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OSETLER Skip to content Kuzey Kafkasya’da yaşayan bir kavim.
Asetinler de denen Osetler, Kuzey Kafkasya’nın orta bölümünde sıradağların kuzey ve güney yamaçlarında yerleşmiştir. Bulundukları bölge Osetya diye anılmakta olup üçte ikisi dağlıktır. Buranın en yüksek dağı olan Kazbek (5057 m.) Güney Osetya’da bulunmaktadır. Osetya’nın önemli geçitleri Daryal, Digor ve Alagir; başlıca akarsuları Terek, Uruh, Ardon ve Kambileyevka’dır. Yeraltı kaynakları zengin olup coğrafî şartları tarıma ve hayvancılığa elverişlidir. Sovyetler Birliği döneminde 1989 sayımlarına göre Osetler’in toplam nüfusu 597.802’dir. Bunların 335.000’i yüzölçümü 8000 km2 olan Kuzey Osetya’da, 164.000’i Gürcistan ile yüzölçümü 3900 km2 olan Güney Osetya’da yaşamaktadır (Güney Osetya’da 65.000 kişi). Osetler, Ortodoks hıristiyan (İron ve Tuallag) ve Sünnî müslüman (Digor) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Sünnî müslümanların oranı % 30 kadardır. İronlar daha ziyade Kuzey Osetya’nın doğu kesiminde, Tuallaglar Gürcistan’da, Digorlar büyük ölçüde Kuzey Osetya’nın kuzeybatı bölümündeki vadilerde, Vladikafkas şehrinde, kısmen de Doğu Kabartay’da yerleşmiştir. Eski dönemlerde Hutsan adlı bir tanrıya inanan Osetler arasında Hıristiyanlık VI. yüzyılda Gürcüler vasıtasıyla yayılmış, daha geniş ölçüde ise Rus hâkimiyetinde kabul görmüştür. Ancak halk arasında eski dinleriyle ilgili gelenekler günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Osetler 932’de İslâmiyet’e girmeye başlamışlarsa da XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllarda Kabartay’a komşu olan müslümanların etkisiyle büyük ölçüde İslâmiyet’i benimsedikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Özellikle Mürid savaşları sırasında halk bu yeni dine daha fazla rağbet göstermiştir. Osetler arasında birbirinden farklı İron ve Digor lehçeleri konuşulmakta olup XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında Digorlar Arap, İronlar Kiril, Tuallaglar Gürcü alfabesini kullanıyorlardı. 1923’te bütün Osetler Latin alfabesine geçmiş, 1939’da ise İron dili üzerine kurulu, Kiril alfabesinin kullanıldığı tek bir edebî dil hâkim olmuştur.
Osetler etnik bakımdan Hint-Avrupa ırkına mensuptur. Kavmin asıl adı Os veya As olup Gürcü dilindeki yer adı ekinin ilâvesiyle Oset halini almıştır. Ataları İskit ve Sarmatlar’ın soyundan gelen Alanlar’dır. Bundan dolayı Osetler’in kontrolündeki Daryal Geçidi’ne müslümanlar Dâr-ı Alan adını vermiştir. I. yüzyılda Don nehriyle Azak arasındaki ovalarda göçebe olarak yaşayan bu kavmin III. yüzyılda Gürcistan’a ve İran’a akınlar yaptığına dair kayıtlar bulunmaktadır. Hunlar’ın akınları sırasında Alanlar, Kafkas dağlarına doğru çekilmiştir. 454’te şefleri Bagatar’ın Gürcü Kralı Vakhtang Gurgaslan ile yaptığı savaşı kaybetmesi üzerine onların idaresi altına girmişlerdir. 735-736 yıllarında Emevî kumandanlarından Mervân b. Muhammed’in (II. Mervân) Kafkasya seferinde Osetler’le de savaştığı, bir aralık Daryal Geçidi’ni ele geçirdiği bilinmektedir. Daha sonraki dönemlerde Gürcü ve Oset tarihleri iç içe gelişmiştir. Nitekim Gürcü Kraliçesi Tamara ile evlenen David Soslan adlı Oset 40.000 adamıyla Gürcistan’ın genişlemesine katkıda bulunmuştur.
