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OSMANLI TÜRKÇESİ Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşundan Cumhuriyet’in ilânına kadar kullanılan Türkçe.
Osmanlıca veya Osmanlı Türkçesi tabiriyle genellikle Osmanlı Devleti sınırları içinde yaşayan Türkler’in konuşup yazdığı dil yahut aynı dönemde yazılan, içinde Arapça, Farsça kelimelerin yoğun biçimde yer aldığı dil veya daha genel olarak Arap harfleriyle yazılmış Türkçe anlaşılmaktadır. Bilimsel olarak Osmanlı Türkçesi, Türkiye Türkçesi’nin gelişme sürecinde Eski Anadolu Türkçesi diye adlandırılan ilk dönemi de içine alarak XIII. yüzyıldan XX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar devam eden yazı dilidir. Osmanlı Türkçesi’ni onun devamı olan bugünkü Türkçe’den ayrı düşünmek doğru değildir. Türkçe’nin değişik adlarla anılması, Türk milletinin dilinin uzun bir tarih içerisinde geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılarak çeşitli lehçelere ayrılması dolayısıyladır. Osmanlı Türkçesi’nin diğer dillerden, özellikle Arapça ve Farsça’dan çok sayıda kelime alması, ihtiyaç duyduğu kavramları kendi kültüründe bulamayınca başka dillerden temin etmesi sonucudur. Bu yazı dilinde ortak İslâm medeniyetine ait birtakım kelime ve terkipler kullanılmış, bunların birçoğu Türkçeleştirilmiş ve yeni anlamlar kazandırılmıştır. Osmanlı Türkçesi’yle yalnız edebî eserler değil beş yüzyıllık tarih boyunca sosyal hayatın her alanına ait (edebiyat, tarih, tıp, hukuk, iktisat, dinî ilimler vb.) binlerce eser meydana getirilmiştir.
Osmanlı Türkçesi’nin Teşekkülü ve Gelişim Süreci. XI. yüzyıl ve sonrası Orta Asya Türklüğü için devamlı bir göç devridir. Türk boylarından bir kısmı Hazar denizinin ve Karadeniz’in kuzeyini takip ederek Kafkaslar’da konaklamış, bir kısmı Hazar denizinin güneyinden Akdeniz’e ve büyük kitleler halinde Anadolu’ya gitmiştir. İran, Azerbaycan, Kafkasya, Suriye, Irak, Mısır, Anadolu ve Rumeli’deki bu yayılışla o zamana kadar Orta Asya’da tek bir yazı dili halinde devam eden Türk dili bazı gelişmeler geçirmiş ve Türkçe’nin çeşitli kolları ortaya çıkmıştır. Böylece Oğuz boylarının yayıldığı Anadolu’da Oğuz lehçesine dayalı yeni bir dil teşekkül etmiş, ancak bu dilin gelişip edebî bir dil hüviyetini kazanması uzun bir sürede gerçekleşebilmiştir. Anadolu Selçukluları’nda XII. yüzyıl sonlarına kadar ilim ve edebiyat dili olarak Farsça’nın kullanılması, çeşitli savaşlar, Moğol işgalleri ve Haçlı seferleri Türk yazı dilinin oluşumunu geciktirmiştir. Anadolu beylikleri döneminde daha çok değer kazanan Türkçe resmî dil olarak kullanılmış ve bazı eserler meydana getirilmiştir.
Beylikler arasındaki siyasî mücadeleden başarıyla çıkan Osmanlılar yeni bir devlet kurarak Türkmenler ve Âzerîler dışındaki bütün Güneybatı Türkleri’ni zamanla bu devletin sınırları içinde topladılar, Anadolu ve Balkanlar’da Türk birliğini sağladılar; Türkçe’yi de resmî dil, dolayısıyla bir yazı dili haline getirdiler. XIII. yüzyıldan başlayıp günümüze kadar gelen ve Anadolu’da, Balkanlar’da, Irak’ta, Suriye’de, Azerbaycan’da devam etmekte olan bu yazı diline halen benimsenmiş olan Türk lehçelerinin tasnif sisteminde Batı Türkçesi adı verilir. Batı Türkçesi de zamanla ikiye ayrılarak Âzerî Türkçesi ile Türkiye Türkçesi ortaya çıktı. Türkiye Türkçesi XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar lisân-ı Türkî, Türkî ve Türkçe olarak anıldı. Siyasî bütünlüğü korumak amacıyla “millet-i Osmâniyye” tabirini benimseyen Tanzimatçılar Osmanlı ülkesinde konuşulan Türkçe’ye lisân-ı Osmânî dediler; bunu Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe’den meydana gelmiş bir dil olarak tanımladılar.
