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ORUÇ REİS Skip to content (ö. 924/1518)
Cezayir’de Osmanlı hâkimiyetini kuran ünlü Türk denizcisi.
Midillili sipahi Yâkub Ağa’nın dört oğlundan ikincisi olup Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın ağabeyidir. Baba Oruç, Oruç Gazi ve kırmızı sakallı olduğu için Barbaros olarak da tanınır. Hayatı hakkındaki bilgiler Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın kendisi için Murâdî’ye yazdırdığı Gazavât-ı Hayreddin Paşa adlı esere dayanır. Kimliği ve Kuzey Afrika’ya geliş tarihiyle ilgili Batı kaynaklarının verdiği bilgiler hatalıdır (Soucek, III [1971], s. 238-250). Aslen Vardar Yenicesi’ndendir (Kâtib Çelebi’ye göre Eceovalı, Tuhfetü’l-kibâr , s. 39).
Genç yaşta reisliğe özenerek bir tekne ile deniz ticaretine başladı. En küçük kardeşi İlyas ile birlikte Trablusşam’a yaptığı bir sefer esnasında Rodos şövalyeleriyle girdiği bir savaşta kendisi esir, kardeşi ise şehid oldu. Diğer kardeşi Hızır’ın (Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa) onu fidye karşılığında kurtarma teşebbüsleri sonuçsuz kaldı; zindanda ağır şartlar altında iken kürek çekmek üzere gemiye gönderildi. O sırada Teke-ili / Antalya sancak beyi olan Şehzade Korkut’un her yıl fidye ödeyerek Rodos şövalyelerinden kurtardığı 100 esiri taşıyan gemide bulunuyordu. Geminin Antalya yakınlarında karaya yanaştığı sırada bir fırsatını bulup kaçtı. Antalya’da Ali kaptanın gemisinde ikinci reis olarak göreve başladı ve ticaret amacıyla İskenderiye’ye gitti. Şöhreti ve gemicilikteki mahareti her tarafa yayılınca Sultan Kansu Gavri tarafından Memlük Devleti hizmetine alındı. Hindistan’a gönderilecek kırk kalyonluk bir donanmanın inşası için İskenderun’da hazırlatılan keresteyi almak üzere on altı gemilik küçük bir filo ile denize açıldığında bir Rodos donanmasının hücumuna uğradı ve filosu dağıldı. Ardından Antalya’ya dönüp Şehzade Korkut’un da yardımıyla on sekiz oturaklı bir kalyata inşa ettirdi. Rodos civarında korsanlık yaparak şövalyelere pek çok zarar verdi ve ganimet aldı. Ancak Rodos şövalyelerinin sıkı takibi sonunda bir limanda bastırıldığı sırada gemisine el konulması üzerine Antalya’ya dönmek zorunda kaldı (917/1511). Bu esnada Saruhan sancak beyi olarak Manisa’da bulunan Şehzade Korkut ile yeniden temas sağladı. Onun desteğiyle biri yirmi dört, diğeri yirmi iki oturaklı iki kalyata yaptırdı; levent, mühimmat, erzak ihtiyaçları da karşılandı; diğer eksikleri ise Foça’da tamamlandı. Bu yardımlarına karşılık teşekkür için Manisa’ya gitti ve Korkut’tan korsanlık için izin aldı, şehzadenin yakın adamı Piyâle Bey’in tavsiyesiyle de İtalya sahillerine doğru denize açıldı.
Oruç Reis, Pulya sahillerinde iki Venedik gemisini içindeki 24.000 altın, mal ve erzakla birlikte ele geçirdi. Daha sonra Eğriboz yakınlarında üç Venedik gemisiyle savaşarak 285 esir ve pek çok ganimet alıp Midilli’ye kardeşlerini ziyarete gitti. Elde ettiği ganimetleri memleketindeki akrabalarına ve yoksullara dağıttı. Tekrar Şehzade Korkut’u ziyaret etmek istediyse de I. Selim’in padişah olduğunu ve Korkut’un takibata uğradığını öğrendi. Bunun üzerine kış mevsimini geçirmek için İskenderiye’ye gitti (918/1512), Memlük Sultanı Kansu Gavri’ye sığındı ve ondan iltifat gördü. O kışı sefer hazırlıkları ile geçiren Oruç Reis beraberindeki Yahyâ Reis ile birlikte ilkbaharda denize açıldı. Kıbrıs yakınlarında beş Venedik ticaret gemisini zaptederek Cerbe adasına yöneldi ve gemileri tüccarlara satıp Mısır sultanına kıymetli hediyeler gönderdi. Cerbe’yi kendisine merkez yaptı, akın faaliyetlerini buradan yürüttü. Bu sırada kardeşi Hızır Reis de (Barbaros Hayreddin) ona katıldı. Anadolu’daki taht kargaşası yüzünden iki kardeş Tunus’a gitti. Tunus Sultanı V. Muhammed ile görüşerek ondan kendilerine bir yer göstermesini istediler ve elde edecekleri ganimetin beşte birini vermeyi teklif ettiler. V. Muhammed onları Halkulvâdî Kalesi’ne yerleştirdi (919/1513).
