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OSMAN b. FÛDÎ Skip to content (ö. 1232/1817)
Nijerya Fûlânî Devleti’nin kurucusu ve ilk halifesi (1812-1817).
29 Safer 1168’de (15 Aralık 1754) Hevsâ’nın kuzeyinde yer alan Galmi şehri yakınlarındaki Maratta köyünde doğdu. Babası Muhammed’e verilen ve Fûlânî dilinde “âlim, fakih” mânasına gelen “Fûdî” unvanına nisbetle Osman b. Fûdî (Hevsâ dilinde Osman dan Fodio, Fûlânîler arasında Usmanu Bi-Fûdiye) şeklinde anılır. Genç yaşta babasının liderliğindeki kabilesi Fûlânîler’le birlikte Degal’e taşındı. İlk Kur’an derslerini babasından aldı. Daha sonra çoğu akrabası olan âlimlerden tefsir, hadis, fıkıh ve Arap dili okudu. Hocalarının başında örnek edindiği amcası Osman Bindûrî, Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’ini kendisinden okuduğu Muhammed b. Râcî ve en çok etkisinde kaldığı ıslahatçı âlim Agâdesli Cibrîl b. Ömer gelmektedir. Agâdes’te Cibrîl b. Ömer’in yanında bir yıl kalan ve onun aracılığıyla tasavvufa intisap eden Osman, Gobir’e dönerek dinî öğrenimine orada devam etti ve bu yıllardan itibaren tebliğ faaliyetine girişti. Aynı dönemde Degal’de ders vermeye başladı. Kısa süre içinde gezgin bir mürşid, güçlü bir müderris ve ateşli bir vâiz olarak tanındı. Gobir dışındaki şehir devletlerine gidip oralarda dersler ve vaazlar veriyordu. Önce Kebbi, 1780’de Zamfara şehir devletine geçerek beş yıl süreyle vaaz ve tebliğlerini devam ettirdi. Burada büyük başarı sağladı, “cemaat” olarak adlandırdığı taraftarlarının sayısı arttı. Vaazlarında sünnetin ihya edilmesi ve bid‘atların ortadan kaldırılması konusunu ele alıyor, İslâm’ın ilk dönemindeki haline dönülmesi gerektiğini söylüyordu.
Otuz yaşında Degal’e çekilerek başta Gobir olmak üzere Katsina ve Kano emirliklerinden gelen gençlerin eğitim ve öğretimiyle ilgilendi. Derslerinde Kur’an ve Sünnet’e uygun İslâm’ı anlatırken bir yandan da öğrencileri için eserler kaleme alıyordu. İdarecilerden uzak durma anlayışını benimsemekle birlikte gerçek İslâm’ı sultanlara da anlatmak istedi. Âlimlere değer veren Gobir Sultanı Bava Can Gvarza’dan yakın ilgi gördü. 1789 yılı kurban bayramında saraya çağırdığı âlimlere hediyeler dağıtan sultandan hediye yerine ülke halkına İslâm’ı anlatmasına izin verilmesini, çağrısına uyanlara engel olunmamasını, giyime ve tesettüre karışılmamasını, siyasî suçluların serbest bırakılmasını ve meşrû olmayan vergilerin kaldırılmasını istedi. Bu teklifleri kabul eden sultanın onu oğlu Yunfa’ya mürebbi tayin ettiği kaydedilmektedir. Osman b. Fûdî, Gvarza’nın yerine geçen kardeşi Sultan Yakuba ile de iyi ilişkiler kurdu. Ancak davetinin gittikçe güçlenmesi kralları onun aleyhine döndürdü. Yakuba’nın halefi Nafata, 1797-1798 yıllarında Osman b. Fûdî’ye karşı sert bir tavır takındı, ona ve cemaatine verilen izinleri kaldırmaya başladı. 1798’de çıkardığı bir fermanla sonradan müslüman olanların eski dinlerine dönmesini emrederek müslümanlara tesettürü, sarık ve kaftan giymeyi yasakladı. 1803’te hükümdar olan Yunfa önce tahta çıkmasına yardımcı olan Osman’a ve cemaatine karşı iyi davrandı. Fakat kısa bir süre sonra onları rejim açısından tehlike görerek politikasını değiştirdi ve Osman b. Fûdî’yi öldürmeye teşebbüs etti. Bu arada bazı cemaat mensuplarının cezalandırılması yüzünden onlarla askerler arasında çatışma çıktı. Bunun üzerine Yunfa, Osman b. Fûdî’ye Degal’i hemen terketmesini emretti. Osman 1803 yılında cemaatiyle birlikte Gudu’ya gitti ve bütün taraftarlarını oraya çağırdı. Gudu’dan Kral Yunfa’ya bir elçi gönderdi, ondan tövbe etmesini ve siyasî suçluları serbest bırakmasını istedi. Teklifinin reddedilmesi üzerine yaptığı toplantıda emîrü’l-mü’minîn ve halife unvanıyla biat alarak Yunfa’ya karşı cihad ilân etti. Yunfa’yı destekleyen diğer sultanlara da dine aykırı davranışlardan kaçınmalarını bildiren mektuplar gönderdi.
