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OSMANLICILIK Skip to content Farklı unsurları Osmanlı kimliğinde birleştirmeyi amaçlayan siyasî düşünce.
1789 Fransız İhtilâli ve Napolyon savaşları sonrasında yaygınlık kazanan tarihî ve sosyolojik verilere göre çağdaş anlamda millet tanımına giren halkların yaşadıkları topraklar üzerinde kendi devletlerini kurmak istemeleriyle ilgili faaliyetler özellikle imparatorluk yapılarını millî devletlere ayrışma tehdidi altına sokmuştu. Osmanlıcılık, XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinden itibaren böyle bir gelişmeyi önlemeye yönelik siyasî bir akım olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu akım, Avrupa’da yayılan milliyetçilik fikirlerini önceleri aynı etnik yapıdaki unsurların ittihadı şeklinde yorumlayıp bunu bir Avrupa meselesi olarak değerlendirmiş, Sırp isyanı ve bağımsızlıkla sonuçlanan Yunan isyanından sonra Balkanlar’daki hıristiyan uyruklarının Avrupa’dan aldığı destekle yoğunlaşan bir şekilde ayrılıkçı temayüller sergilemeye başlamaları karşısında ise bunun Osmanlı toplum yapısının mevcut hali içinde durdurulamayacağını görmüştür. Böylece daha geniş muhtevalı bir Osmanlı kimliği oluşturulması kaçınılmaz olmuştur.
Bu yönelişin bir zorunluluk olduğu fikri neredeyse bütün Tanzimatçılar’ın ortak görüşüdür. II. Mahmud’un 1826’da ifade ettiği, “Ben tebaamın müslümanını camide, hıristiyanını kilisede, Mûsevî’sini havrada farkederim, aralarında başka bir fark yoktur” şeklindeki sözleri Osmanlıcılık kavramının ana ilkesini teşkil eder. Ancak burada belirtilmesi gereken husus, Osmanlıcılığın tek başına bir kurtarıcı siyaset olmaktan çok devletin bekası için uygulamaya konulan eski sistemin değiştirilmesi ve yenilenmesini öngören Tanzimat projesinin toplum modeli olmasıdır. Tanzimat devlet adamlarının din ve devletin bekası için yegâne yol olarak niteledikleri bu değişim, tıpkı Avrupa’da olduğu gibi eski usullerden vazgeçilerek ilim ve fende gelişmekle kanun ve nizama dayalı hürriyet ve meşvereti esas alan yeni bir devlet ve toplum yapılanmasını gerekli kılıyordu. Bu çerçevede Sâdık Rifat Paşa’nın “hubb-ı vatan ve millet ve celb-i te’lîf-i kulûb”; Mustafa Reşid Paşa’nın, “Din ve mezhep farkı tebaanın ancak şahıslarına müteallik bir iştir”; Fuad Paşa’nın “devletin ve ülkenin herkesin eşitliğine dayandırılan birliği” ve Âlî Paşa’nın “tebaanın din ve mezhepten başka hususlarda birbirleriyle kaynaştırılması” gibi ifadelerle izaha çalıştığı yeni anlayış, dönemin metinlerinde de zaman zaman Osmanlıcılık kavramını tarif eder bir tarzda “imtizâc-ı akvâm ve ittihâd-ı anâsır” olarak geçmiştir.