Uzun tarihi içerisinde Osmanlı Türkçesi gramer yapısı ve söz varlığı bakımından çeşitli aşamalar geçirmiştir. a) Başlangıç Dönemi. Anadolu Selçukluları, Beylikler devri ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluş dönemine rastlayan bu devreye Eski Türkiye Türkçesi, Eski Anadolu Türkçesi, Eski Osmanlıca, Eski Oğuz Türkçesi gibi adlar verilmiştir. XIII-XV. yüzyılları içine alan bu dönemde Türkçe, gramer şekilleri ve kelime hazinesi bakımından oldukça sade bir yapı gösterir. Anadolu Selçukluları’nda resmî dil Arapça, edebiyat dili Farsça olmakla birlikte halkın konuşma dili Türkçe’ydi. Halka hitap eden bir kısım eserler Türkçe yazılmışsa da bunların sayısı çok azdır. Beylikler devri eser bakımından daha verimlidir. Anadolu beyliklerini kuran Türk beyleri Arap ve Fars dil ve kültürüne yabancı olup Türkçe’den başka dil bilmediklerinden Türkçe eserlerin yazılmasına, Arapça ve Farsça eserlerin Türkçe’ye çevrilmesine vesile oldular. Ayrıca bu eserlerde sade bir dil kullanılmasını istediler. II. Murad’ın, Ḳābûsnâme ’nin ilk çevirisini açık ve anlaşılır bulmadığı için eseri Mercimek Ahmed’e yeniden tercüme ettirdiği bilinmektedir. Aynı şekilde Germiyanoğlu II. Yâkub Bey’in Şeyhî’nin kendisini övmek maksadıyla yazdığı şiirlere bunları anlamadığı için fazla ilgi göstermediği rivayet edilir (Tulum, IX, 423).
XV. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru Osmanlı Devleti’nin sınırlarının genişlemesi ve siyasî birliğin sağlanmasıyla yazı dili birliği de kurulmuştu. Türkçe bu yüzyılda devlet dili, bilim ve sanat dili olma özelliğini kazanmış, olgun edebî ürünlerini vermeye başlamıştı. Sinan Paşa’nın Tazarru‘nâme ’si edebî nesir dilinin oldukça yüksek bir düzeye ulaştığını göstermektedir. İstanbul, Bursa gibi bazı şehirler bu dönemde birer kültür merkezi haline geldi. Bu arada Arapça ve Farsça da yeniden önem kazanarak medreselerdeki öğrenime bu dillerde yazılan eserler örneklik etmeye başladı. Türk saraylarında yabancı şairlere daha çok değer verilmesi Türk yazı dilinin gelişmesinde kısa zamanda büyük değişikliklere sebep oldu. İlim ve edebiyat dilinde Arapça ve Farsça kelimelere rağbet edildiğinden bir eserin Arapça veya Farsça yazılması bir övünç vesilesi haline geldi. İran edebiyatının itibar görmesiyle Türk şairleri İran örneklerine benzeyen eserler yazmakta birbirleriyle âdeta yarıştılar. İran edebiyatındaki mazmunlar Türk edebiyatında da kullanılmaya başlandı; dolayısıyla bu mazmunlara esas olan Farsça kelime ve deyimler de Türkçe’ye girdi. Ayrıca aruz vezninin Türkçe’nin yapısına uymaması şairleri Arapça, Farsça kelime ve terkip kullanma kolaylığına yöneltti. Bununla birlikte daha sonraki yüzyıllara göre dilde hâlâ nisbî bir sadeliğin devam ettiği görülmektedir.
b) Klasik Dönem. XV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra özellikle fetihle birlikte İstanbul’un bir kültür ve medeniyet merkezi haline gelmesiyle başlayıp XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar devam eden dönemdir. XVI. yüzyılda dünyanın üç kıtasında çok geniş bir alanda hüküm süren Osmanlı Devleti’nin bütün kurumlarında görülen gelişme dil ve edebiyatta da kendini gösterdi. Ülkenin değişik yerlerinde birçok şair, mütercim, tezkire yazarı, tarihçi yetişti. Böylece Osmanlı Türkçesi de büyük bir devletin ilim ve sanat dili olarak Arapça ve Farsça ile rekabet edebilecek bir seviyeye erişti.