Moğol istilâsına uğrayan, uzun yıllar Çerkezler’e vergi vermek zorunda kalan Osetler’in tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktasını Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması ile Rus hâkimiyetine girmeleri oluşturur. Böylece Osetler bu dönemde Vladikafkas çevresine yayılma imkânı elde ettiler, Ruslar da Tiflis’le bağlantı sağlayan Daryal Geçidi’nin iki tarafını tutan Osetya’ya sahip olmakla Güney Kafkasya’ya doğru ilerleme imkânına kavuştular. Osmanlı casuslarının raporlarına göre ulaşıma pek elverişli olmayan geçit 1783’lerde yapılan tamir ve inşa çalışmalarıyla asker sevkedilebilecek hale getirildi. Ruslar, 1784’te Terek ırmağının doğduğu yerde Vladikafkas’ı kurdular ve bölgeyi ilhak etmek yolunda önemli bir adım attılar. Osetler’in bulunduğu bölge, Gürcistan ile Rusya arasında stratejik / askerî bir yol üzerinde olduğundan Ruslar burayı kontrol altında tutmayı gerekli görmekteydi. Ruslar’ın kontrol çabaları ve halktan vergi istemeleri Osetler’in direnişiyle karşılaştı. İsyan Osetya’nın Tagaur bölgesinde ortaya çıktı, liderliğini de Dudariko Ahmedov üstlendi. Ancak Ahmedov 1802 Temmuzunda, Ruslar karşısında yenilgiye uğradı ve onlarla anlaşmak zorunda kaldı. 1804’te isyan yeniden başladı. Bu defa onlara Gürcüler de katılmıştı. Ruslar isyancıları kuşatıp askerî harekât düzenlediler. Osetler’in köyleri yakıldı, halk dağlara çekildi. Osetler üzerinde kesin hâkimiyet 1806’da kurulabildi. 1811’deki yeni bir hareketlenme de yine Ruslar tarafından sert bir şekilde bastırıldı. Daha sonraki yıllarda Rus istilâ hareketlerine Osetler de katıldı. Nitekim İmam Şâmil’in Daryal Geçidi’ni ele geçirmeye yönelik saldırıları Osetler’in yardımlarıyla etkisiz hale getirildi. Şâmil’in teslim olmasından ve Mürid savaşlarının sona ermesinin ardından Kafkasya’dan Osmanlı Devleti’ne yapılan büyük göçte bazı Osetler de yer aldı. Bunların en meşhuru olan ve 1865’te iltica eden Mûsâ Paşa (Kundukhov), Osetler’in Tagor (Tagaur) kabilesinden olup 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda Kafkasya cephesinde görev yapmıştı.
Şubat 1917 ihtilâlinden sonra meydana gelen karışıklıklar esnasında Osetler millî bir kongre topladılar (Nisan 1917) ve Bolşevik İhtilâli’nde bölgede kurulan hıristiyan-müslüman ittifakını desteklediler. Aralık 1917’de Kazaklar’la müslümanlar arasında çıkan savaş yüzünden ittifak çökünce bölge tam anlamıyla bir kargaşaya sürüklendi. 20 Nisan 1922’de Gürcü Sovyet hükümeti Osetler’in bağlılıklarını sağlamak için Güney Osetya Özerk Bölgesi’ni kurdu. Kızılordu’nun iç savaşı sona erdirmesinin ardından Kuzey Osetya önce özerk eyalet (7 Haziran 1924), daha sonra özerk cumhuriyet (5 Aralık 1936) oldu.
1942’de Almanlar’ın Kafkasya harekâtı sırasında Osetya’nın kuzey bölümü işgale uğradı. Almanlar, Vladikafkas’a bir hayli yaklaştılarsa da şehre giremeden çekildiler. Bu çekiliş sırasında yaklaşık 25.000 Oset, işgal esnasında bir rol oynamamalarına rağmen hükümet tarafından ihanetle suçlanabilecekleri korkusuyla Almanlar’la birlikte anavatanlarını terketti. 1944’te müslüman Digorlar, Kuzey Kafkasya’nın diğer müslüman halklarıyla birlikte Orta Asya’ya sürüldü. Bunlara ancak 1950’lerin sonunda vatanlarına dönme izni verildi.
