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ORTA OYUNU Skip to content Sahne, perde ve dekor kullanılmadan halkın arasında oynanan çok aktörlü, çalgılı, geleneksel Türk tiyatrosu.
Kol oyunu, meydan oyunu, meydân-ı sühan, zuhûrî, zuhûrî kolu olarak da adlandırılan bu oyunun ne zaman ortaya çıktığı konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Râşid Mehmed Efendi’nin tarihinde, II. Mustafa’nın tahttan indirilmesi (1703) ve III. Ahmed’in tahta geçmesi esnasında meydana gelen olayları konu edinen “Yazıcı” adlı bir oyundan söz edilmesi göz önünde bulundurularak orta oyununun XVIII. yüzyılın başlarında varlığı düşünülebilir. Ancak “Yazıcı” adında bir de karagöz oyununun olduğunu belirtmek gerekir. Orta oyunundan ilk defa, Sâliha Sultan’ın 1834’te yapılan düğünü için kaleme alınan Lebîb’in Sûrnâme ’sinde, “Cümle etrâf-nişîn-i meydan / Oldu orta oyunundan handan” mısralarında söz edilmiştir. Ayrıca II. Mahmud’un oğulları Abdülmecid ile Abdülaziz’in sünnet düğünü için yapılan şenliği (1836) anlatan Hızır’ın Sûrnâme ’sinde yer alan, “Orta oyun çeşme oyunla diğer bâzîçeler / Eylediler cümle etfâli serâser dil-resâ” mısralarından hareketle bu oyunun XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında bilindiği ve aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren yaygınlık kazandığı söylenebilir.
Orta oyunu çeşitli öğelerden oluşur. Bunların başında “temsil” adı verilen ve doğaçlama oynanan dramatik oyun gelir. Bu oyunlarda Türk toplumundaki çeşitli tipler konuşma ve tavırlarıyla taklit edilir. Oyunun ikinci öğesi mûsikidir. Orta oyununun son biçimine göre zurna ve çifte nağra gibi nefesli ve vurmalı sazlarla söylenen şarkı ve türküler oyuna eşlik eder. Üçüncü öğe rakstır ve çengi, köçek, curcunabazlar oyunun başlıca rakkaslarıdır. Çengi kadın raksçı, köçekler ise kadınları taklit eden genç erkek dansçılardır. Curcunabazlar kaba ve gülünç giyimli, diğer rakkaslarla oyun meydanına çıkıp onları beceriksizce taklit ederek halkı güldüren tiplerdir. Orta oyununda muhâvere de önemli bir yere sahiptir. Muhâverede konuşanlardan biri, karşısındakini konuşturmak için ona “anahtar” ya da “dişi söz” denilen bir kelime veya bir cümleyle ipucu verir; o da bu ipucundan yararlanarak “erkek söz” denen güldürücü bir karşılıkla muhâvereyi başlatmış olur. Orta oyununun diğer bir öğesi taklittir. Burada taklitçilerin ilham kaynağı Osmanlı toplumu içinde yaşayan Arap, Arnavut, Ermeni, Gürcü, Kürt, Laz, Rum ve yahudilerdir. Bu tipler sonradan orta oyununun “taklit” diye adlandırılan başlıca kişileri olmuştur.
Oyun bir meydanda etrafı seyircilerle çevrili yuvarlak bir alanda oynanır. Oyuncuların giysilerinin bulunduğu çadıra veya perdeyle kapatılmış yere “sandık odası” (pusat odası) adı verilir. “Kapı” oyuncuların oyun alanına girdikleri yerdir. Zurna ve çifte nağra çalanların da belli bir yeri vardır. Pîşekâr aracılığıyla gözlemecilik, kunduracılık, fotoğrafçılık gibi işler yapan Kavuklu’nun iş yeri “dükkân” diye adlandırılan küçük bir paravanadır. Orta oyununun oynandığı yere ise “meydan” denir. Oyun alanında ayrıca “yeni dünya” adı verilen, 1,5 m. yüksekliğinde iki veya daha fazla kanatlı, kafesli bir paravana yer alır. Burası daha çok ev veya hamam kabul edilir. Erkek seyircilerin bulunduğu bölüme “mevki”, kadın seyircilerin bulunduğu bölüme “kafes” denir.
Orta oyununun iki önemli kahramanı Pîşekâr ile Kavuklu’dur. Pîşekâr hem oyuncu hem sahneye koyucu, hem yazar gibi davranır. Kavuklu ise oyunun baş komiğidir. Pîşekâr karagözdeki Hacivat’a, Kavuklu Karagöz’e benzer. Türk ya da hırbo, Kayserili, Eğinli, Laz, Rumelili veya muhacir, Kürt, Arnavut, Acem, Arap, Cûd (yahudi), Balama (Rum, Frenk), kekeme, kambur, hımhım, kötürüm, deli, esrarkeş, sağır, abdal ya da denyo, büyücü, câzu, zenneler ve cinler orta oyununda yer alan tiplerdir. Bunlar kılıkları, davranışları ve konuşmalarıyla hemen tanınır; daha meydana girerken çalınan müzikle belli olurlar. Her birinin belli durumlar karşısında belli davranışları vardır; kendi çevrelerine göre genelleştirilmiş varlıklardır, somut değil soyut kişilerdir.