Oruç Reis, Hızır ve Yahyâ reisler 920 (1514) ilkbaharında denize açıldı. Önce Sardinya adası açıklarında bir korsan gemisini ve ardından buğday yüklü bir Ceneviz korsan gemisini ele geçirerek içindeki 150 kişiyi esir aldılar. Daha sonra kumaş yüklü büyük bir kalyonu zaptedip Tunus’a götürdüler. Oruç Reis, ikinci seferinde Deli Mehmed Reis ile birlikte dört gemilik bir filo ile İspanya taraflarına yelken açtı. Burada asker yüklü bir kalyonla giriştiği zorlu çatışmada yaralanmasına rağmen galip geldi. Artık Oruç Reis ve kardeşinin ünü Batı Akdeniz ülkelerinde yayılmıştı. Daha sonra Cezayir’e yakın Bicâye Kalesi civarında savaşa tutuştuğu on korsan gemisinden dördünü Hızır Reis’in yardımıyla ele geçiren Oruç Reis bu savaşta bir top ateşiyle ağır şekilde yaralandı ve bir kolu kesildi. Ertesi yıl bahar mevsiminde iki kardeş, sekiz gemiyle İspanya’daki Endülüs müslümanlarına yardım etmek üzere yeniden harekete geçti. Bu sırada Flandra beyinin yedi gemilik ticaret konvoyundan Hint kumaşı taşıyan birini ele geçirip Tunus’a gönderdiler. Minorka adasında demirleyerek pek çok esir ve ganimet aldıkları gibi Cenova’da dört gemi ele geçirdiler. İspanya sahillerine geldiklerinde Endülüs müslümanlarına yardımcı olmaya çalıştılar.
Bir ara Midilli’ye giden Oruç Reis burada kalıp yerleşmeyi düşündüyse de daha sonra Hızır Reis’ten ayrılmamaya karar verdi. Tunus’a geldiklerinde çeşitli hediyeler sundukları Tunus sultanı ve bölge halkı onları büyük bir memnuniyetle karşıladı. Diğer taraftan Muhyiddin Reis kumandasında altı gemilik bir filoyu çeşitli hediyelerle İstanbul’a gönderdi. Osmanlı Padişahı Yavuz Sultan Selim, bizzat huzuruna kabul ettiği Muhyiddin Reis’e Oruç Reis ve kardeşine verilmek üzere iki elmas kabzalı kılıç, iki sorguç, iki hil‘at ve iki firkate hediye etti. Tunus’tan on iki gemiyle denize açılan Oruç Reis ve kardeşi Bicâye Kalesi üzerine giderken yolda rastladıkları bazı gemileri ele geçirdiler ve içindeki Endülüs müslümanlarını kurtararak Deli Mehmed Reis’le Tunus’a gönderdiler. Ardından yolları üzerindeki Cicel Kalesi’ni zaptettiler ve içine elli cenkçi yerleştirdiler; limana da üç gemi bıraktılar.
Oruç Reis ve kardeşinin bütün Akdeniz’e korku salan faaliyetleri Tunus sultanını da endişelendirmeye başlamıştı. Oruç Reis, Benî Hafs hânedanı ile uğraşmak yerine İspanyol ve Cenevizliler tarafından istilâ edilen Cezayir bölgesini kendisine hedef seçti. On bir gemiyle geldiği Bicâye’nin dış kalesini karaya top ve asker çıkartarak dört gün içinde ele geçirdi. Civarda bulunan Arap aşiretlerinin yardımı ile iç kale üzerinde yapılan savaşlar ise sonuçsuz kaldı. Büyük bir İspanyol donanmasının gelmekte olduğu haberi duyulunca Oruç Reis nehirde bıraktığı, sular çekildiği için yüzdürme imkânı olmayan gemilerini yaktı ve aldığı esirlerle birlikte karadan Cicel’e gitti. Burada kaldığı süre zarfında yerli emîrlerin hâkimiyet mücadelesine karıştı. Cezayir halkı kendilerine baskı yapan İspanyollar’a karşı onlardan yardım istedi. İki kardeş, Kuzey Afrika’daki hıristiyan üstünlüğünü ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla en seçkin askerlerden oluşan bir birlikle karadan Cezayir’e yürüdü. Denizden de on sekiz çektiri ve üç barça ile diğer yardımcı kuvvetler ve mühimmat sevkedildi. Cezayir’e vardıklarında limana hâkim bir noktada olan ve İspanyollar’ın elinde bulunan Penon adasındaki kalenin yerli halk tarafından kuşatması sürüyordu. Bu arada İspanya Kralı Ferdinand öldüğü için İspanyollar arasında karışıklık çıkmıştı. Oruç Reis, Cicel’de bulunan kardeşi Hızır Reis’e mektup göndererek yardım istedi. Kardeşlerini bulmak için Midilli’den Tunus’a gelen İshak Bey de beraberindeki birkaç gemiyle Cezayir’e ulaştı. Oruç Reis bir taraftan Penon adasındaki İspanyol kalesini topa tutarken diğer taraftan Cezayir kalesini tamir ettirdi. Bu sırada İspanyollar’la iş birliğine teşebbüs eden Cezayir hâkimi Selim Tumi’yi öldürttü. Bu gelişmeler İspanya’yı harekete geçirdi ve Don Diego kumandasında 140 parça gemiden oluşan bir donanma 15.000 kişilik kuvvetle Cezayir’e gönderildi (922/1516). İspanyol kuvvetleri karaya asker çıkararak Cezayir kalesini kuşattı ve toplarla dövmeye başladı. Ancak Oruç Reis’in kaleyi şiddetle savunması karşısında bazı Arap kabilelerinin destek vermesine rağmen 1500 ölü ve birçok esir bırakarak geri çekildiler. Ardından İspanyollar’la iş birliği yapan yerli kabileler cezalandırıldı ve Hızır Reis’in katılımıyla Cezayir yakınlarındaki Tenes fethedildi.