İdeolojiler ve milletler çağında Osmanlı Devleti’nin ilk siyasî ideolojisi olan Osmanlıcılık bir devlet siyaseti tarzında Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e kadar değişik şekillerde varlığını korumuş, hatta genel olarak Cumhuriyet’e de intikal etmiştir. Ancak uygulanışı itibariyle I. Meşrutiyet’e kadar olan dönem, II. Abdülhamid dönemi, İttihat ve Terakkî dönemi olmak üzere üç dönemde değerlendirilebilir. Avrupa siyasetindeki gelişmelere ve tehditlere karşı Osmanlı Devleti’ni parçalanmaktan kurtarmaya yönelik siyasal ve pratik bir tedbir olarak düşünülen ilk dönem Osmanlıcılığı, devletin meşruiyetini dayandırdığı din esaslı geleneksel yapılanmadan siyasî eşitlik ve hukuk temelli yeni bir yapılanmaya intikali gündeme getiren bir özellik taşımaktadır. 1839’da ilân edilen ve Osmanlı İnsan Hakları Beyannâmesi olarak kabul edilmesi gereken Tanzimat Fermanı ayrıca devletin idarî, malî, hukukî vb. kurumlarının yapılanmasında esaslı değişimlere yol açmıştır. Daha önceki dönemlerde eyaletlerdeki meseleleri geleneksel “millet” yapılanması içerisinde âdil hükümdar ve devlet anlayışıyla halletmeye çalışan idare yeni dönemde bu hususa ilâveten devletin can, mal, ırz ve namusunu koruma taahhüdünde bulunduğu vatandaşlarını ortak bir kimlikte birleştirmeye engel sayılan aidiyetleri en azından resmî planda göz ardı edecek idarî ve hukukî değişiklikleri uygulamaya koydu. Bu değişimin yansımaları çerçevesinde hâkim devlet yapılanması yerini “hâdim devlet”, “millet-i hâkime” de yerini milletlerin eşitliği anlayışına bıraktı. 1856 tarihli Islahat Fermanı ile sonuçlanan süreçte müslüman ve gayri müslim eşitliği ilk defa kabul ve ilân edildi. Bu ise şer‘î anayasal uygulamada tam bir kırılma noktası oldu. İdarede eyalet meclislerine gayri müslimlerin de katılması, din değiştirmenin önündeki yasakların müslümanlar dahil olmak üzere kaldırılması, misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin serbest bırakılması, din ve vicdan hürriyetinin teminat altına alınması, cizyenin terkedilmesi, gayri müslimlerin de askerliğe kabulü, askerî ve mülkî mekteplerin herkese açık olması, karma mahkemelerin kurulması gibi değişiklikler bu anlayışın sonuçlarıdır. Ancak ilgili taraflardan çoğunun bu gelişmeleri benimsemediği de bir gerçektir. Gayri müslimler bunu Türkler’in devletlerini kurtarmak için başvurdukları bir siyaset olarak gördükleri gibi başta askerlik muafiyeti olmak üzere eski imtiyazlarını kaybetmiş olmaktan, din adamları da cemaat içindeki eski mevkilerini yitirmekten endişe ettikleri için buna soğuk dururken Islahat Fermanı’nın gayri müslimlere müslümanlarla eşit haklar tanıdığını gören müslümanlar da ecdat kanıyla elde edilmiş olan hâkim millet olma hakkının kaybedildiğini söyleyerek buna karşı çıktılar. Nitekim fermanın uygulanmaya geçilmesiyle Maraş, Cidde, Balkanlar, Lübnan, Şam ve Girit gibi yerlerde patlak veren kanlı olaylar beklenen kaynaşmanın kolay gerçekleşmeyeceğini gösterdi. Cidde’deki olaylar İngilizler’in askerî müdahalesiyle yatıştırılabildi. Lübnan ve Şam’daki karşılıklı kıtaller başta Fransa olmak üzere Batılı devletlerin fiilî müdahalesine yol açtı. Bu gelişmeler gayri müslim unsuru daha da cesaretlendirirken merkezde yeni bir aydın muhalefetinin oluşmasına yol açtı. Bu döneme kadar Tanzimat bürokrasisinin otoriter bir tavırla oluşturmaya çalıştığı Osmanlı kimliği Yeni Osmanlı aydınlarının tepkisini doğurdu ve Islahat Fermanı’nın ilân biçimiyle hükümlerine karşı itirazlar yükseldi. Onlara göre Batılı devletlerin baskısıyla ilân edilen Islahat Fermanı bir uhuvvet fermanı değil imtiyazlar fermanı idi ve gayri müslimleri daha avantajlı bir konuma getirmişti. En kısa zamanda bürokrasinin mutlakiyetçi yönetimi yerine meşrutiyetçi bir yönetime gidilmeliydi. Bu kesimin en tanınmış ismi olan Nâmık Kemal de meşrutî idarenin Osmanlı kimliğini pekiştireceğini ve devleti parçalamaya yönelik ayrılıkçı hareketleri sona erdireceğini düşünüyordu. Esas olan, siyasî haklarda ve eğitim alanında eşitlik ve ortak vatandı. Siyasal kültüre Osmanlıcılık döneminin bakiyesi olarak giren vatan kavramı aynı zamanda bir idealin de adıdır. Bu ideal, hangi din ve milletten olursa olsun Osmanlı mülkünde buluşup vazifesini ifa eden vatandaşların kardeşliği üzerine bina edilir. Irka dayalı bir ittihadın mümkün olmadığı Osmanlı mülkünde devleti ve müşterek toprağı esas alan bu fikirle Batı milliyetçiliğindeki millet inşa etme sürecinin vazgeçilmez unsuru olan coğrafya arasında paralellik açıktır. Osmanlı geleneğinde bu tür bir fikriyatın temelinin bulunmadığı Cevdet Paşa tarafından şöyle açıklanır: “Avrupa’da gayret-i dîniyye yerine gayret-i vataniyye kāim olmuş … Ama bizde vatan denilince askerin köylerindeki meydanlar hatırına gelir” (Ma‘rûzât , s. 114).
