan, Türkiye-İtalya İlişkileri I, İstanbul 1990, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “Rodos ve 12 Ada’nın Türk Hâkimiyetinden Çıkışı”, TTK Belleten, XXIX/113 (1965), s. 77-119; Cevdet Küçük, “Ege Adalarında Türk Egemenliği Dönemi”, Ege’de Temel Sorun: Egemenliği Tartışmalı Adalar (haz. Ali Kurumahmut), Ankara 1998, s. 33-80; Ege Adalarının Egemenlik Devri Tarihçesi (ed. Cevdet Küçük), Ankara 2001, tür.yer.; Celalettin Yavuz, Menteşe Adaları (Oniki Ada)’nın Tarihi, İstanbul 2003, tür.yer.; Cengiz Orhonlu, “Oniki Ada’da Türk Eserleri ve Türk Nüfusu”, TK, II/24 (1964), s. 29; Metin Tuncel – İdris Bostan, “Dünden Günümüze Ege Adaları”, Coğrafya Dergisi, sy. 6, İstanbul 1998, s. 27-58; İ. Parmaksızoğlu, “On İki Ada”, TA, XXV, 443-444; S. Soucek, “On İki Ada”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 172-173.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 353-355 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.