Osman b. Fûdî, 21 Haziran 1804’te Tabkin Kvatto savaşında kralın birliklerini ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı. Bu zafer Fûlânî ve Hevsâlı köylülerin katılımını da beraberinde getirdi. Zamfara’nın güneybatısındaki şehirler de ona katıldı. Aynı yıl içinde Gobir’in başşehri Alkalawa’ya düzenlenen ilk saldırı başarısızlıkla sonuçlandıysa da 1806’da Zaria ele geçirildi. Saldırıya geçen Gobir, Kebbi ve Tevârik birlikleri Alvasa’da yenilgiye uğratıldı. Kano, Katsina ve Daura emirliklerine gönderilen kuvvetler de başarılar elde etti. 1806’da Alkalawa’ya karşı tekrar başlatılan saldırılar 1808’de şehrin alınmasıyla sonuçlandı. Alkalawa’nın ele geçirilmesi cihad hareketinde bir dönüm noktası oldu. Merkezini Sifava’ya taşıyan Osman b. Fûdî Katsina, Kebbi, Nupe, Zaria ve Liptako’ya gönderdiği ordularla diğer Hevsâ devletlerini ortadan kaldırdı. Aynı yıl içinde müslüman Bornu’yu topraklarına katarak bir yıl sonra ele geçirdiği yerlerle kurduğu devletin sınırlarını Atlantik sahillerinden Tinbüktü’ye kadar genişletmiş oldu. Ancak 1809’da Bornu, Muhammed Emîn el-Kânimî tarafından geri alındı.
Bu başarılarının ardından Osman b. Fûdî 1812’de Sokoto halifeliğinin kuruluşunu ilân ederek İslâmî bir yönetim kurdu. Halifelik unvanını taşımak ve cihad hareketini bizzat düzenlemekle birlikte aktif siyasetten büyük ölçüde çekildi. İki eyalete ayırdığı ülkesinin batı eyaletlerinin yönetimini kardeşi Abdullah’a, yeni fethedilen doğu eyaletlerinin yönetimini de Sokoto’yu başşehir yapan oğlu Muhammed Bello’ya bırakıp Sifava’da ikamet etmeye başladı. Ömrünün geri kalan yıllarını ilimle, kurduğu devletin hukukî ve idarî yapısını belirleyen eserler yazmakla geçirdi. Üç yıl sonra oğlunun ısrarı üzerine Sokoto’ya geldi. 3 Cemâziyelâhir 1232’de (20 Nisan 1817) vefat etti. Kabri halen Nijerya, Nijer ve Çad müslümanları için önemli bir ziyaretgâhtır. On üç evliliğinden toplam otuz yedi çocuğu olan Osman b. Fûdî’nin yerine geçen oğlu Muhammed Bello da başarılı bir devlet adamı ve çok sayıda kitap yazan bir âlimdir. Osman b. Fûdî, bid‘atların geniş ölçüde yayıldığı bir toplumda başlattığı Kur’an ve Sünnet’e dönüş hareketiyle müslümanlara dinlerini doğru bir şekilde öğretmenin yanı sıra kırsal kesimde yaşayan putperest Fûlânîler ve Hevsâ kabileleri arasında İslâmiyet’in hızla yayılmasını sağlamış, Batı Afrika tarihinin XIX. yüzyılın başında yeniden şekillenmesinde büyük etkisi olan ve yaklaşık bir asır bölgenin en güçlü devletlerinden biri olarak kalan Sokoto halifeliğini kurmayı başarmıştır. Islahatçı bir âlim, başarılı bir devlet adamı ve aynı zamanda ünlü bir mutasavvıf olan Osman b. Fûdî hocası Cibrîl b. Ömer’den Halvetiyye, Kādiriyye ve Şâzeliyye tarikatları icâzetini almış, bilhassa Kādirîliğin bölgede yayılmasında etkili olmuştur.