Tanzimat’la birlikte devletin uygulamaya çalıştığı müsâvat politikaları, yani “memâlik-i Osmâniyye’deki müslim-gayri müslim Osmanlı unvân-ı bülendi altında yekdilâne ve uhuvvetkârâne birleşmesi” kaçınılmaz olarak tebaadan vatandaşlığa geçişi de başlattı. Ancak İslâm açısından zaruret haliyle izah edilmeye çalışılan bu durum, devlet ricâli ve ulemânın gayretine rağmen müslüman halk nazarında kolay kabullenilmemiştir. Bu sebeple II. Meşrutiyet döneminde uhuvvet kavramı birtakım derecelere ayrılarak yeni bir izah tarzına gidilmiştir. Böylece nesepte, dinde, vatanda ve insanlıkta olmak üzere dört çeşit uhuvvet belirlenerek Osmanlı gayri müslimleriyle üçüncü ve dördüncü derecelerde uhuvvetin söz konusu olduğu savunulmuştur.
Tanzimat fikri, çağdaş eğitimiyle farklı dinî ve etnik gruplara mensup gençlere Osmanlılık ülküsünü aşılaması ve bir Osmanlı milleti oluşturması beklenen Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânîsi (1858) gibi okullarda ve basının kamuoyu oluşturma aracı olarak geliştiği 1860’lardan itibaren Basîret ve İttihad gibi gazetelerde devlet destekli olarak yoğun biçimde işlenmiş, bazan Osmanlı milletlerinin oluşturduğu birlik anlamında “ittihâd-ı Osmânî”, bazan da Osmanlı kavramının bütün Osmanlı vatandaşlarının kaynaşmasıyla oluştuğu anlamında “imtizâc-ı akvâm” tabirleriyle zikredilmiş, nihayet 1876 Anayasası’nın 8. maddesinde resmî ifadesini bularak, “Devlet-i Osmâniyye tâbiiyetinde bulunan efrâdın cümlesine herhangi din ve mezhepte olursa olsun bilâ istisnâ Osmanlı tabir olunur” denilmiştir. Şüphesiz bu dönemde Osmanlıcılık ideali, devleti korumak amacıyla artık özellikle müslüman-Türk unsur tarafından savunulan bir fikir iken gayri müslim unsurlar Avrupa müdahalelerinden de aldıkları cesaretle bu siyaseti ve kimliği benimsememişler ve millî emellerini takip etmişlerdir. Nitekim 1870’lerin ortalarına gelindiğinde Balkanlar’da yaşanan ayrılıkçı gelişmeler Osmanlı siyasetinin beklenen kaynaşmayı sağlamadığını göstermiştir. Balkanlar’da elden çıkan topraklar üzerinde oluşan yeni hıristiyan devletlerine ve yoğun katliamlara uğrayan müslüman halkın muhacereti, bilhassa Anadolu’nun demografik yapısında müslüman nüfusun yoğunlaşması gibi faktörler, devletin bekasını müslüman unsura ve İslâm dayanışmasına dayandıran bir siyaset olarak İslâmcılığa yönelen bir gelişmeyi gündeme getirmişti, böylece Osmanlıcılık büyük ölçüde terkedildi. Bununla birlikte II. Abdülhamid döneminde Tanzimat’ın en azından müsâvat ve siyasî haklar bahsinde Osmanlıcı çizgisi korunmuş, resmî planda da vurgulanmaya devam edilmiştir. Basın hayatında da II. Abdülhamid’e yakın isimlerden meselâ Ahmed Midhat Efendi, Osmanlıcılığı devletin bekası için hâlâ en emin yol olarak savunmaya devam etmiştir. Osmanlıcılık, II. Abdülhamid döneminde aynı zamanda muhalefet söylemi olarak da varlığını sürdürmüştür. II. Abdülhamid’in idaresine karşı müslüman, gayri müslim her sınıftan kişi ve grubun oluşturduğu