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П.П. Румянцевдин комиссиясы тарабынан топтолгон материалдар боюнча XIX кылымдын экинчи жарымы-XX кылымдын башында түндүк Кыргызстандын … Skip to content Tez Künye Durumu П.п. румянцевдин комиссиясы тарабынан топтолгон материалдар боюнча xıx кылымдын экинчи жарымы–xx кылымдын башында түндүк кыргызстандын социалдык-экономикалык абалынын анализи / P.P. Rumyantsev komisyonu tarafından toplanan malzemelere göre XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı – XX. yüzyılın başında kuzey Kırgızistan’ın sosyo-ekonomik durumunun analizi Yazar:NAZGÜL TOYBAYEVA Danışman: DOÇ. DR. CEENBEK ALIMBAYEV Yer Bilgisi: Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Konu:Tarih = History Dizin: Onaylandı Yüksek Lisans Kırgızca 2012 118 s. Магистрдик иш XX к. башында Жети-Суу облусун изилдеген П.П. Румянцевдин комиссиясынын материалдарынын кыргыз чарбаларына тиешелүү маалыматтарынын негизинде жазылды. Аталган комиссия 1909-1913-жж. аралыгында Түркстан генерал-губернатордугунун курамындагы Жети-Суу облусунда статистикалык изилдөө иштерин өткөргөн. Изилдөө Түндүк Кыргызстандын территориясын да камтыган. Анын натыйжасында Түндүк Кыргызстандын калкынын коомдук-чарбалык маселелери боюнча баалуу массалык статистикалык маалымат жыйналган. Ушул эмгектин жарыгында сөз болуп жаткан тарыхый доордун изилдениши Кыргызстандын тарыхы үчүн өтө зарыл жыйынтыктарды бере алат. Магистрдик иште XIX к. экинчи жарымын – XX к. биринчи чейрегин камтыган мезгил изилденди. Тагыраак айтканда, изилдөөнүн мезгилдик алкагына, Түндүк Кыргызстандын Россия падышачылыгынын курамына киргенден кийин алгачкы өзгөрүүлөрдүн байкала баштаган мезгилден комиссиянын изилдөөлөрү өткөн жылдар кошо алынды. Изилдөөнүн объектиси болуп Түндүк Кыргызстандын кыргыз чарбалары саналды. Теманын изилдөө алкагы магистрдик иштин структурасын аныктады. Ал Киришүүдөн, үч главадан, Корутунду жана Колдонулган адабияттардын тизмесинен турат. Магистрдик иштин Киришүүсүндө, комиссиянын топтогон маалыматтарынын илимий чөйрөдө тарыхый даректүүлүгүн аныктаган «Материалдардын…» булакнаамалык анализи көрсөтүлөт. Мындан сырткары иштин булакнаамалык базасы жана тандалган теманын изилдениш деңгээли туурасында сөз болот. Магистрдик иштин «Түндүк Кыргызстандын табигый жана демографиялык мүнөздөмөсү» аттуу биринчи главанын алгачкы бөлүмү «П.П. Румянцевдин комиссиясы тууралуу маалымат» деп аталат. Мында комиссиянын түзүлүшүн аныктаган тарыхый кырдаал, комиссиянын уюштурулушу жана курамы, статистикалык изилдөө ишинин программасы жана изилдөөлөрдүн жүрүшү 6 жыйналган материалдын иштелип чыгышы жана «Материалдардын…» структурасы жөнүндө кеңири маалымат берилет. «Түндүк Кыргызстандын административдик-территориалдык бөлүнүшү жана экономикалык-географиялык мүнөздөмөсү» деп аталган биринчи главанын экинчи бөлүмүндө, XIX к. экинчи жарымы – XX к. башында Түндүк Кыргызстандын территориясын камтыган Пишпек жана Пржевальск уезддеринин административдик бөлүштүрүлүшү – участок, болуштук жана административдик айылдар туурасында маалымат берилет. Бул бөлүмдө, Түндүк Кыргызстандын территориясынын табигый шартынын көп түрдүүлүгүнөн улам, П.