Bu dönemde Türkçe konuşma dili dışında başlıca iki seviyede gelişme gösterdi. Bunlardan birincisi yararı ön planda tutan ve dili daha çok bir araç olarak gören anlayışa dayanan yazı dilidir. Söz dağarcığı zengin sayılan bu dili oldukça geniş bir kitle okuyup anlayabilmekteydi. Bâkî, Fuzûlî, Hayâlî, Nedîm, Lâmiî Çelebi, Kâtib Çelebi, Evliya Çelebi, Kınalızâde Ali, Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi gibi yazar ve şairler eserlerini bu dille yazdılar. Ayrıca menâkıbnâmeler, dinî tarihler vb. halk için yazılmış eserlerin dili de oldukça sade idi. Yazı dilinin ikinci seviyesi daha çok sanat amaçlı bir anlayışa dayanmaktadır. Bu dil daha zengin bir kelime kadrosuna sahip olup Arapça ve Farsça’dan çok sayıda kelime yanında dil kalıpları ve kurallar da almıştır. Farsça’nın birleşik isim ve sıfatları, tamlamaları; Arapça’nın hemen bütün iştikak kalıpları, isim ve sıfat tamlamaları hatta sayılar, edatlar, çoğul şekilleri Türkçe cümlelerde yoğun bir şekilde kullanıldı. Bu seviyede artık bilginin ve düşüncenin aktarıldığı bir araç olmaktan çıkan dilin kendisi doğrudan doğruya bir amaç haline geldi, normal yazı dilinden gittikçe uzaklaşılarak apayrı bir inşâ dili ortaya çıktı. Bu yazı dilinin hedef kitlesi bilgi seviyesi yüksek toplum kesimleri olmuştur. Veysî, Nergisî, Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Naîmâ gibi müelliflerin eserleri dilin bu seviyesi için örnek olarak gösterilebilir.
Arapça, Farsça kelime ve terkiplerin artarak kullanılması bu dönemdeki edebiyat anlayışıyla da yakından ilgilidir. Yabancı dillerden kelime alma hususunda aşırılığa gidilince dildeki zenginlik yerini bir tür özentiye bırakmış ve bu kelimeler gittikçe daha kalabalık bir kitle tarafından bilinir ve kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Özellikle XVII. yüzyıl ve sonrasındaki bazı mensur eserlerde bir sayfalık bir cümle içerisinde Türkçe’nin bir iki fiil ve zarf-fiil şekline münhasır kalarak âdeta kaybolduğu söylenebilir. Ancak şairler şiirin nazım şekline, muhtevasına ve hitap ettiği kesime göre farklı dil kullanabiliyorlardı. Meselâ gazel ve mesnevilerde kasidelerden daha sade bir dil kullanıldığı dikkati çekmektedir.
Dildeki bu ağırlaşmaya ve sunîleşmeye, özellikle de İran edebiyatı hayranlığına karşı divan şairleri arasında tepki gösterenler de olmuştur. Aydınlı Visâlî bu şairlerin başında gelir. XV. yüzyılda Necâtî Bey şiirlerinde halk tabirlerine, atasözlere yer verip Türkçe kelimelerden yapılmış kafiyeler kullanmak suretiyle Türkçe’yi bir şiir dili olarak işleme yolunda büyük gayret göstermiştir. XVI. yüzyılda aruzla ve sade bir dille şiir yazan Tatavlalı Mahremî ve Edirneli Nazmî’nin temsil ettiği Türkî-i basît akımı ise yeteri kadar ilgi çekmemiştir.
c) Yenileşme Dönemi. XIX. yüzyılın ortalarından XX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar devam eden dönemdir. Yüzyıllarca İslâm kültür çevresinin ve dillerinin etkisi altında kalan Türk toplumu Tanzimat’la birlikte Batı kültürünün tesiri altına girmeye başladı, bunun sonucu olarak karşılaşılan birçok yeni kavramın ifade yolları arandı. Devrin edebiyatı, XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında divan edebiyatının çerçevesinden çıkıp Batı uygarlığının etkisi altında Avrupaî bir karakter kazanmaya başladı.
Batı uygarlığının Tanzimat edebiyatındaki en belirgin izleri yeni fikirlerin Türkiye’de yerleşmesini çabuklaştıran nesir alanında görüldü. Batı edebiyatından alınan edebî türlerin çoğu roman, hikâye, tiyatro, makale, tenkit gibi nesir çeşitleriydi. Yeni düşünce ve edebî hareketleri halka ulaştıracak en kısa ve etkili yol gazeteler olduğundan ilk olarak gazete ve dergi çıkarılmaya başlandı. Bu bakımdan Tanzimat nesrinin asıl uygulama alanı gazeteler oldu. Bu dönem şair ve yazarları gazeteciliği ön plana çıkardılar. Ancak secilerle, zincirleme tamlamalarla anlaşılmaz bir hal alan yazı diliyle yeni fikirleri halka ulaştırma imkânı bulunmadığından yazı dilinin konuşma diline yaklaştırılması, gazetelerin halk tarafından okunabilmesi, bunun için de ilme, fenne ve sanata dair yazılacak her tür eserde sade bir dil kullanılması gerekiyordu. Yazarların bu yolda emek harcamaları Türkçe’nin sadeleşmesini ve bir gazeteci dilinin doğmasını, yazı dilinin halkın anlayabileceği bir duruma gelmesini sağladı. Tanzimat devri yazarları Türkçe’nin ilim ve edebiyat dili olarak yeni bir hüviyete girmesi gerektiği üzerinde önemle durdular. Batı dillerinden Türkçe’ye tercümelerin yapılmasının da Osmanlıca’nın sadeleşmesinde rolü oldu. Bu arada pek çok terim ve kavrama Türkçe karşılık bulma gereği ortaya çıktı. Ayrıca o zamana kadar medreselerde dil olarak yalnız Arapça ve Farsça dersleri bulunuyorken XX. yüzyıl başlarında Türkçe dersleri de kondu.