Eserleri. Osman b. Fûdî 150 civarında kitap ve risâle kaleme almış, bunlardan 115 tanesi tesbit edilmiştir. Fulfulde dilinde yazdığı, Hevsâ diline de çevrilen şiirleri dışında eserlerinin tamamına yakınını Arapça yazmıştır. Yayımlanan eserlerinden bazıları şunlardır: 1. İḥyâʾü’s-sünne ve iḫmâdü’l-bidaʿ (Sokoto, ts.). 2. Kitâbü Beyâni vücûbi’l-hicre ʿale’l-ʿibâd ve beyâni vücûbi naṣbi’l-imâm ve iḳāmeti’l-cihâd. Fethî Hasan el-Mısrî tarafından İngilizce tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Hartûm 1977). 3. “Le Kitâb al-farq bayna wilâyât ahl al-Islâm wa-Wilâyât ahl al-Kufr”. M. Hiskett (BSOAS, XXIII [1960], s. 558-579) ve Ali Merad (Islamochristiana, sy. 6 [Roma 1980], s. 179-209) iki ayrı neşrini gerçekleştirmiştir. 4. Nûrü’l-elbâb. İsmail Hamet tarafından Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Revue Africaine, XLI/227 [1897], s. 297-317; XLII/228 [1898], s. 58-69). 5. Tenbîhü’l-iḫvân ʿalâ aḥvâli arżi’s-Sûdân. H. Richmond Palmer eseri İngilizce tercümesiyle birlikte neşretmiştir (Journal of the African Society, XIII [1913-1914], s. 407-414; XIV [1914-1915], s. 53-59, 185-192). 6. “The Wathîqat ahl al-Sûdân”. A. D. H. Bivar tarafından İngilizce tercümesiyle birlikle yayımlanmıştır (JAfr.H, II/1-2 [1961], s. 235-243). 7. Ta’lîm al-ikhwân (nşr. B. G. Martin, MES, sy. 4 [1967-1968], s. 50-97). 8. “el-Mesâʾilü’l-mühimme elletî yaḥtâcü ilâ maʿrifetihâ ehlü’s-Sûdân” (nşr. Hasan Îsâ Abdüzzâhir, Ḥavliyyetü Külliyyeti’ş-şerîʿa ve’d-dirâseti’l-İslâmiyye, sy. 3 [1984], s. 171-201; eserlerinin listesi için bk. Özköse, s. 65-73).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA S. J. Hogben, The Muhammadan Emirates of Nigeria, London 1930, s. 109-114; M. Hiskett, The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio, New York 1973; M. G. Smith, “The Jihad of Shehu Dan Fodio: Some Problems”, Islam in Tropical Africa (ed. I. M. Lewis), London 1966, s. 408-424; Ismail A. B. Balogun, The Life and Works of ‘Uthmān Dān Fodio, Lagos 1975; a.mlf., “The Life and Work of the Mujaddid of West Africa, Uthmān b. Fūdī Popularly Known as Usumanu Dan Fodio”, IS, XII/4 (1973), s. 271-292; R. W. July, Histoire des peuples d’Afrique (trc. J.-L. Balans – F. Constantin), Paris 1977, II, 25-40; Ahmed Muhammed Kani, Nijerya’da İslâmî Cihad (trc. Ömer Gündüz), İstanbul 1991, s. 7-151; Kadir Özköse, Sûfî Davetten Devlete, İstanbul 2004; N. Tapiero, “Le grand shaykh Peul Uthmān Ibn Fūdī et certaines sources de son Islam doctrinal”, REI, XXXI/1 (1963), s. 49-88; W. E. N. Kensdale, “Field Notes on the Arabic Litterature of the Western Sudan: Shehu Usumanu Dan Fodio”, JRAS (1965), s. 162-168; Şevkī Atâullah el-Cemel, “ʿOs̱mân b. Fûdî ve siyâsetü’l-cihâdi’l-İslâmî elletî ittebeʿahâ”, el-Baḥs̱ü’l-ʿilmî, sy. 26, Rabat 1976, s. 41-67; M. Khalid Masud, “Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio’s Restatement of the Doctrine of Hijrah”, IS, XXV/1 (1986), s. 59-77; Ahmad Tahir, “Shaykh ‘Uthmān b. Fūdī (1754-1817): An Analytical and Critical Study of his Social Writings”, IQ, XLIV/1 (2000), s. 313-333; Thomas Fillitz, “Uthmān dan Fodio et la question du pouvoir en pays Haoussa”, Revue des mondes et de la Méditerranée, sy. 91-94, Aix-en-Provence 2000, s. 209-220; ‘Umar al-Nagar, “The Asānīd of Shehu Dan Fodio: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?”, Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources, sy. 13, Bergen 2002, s. 101-110; D. M. Last, “ʿUthmān b. Fūdī”, EI2 (İng.), X, 949-951.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 466-467 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.