İttihat ve Terakkî yapılanması, mensuplarının bundan ne kastettiği farklılıklar arzetmiş olsa da genelde, “çeşitlilik gösteren Osmanlı halkının millî ve içtimaî inkişafını siyaseten teşkil etme hedefine (Hâşim Nâhid, s. 322) ulaşmak için geniş katılımlı bir ittifak arayışı çerçevesinde Osmanlıcılık siyasetini devamlı şekilde gündemde tutmuştur. Bu şartlarda XX. yüzyıla gelindiğinde Osmanlıcı ve İslâmcı uygulamaların tecrübeleri sonucunda alternatif bir siyaset olarak Türkçülük ortaya atıldı. İlk defa Mısır’da Türk gazetesinde yayımladığı seri yazılarla Akçuraoğlu Yusuf, “Osmanlı memleketindeki müslim ve gayri müslim ahaliye aynı siyasî hakları tanımak ve vazifeleri yüklemek, böylece aralarında tam müsâvat husule getirmek, fikirlerce ve dince tam serbestlik vermek, bu müsâvat ve serbestîden faydalanarak söz konusu ahaliyi aralarındaki din ve soy ihtilâflarına rağmen yekdiğerine karıştırarak ve temsil ederek Amerika Birleşik Devletleri hükümetlerindeki Amerikan milleti gibi müşterek vatanla birleşmiş yeni bir milliyet, Osmanlı milleti meydana getirmek” olarak tanımladığı ve artık bunun için uğraşmayı beyhude bir yorgunluk diye nitelediği Osmanlıcılığı İslâmcılık ve Türkçülük ile kıyaslayarak mevcut şartlarda en uygulanabilir siyasetin Türkçülük olacağını belirtti. Bu değerlendirme lehte ve aleyhte pek çok görüşle birlikte uzun süre tartışıldı. İttihatçılar’ın mutlakiyet döneminde uzaklaşıldığını iddia ettikleri Osmanlıcılık siyaseti 23 Temmuz 1908’de II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânıyla birlikte yeniden vurgulandı. Ancak kısa süreli yaşanan birlik gösterileri ve kardeşlik vaadlerinin ardından Girit’in Yunanistan ve Bosna-Hersek’in Avusturya-Macaristan tarafından ilhakı ve aynı gün Bulgaristan’ın bağımsızlığını ilân etmesi, yapılacak seçimlerde gayri müslimlerin eşitlik ilkesi yerine eski imtiyazlarını muhafazadaki ısrarı gibi gelişmeler, Osmanlılık idealinin gerçekleşmesinin fiiliyattaki zorluğunu bir defa daha gösterdi. Bunların da katkısıyla İttihatçılar’da yoğunlaşmaya başlayan Türkçülük eğilimleri karşısında Osmanlıcılık bu defa İttihatçılar’ın muhalifi olan siyasî fırkalar tarafından savunulmaya başlandı. Ancak Osmanlılık siyaseti Türkler için “milliyetsiz kalmak”, Türklük siyaseti ise “Türkleştirmek” olarak anlaşılmaktaydı (a.g.e. , s. 321). Nihayet 1912-1913 Balkan savaşları esnasında yaşanan millî felâket ve ilk fethedilen son Rumeli topraklarının tamamının elden çıkması Osmanlıcılık söylemlerini kesin olarak sona erdirdi. I. Dünya Savaşı ve Millî Mücadele döneminde baskın söylemler İslâmcılık ve Türkçülük üzerinde yoğunlaştı. Ancak Tanzimat’ın Osmanlı milleti tanımı yeni kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin sınırları dahilinde yaşayan herkesi içine alan “Türk milleti” tanımıyla yeni döneme de intikal etti.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 485-487 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.