Bugün Osetler siyasî bakımdan Rusya ile Gürcistan arasında bölünmüş durumdadır. Rusya’ya bağlı olan Kuzey Osetya özerk cumhuriyet statüsüne sahiptir. 12 Kasım 1994’te ilân edilen anayasa ile ülkenin adı Alanya olarak değiştirildi. Merkezi Vladikafkas (Orconikidze, Dzadjiko, Terekkale) olup diğer önemli şehirleri Mozdok, Beslan, Alagir ve Ardon’dur. Gürcistan’a bağlı özerk bölge statüsündeki Güney Osetya’nın merkezi Tskhinvali’dir. Burası 20 Eylül 1990 tarihinde bağımsızlığını ilân ettiyse de bağımsızlık isteği Gürcistan Sovyet hükümeti tarafından reddedildi.
1991’de Gürcistan, Sovyetler’in dağılmasından sonra bağımsızlığını kazanıp tarihî milliyetçilik ihtilâflarını bilinçli şekilde tekrar ortaya çıkardı. Gürcistan’ın çeşitli şehirlerinde yaşayan Osetler bu durumdan etkilenerek baskı görmeleri üzerine Kuzey Osetya’ya sığındılar. 100.000’i bulan bu göç dalgası Kuzey Osetya’da ekonomik ve yerleşim sıkıntılarını da beraberinde getirdi. 1992’de Gürcistan hükümetiyle Kuzey Osetya Cumhuriyeti arasında yapılan anlaşma gereği mülteciler sorununu çözmeye yönelik kararlar alındıysa da pratikte bir ilerleme sağlanamadı. 1994’te Avrupa Güvenlik ve İşbirliği Teşkilâtı buradaki problemleri çözmek için devreye girdi. Geri dönüşü sağlamak üzere ekonomik ve sosyal tedbirler uygulamaya konuldu. Buna rağmen 2004 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komitesi’ne göre geri dönen aile sayısı sadece 513’tü (1734 kişi).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, HH, nr. 339; BA, İrade-Meclis-i Mahsûs, nr. 1264; W. E. D. Allen – P. Muratoff, Kafkas Harekâtı: 1828-1921 Türk-Kafkas Sınırındaki Harplerin Tarihi, Ankara 1966, s. 12, 17, 18; A. Bennigsen – Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Step’te Ezan Sesleri (trc. Nezih Uzel), İstanbul 1981 s. 155; Mary L. Henze, XIX. Yüzyıl Seyyahlarına Göre Orta Kafkasya’da Din (trc. Ahmet E. Uysal), Ankara 1984, s. 3; P. von zur Mühlen, Gamalıhaç ile Kızılyıldız Arasında (trc. Eşref Bengi Özbilen), Ankara 1984, s. 191, 220; Aytek Kundukh, Kafkasya Müridizmi: Gazavat Tarihi (haz. Tarık Cemal Kutlu), İstanbul 1987, s. 66-72; R. Caratini, Dictionnaire des nationalités et des minorités de l’ex-U.R.S.S., Paris 1992, s. 158-159; J. Minahan, Nations Without States: A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements, Westport 1996, s. 431-433; A. Grigoriantz, Kafkasya Halkları (trc. Doğan Yurdakul), İstanbul 1999, tür.yer.; M. Wagner, Kafkas Rus Savaşı’nda Çerkesler-Çeçenler-Kazaklar ve Gürcüler (trc. Sedat Özden), İstanbul 1999, s. 171-177; Mustafa Aydın, Üç Büyük Gücün Çatışma Alanı: Kafkaslar, İstanbul 2005, s. 23, 82, 84, 87, 111; Ramazan Karça, “Şimalî Kafkasya’da Tehcir ve Katliam”, Dergi, II/5, München 1956, s. 38, 41, 45; B. Baytugan, “Kuzey Kafkasya”, a.e., XVI/61 (1970), s. 4, 10, 12, 16; Gustav A. Ritter, “Yeryüzünün Halkları”, Kuzey Kafkasya, VII/42, İstanbul 1977, s. 9-14; Behçet Alankuş, “Osetinler-İronlar”, a.e., X/59 (1980), s. 30-33; Hasan Kanbolat, “Kuzey Kafkasya’da Yer Adlarında Dönüşüm Süreci”, Kafkas Araştırmaları, III, İstanbul 1997, s. 182, 187; J. Birch, “Ossetiyu-Land of Uncertain Frontiers and Manipulative Elites”, CAS, XVIII/4 (1999), s. 501-534; A. Zeki Velidi Togan, “Allân”, İA, I, 376-378; Nancy E. Leeper, “Ossetians”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 179-180; Fridrik Thordarson, “Digor”, EIr., VII, 402-404.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 437-438 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.