Bir orta oyunu giriş, muhâvere, fasıl ve bitiş bölümlerinden oluşur. Giriş bölümünde zurna Pîşekâr havası çalınca Pîşekâr elinde “pastal” adı verilen şakşakla ağır ağır meydana gelir, seyircilere selâm verir, zurnacıyla ve seyircilerle konuşarak oyunu açar. Muhâvere bölümü “arazbar” ve “tekerleme” olarak iki kısımdır. Zurna Kavuklu havası çalmaya başlayınca meydana Kavuklu ve “Kavuklu arkası” diye adlandırılan cüce, kambur veya denyo gelir. Kavuklu ile cüce, kambur veya denyo birbiriyle çekişerek konuşur. Ardından Kavuklu ile Pîşekâr’ın tanışmalarını sağlayacak konuşma başlar. Arazbar denilen bu konuşmadan sonra Kavuklu bir tekerleme söyler, böylece Kavuklu ile Pîşekâr’ın muhâveresiyle orta oyununun “fasıl” diye adlandırılan en önemli bölümüne geçilir. Burada seyircinin ilgisini çekecek bir oyun temsil edilir ve adını temsil edilen olaydan alır: “Büyücü, Eskici, Abdi, Ferhat ile Şirin, Gözlemeci, Hamam” gibi. Fasıl bölümünde oyuna çelebi, zenne, Acem, Arap, Rumelili, Kayserili, Laz, Kürt, Arnavut, Cûd, Ermeni, Frenk, Tatar, zeybek, tiryaki, Çerkez gibi kişiler katılır. Bu bölümde işsiz olan Kavuklu’ya Pîşekâr bir iş bulur. Kavuklu dükkânını açınca diğer tipler onunla ilişki kurar; çevredeki zenneler işin içine girer ve olay bu şekilde gelişir. Bitiş bölümünde Pîşekâr farkına varmadan işledikleri kusurlardan dolayı seyirciden özür diler, gelecek oyunun adını ve yerini bildirir; seyircileri selâmlayıp diğer oyuncularla meydandan çıkınca zurna “Ey gaziler” ya da “İzmir marşı” gibi havalar çalar, böylece oyun sona erer. Orta oyunu dağarcığındaki oyun sayısı hakkında henüz kesin bir şey söylemek mümkün değildir. Lebîb’in Sûrnâme ’sinde yedi oyunun adı verilmiştir. Cevdet Kudret konuyla ilgili araştırmacıların verdiği oyun isimlerinden hareketle seksen üç oyun tesbit etmiştir.
Bir tulûat oyunu olan orta oyununun yazılı metni yoktur; ustadan çırağa intikal ederek gelen konular tekrarlanır. Başta yönetici durumundaki Pîşekâr olmak üzere oyuncuların zihninde oyunun “kanava”sı (taslağı) mevcuttur. Oyuncular sözlerini irticâlen söylediklerinden orta oyununda basit olaylar zincirine karşılık söz büyük bir önem taşır. Bundan hareketle orta oyununun eylem üzerine değil söyleşme üzerine kurulduğu, yani bir söz meydanı olduğu ileri sürülebilir. Söyleşmelerde oyuncu ile seyirci karşı karşıya bulunduğundan açık saçık ifadelere yer verilmez. Bu özellikleriyle orta oyunu tiyatronun “göstermeci/yanıltmasız” üslûbuna ve “açık eser” türüne uygun düşmektedir. Halkın arasında oynanan bu oyundaki her şey seyircinin gözleri önünde cereyan eder. Rolleri biten oyuncular meydandan uzaklaşmayıp seyircinin arasında bir yana çekilerek durduğundan oyuncu ile seyirci iç içedir.
XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Tanzimat aydınları Batı tiyatrosuna büyük ilgi gösterdiğinden geleneksel Türk tiyatrosu ve özellikle orta oyunu tiyatrodan sayılmamış, hatta zararlı bulunmuştur. Bu anlayışa karşı çıkan Teodor Kasap, gerçek Türk tiyatrosunda yerli oyun geleneklerinden yararlanılmasını savunmuş, örnek olarak da Molière’in bir oyununu Türk âdetlerine uydurup İşkilli Memo adıyla tercüme ederek yayımlamış (İstanbul 1291), üzerine de “Orta Oyunu Bir Fasıl” ibaresini koymuştur. Macar Türkologu Ignácz Kúnos da millî Türk tiyatrosunun karagöz ve orta oyunundan doğacağı görüşünü ileri sürmüştür. Şinâsi’nin geleneksel Türk tiyatrosundan hareketle Şair Evlenmesi ’ni kaleme almakla beraber Nâmık Kemal ve Abdülhak Hâmid (Tarhan) gibi ilk tiyatro yazarlarını örnek alan sonraki yazarlar Batı etkisinde bir tiyatro anlayışını devam ettirmişlerdir. Bunun sonucunda orta oyunu giderek önemini yitirmiştir. Kavuklu Sepetçi Ali Rızâ, Cüce Vasil, Pîşekâr Âsım, Kavuklu Hamdi Efendi, Pîşekâr Küçük İsmâil Efendi, Kavuklu Naşit, Kavuklu Ali gibi isimlerin oynadığı orta oyunu İsmail Dümbüllü’nün 1973’te ölümüyle son temsilcisini de kaybetmiştir. Şehirde oynanan orta oyunu dışında Anadolu’da köylülerin kış aylarında, özellikle düğünlerde ve bayramlarda oynadıkları köy orta oyunları Anadolu’nun birçok yöresinde hâlâ devam etmektedir (geniş bilgi için bk. Şükrü Elçin, Anadolu Köy Orta Oyunları [Köy Tiyatrosu] , Ankara 1977).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 400-402 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.