İki kardeş daha sonra bölgede idare ve güvenliği sağlamak üzere iş bölümü yaptı. Ülkenin daha güvenli olan doğu tarafları Hızır Reis’e, merkezi Cezayir olan batı bölgeleri Oruç Reis’e bırakıldı. Askerî kuvvetlere çeki düzen verildi. Nüfus ve arazi sayımı yapılarak asker sayısı ve gelirlerin miktarı tesbit edildi. Oruç Reis’in Cezayir’de güçlenmesi İspanyollar kadar civardaki Tunus beylerini de rahatsız ediyordu. Tilimsân hâkimi Ebû Hammû, Oruç Reis’i Afrika’dan uzaklaştırmak için İspanyollar’la iş birliği yaptı. Halkın yardım talebi üzerine Oruç Reis ağabeyi İshak ile birlikte harekete geçti, Tilimsân hâkimini yenerek şehre girdi. Tilimsân hâkimi kaçıp İspanya yönetimindeki Vehrân’a sığındı. Oruç Reis, bir taraftan Fas sultanı ile anlaşma yapmaya çalışırken diğer taraftan bölgedeki kabileleri itaat altına almaya gayret etti. Ancak Tilimsân halkı Oruç Reis’in kendi adına hareket etmesinden rahatsızlık duymaya başlamıştı. Muharrem 924’te (Ocak 1518) İspanyol ve Berberî Abdülvâdî kuvvetleri Oruç Reis’in sığındığı Kal‘atü’l-kılâ’a saldırdı. Çatışmalarda kale düştü ve İshak Bey savaşta hayatını kaybetti. Ardından Tilimsân kuşatılınca Oruç Reis şehri altı ay savundu. Sonunda cephane ve yiyecek kalmadığından beraberindeki otuz kırk arkadaşı ile birlikte kaleden çıkmaya teşebbüs ettiyse de fazla uzaklaşamadı. Tilimsân’a 100 km. mesafede Araplar’dan yardım alan kırk beş kişilik bir İspanyol müfrezesi tarafından bir ağılda yanındaki adamlarıyla birlikte sıkıştırıldı. Çarpışma sırasında yaralanan Oruç Reis daha sonra öldürüldü (924/1518 yazı). Akdeniz’de efsanevî bir şöhret kazanan Oruç Reis, Cezayir’de Türk hâkimiyetinin temellerini atmış, Kuzey Afrika’da hıristiyan istilâsına karşı koyarak İslâm’ın bölgede tutunmasını sağlamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Gazavat-ı Hayrettin Paşa: Barbaros’un Hayatı ve Savaşları , Ankara 1995, s. 4-59.
Kâtib Çelebi, Tuhfetü’l-kibâr fî esfâri’l-bihâr (haz. Orhan Şaik Gökyay), İstanbul 1973, s. 39-47.
Aziz Samih İlter, Şimali Afrikada Türkler , İstanbul 1936, I, 65-81.
E. Bradford, Barbaros Hayrettin (trc. Zehra Ağralı), İstanbul 1970, s. 17-91.
Jamil M. Abu’n-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period , Cambridge 1987, s. 148-150.
A. Graulle, “La mort et le tombeau de Baba ‘Aroûdj (Barberousse)”, RMM , VII/24 (1913), s. 246-259.
S. Soucek, “The Rise of the Barbarossas in North Africa”, Ar.Ott. , III (1971), s. 238-250.
M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “Oruç Reis”, İA , IX, 419-425.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 426-428 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.