1895-1901 yılları arasında Servet-i Fünûn mecmuası etrafında toplanan Edebiyât-ı Cedîde neslinin dil anlayışı Tanzimatçılar’ın dil anlayışından farklıdır. Fransız edebiyatını yakından tanıyan Servet-i Fünûn yazarları, bu edebiyatın ürünlerini örnek alarak duygu ve düşüncelerini bütün incelik ve derinliğiyle yansıtacak yeni bir dil kullanmaya yöneldiler. Bu maksatla ihtiyaç duydukları dil malzemesini karşılayabilmek, özellikle de âhenkli ifade için Arapça ve Farsça kelime ve terkiplere daha çok yer vererek Tanzimat’la birlikte sadeleşmeye doğru yol alan yazı dilini yeniden konuşma dilinden uzaklaştırdılar. Bunun yanında alışılmamış tarzda, garip karşılanan Farsça tamlamalar ve birleşik sıfatlar meydana getirdiler, hatta sözlüklerde bile yer almayan veya çok az kullanılan kelimeler aradılar. Öte yandan Fransızca’dan bazı kelime gruplarını ve deyimleri aktararak Fransız cümle yapısının Türkçe’yi etkilemesine yol açtılar. Sonuçta Tanzimat’la birlikte toplum hayatında meydana gelen değişikliklere paralel biçimde dilde yeni bir ıslahat ihtiyacı doğdu. Köklü bir yenileşme sağlanamamakla beraber Osmanlı Türkçesi’nin bu devresinde karışık dilin çözülme yoluna girdiği de görülmektedir. 1911’de ortaya çıkan yeni lisan hareketiyle bu çözülmede daha sağlıklı bir yol tutularak Klasik Osmanlı Türkçesi sona erdi. Edebiyatta millîlik ve dilde sadeleşme birkaç muhalif dışında bütün aydınlar tarafından kabul gördü. Böylece Batı Türkçesi, Modern Türkiye Türkçesi diye adlandırılan son devresine girmiş oldu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “Osmanlı Türkçesi ve Osmanlıca”, Diller ve Türkçemiz (haz. Mustafa Özkan), İstanbul 1996, s. 39-43.
a.mlf., Osmanlı Türkçesi Metinleri , İstanbul 1998, s. 3-6.
Tahsin Banguoğlu, Dil Bahisleri , İstanbul 1987, s. 221-260.
Zeynep Korkmaz, Türk Dili Üzerine Araştırmalar , Ankara 1995, I, 537-606, 686-708.
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Mustafa Özkan, Türk Dilinin Gelişme Alanları ve Eski Anadolu Türkçesi , İstanbul 1995, s. 32-41.
a.mlf., “Erken Dönem Osmanlı Türkçesi”, Osmanlı , Ankara 1999, IX, 399-411.
a.mlf., “Edirneli Nazmî ve Türkî-i Basit (Sade Türkçe) Hareketi”, İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 5, İstanbul 1997, s. 183-196.
a.mlf., “Yenileşme Sürecinde Türk Dili”, TDED , XXXII (2005), s. 81-108.
Nuri Yüce, “Osmanlı Türkçesi”, Osmanlı Devleti ve Medeniyeti Tarihi (haz. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu), İstanbul 1998, II, 3-20.
Korkut M. Buğday, Osmanisch-Einführung in die Grundlagen der Literatursprache , Wiesbaden 1999.
Mertol Tulum, “Osmanlı Türkçesi”, Osmanlı , IX, 421-429.
İsmail Ünver, “Osmanlı Türkçesi”, a.e. , IX, 430-436.
Esra Karabacak, “Başlangıçtan Osmanlı Döneminin Sonuna Kadar Gramer Tarihimiz ve Ana Hatlarıyla Osmanlı Türkçesi Grameri”, a.e. , IX, 437-455.
Ahmet B. Ercilasun, “Osmanlı Türkçesi”, Yeni Türkiye , VI/34, Ankara 2000, s. 145-152.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 483-485 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.