П. Румянцевдин комиссиясынын, уезддердин территориялары боюнча ажыратышкан табигый-географиялык аймактар көрсөтүлөт. Кыргыз чарбаларынын ар кандай аймактарда өнүгүү даражасын аныктоо максаты менен аталган аймактар үч экономикалык-географиялык районго: тоо, тоо этеги жана өрөөн-талаа райондоруна бириктирилет. Мындан соң, бөлүмдө, кыргыздардын коомдук-чарбалык бирдиктери болгон айылдар, общиналар, булардын жерди колдонуу тартиби жана сөз болуп жаткан мезгилдеги кыргыздардын жер ээлөөчүлүгү тууралуу кеңири маалымат берилет. Биринчи главанын «Калкы» деп аталган үчүнчү бөлүмүндө, XIX к. акыры – XX к. башын камтыган мезгилдеги кыргыздардын демографиялык абалы, калктын этникалык курамы, сабаттуулугу изилденет. Калктын ар кандай экономикалык-географиялык аймактардагы жайгашышы жана ар кандай райондордогу өнүгүү деңгээли көрсөтүлөт. Кыргыздардын коомдук түзүлүшүнүн алкагында, урук-туугандык принциптин жана уруулук түзүлүштүн жашоо-тиричиликтеги орду жана Түндүк Кыргызстандын территориясындагы негизги кыргыз урууларынын жайгашышы көрсөтүлөт. Экинчи глава «XIX к. акыры – XX к. башындагы кыргыз чарбасынын экономикалык абалы» деп аталат. Аталган глава үч бөлүмдөн турат. Анын биринчи бөлүмүндө кыргыздардын экономикалык жашоо тиричилигинин негизин түзгөн «Малчылыгы» тууралуу комиссиянын материалдарына ылайык кеңири маалымат берилет. Мында жалпы кыргыз үйүрүндөгү малдын ар бир түрүнүн негизги табигый-географиялык аймактар жана калктын социалдык-экономикалык катмарлары боюнча таркалышы изилденет; кыштык тоют камдоо маселеси каралат. Түндүк Кыргызстандын территориясында малчылыктан кийин келген эң маанилүү айыл-чарба тармагы катарында дыйканчылык турган. Ушул себептен аталган главанын экинчи бөлүгүндө «Дыйканчылык» тууралуу кеңири сөз болот. Бул бөлүмдө кыргыздардын жерди иштетүүсүндөгү негизги чарбалык маселелери каралат. Мындан тышкары экономикалык абалдын (малдын өлчөмүнөн кийин) кошумча көрсөткүчү катары айдоо аянттарынын калктын социалдык-экономикалык катмарлары боюнча таркалышы жана бул катмарлардын дыйканчылык тармактагы мүмкүнчүлүктөрү изилденет. Аймактын ар кайсы экономикалык-географиялык райондорунда дыйканчылыктын өнүгүү деңгээлинин айырмаланып турушу табигый көрүнүш болгон. Дыйканчылык маданияттын маанилүү элементтери болгон бакчачылык жана бакчылык, чөп чабуучулук, ошондой эле айыл-чарба шаймандары тууралуу кеңири маалымат ушул бөлүмдө берилет. 7 «Кыргыз көчмөн чарбачылык ыкмаларынын өзгөрүшү» деп аталган экинчи главанын акыркы үчүнчү бөлүмүндө, чөлкөмдүн падышачылыктын курамына киришин коштогон чарбалык-экономикалык процесстер көрсөтүлөт. Аталган мезгилде капиталисттик мамилелердин активдүү кире башташына байланыштуу, аймакта болуп өткөн чарбалык эволюциянын кыргыздардын салттуу малчылык жана дыйканчылык чарбаларына тийгизген таасири кеңири жана деталдуу изилденет. Магистрдик иштин үчүнчү главасы «Социалдык мамилелердин эволюциясы» деп аталат. Үчүнчү главанын биринчи бөлүмүндө Россия империясынын Түркстан чөлкөмүндөгү саясатынын негизги маселелеринин бири болгон – орусташтыруу принциби жана аны ишке ашыруунун негизги каражаты болгон орус дыйкандарын аймакка «Көчүрүп келүү саясаты жана анын жүрүшү» тууралуу сөз болот. Падышачылыктын аймактагы колонизациялык бийлигинин бирден-бир маанилүү окуясы болгон көчүрүп келүү саясатынын жалпы чөлкөмдүн коомдук-экономикалык турмуш тиричилигиндеги таасири зор болгон. Ушуга байланыштуу, мезгилдин коомдук-саясий абалына жараша өзгөргөн Орто Азия аймагындагы келгиндер ишинин алдына коюлган максаты жана аны ишке ашыруу ыкмаларынын негизги этаптары, орус дыйкандардын ооп келиши, көчүрүү участкаларын камдоо боюнча комиссиянын түзүлүшү жана анын жергиликтүү калктын кызыкчылыгын кыстаган иш-аракеттери ж.б. маселелер каралды. Үчүнчү главанын экинчи бөлүмүндө «Кыргыз коомунун социалдык структурасынын өзгөрүшү» маселеси изилденет. Бөлүмдө, комиссиянын аткарган чарбаларды малдын өлчөмүнө жараша группалоосунун негизинде, калктын негизги социалдык-экономикалык категориялары: жакыр жана кедей катмар, орто оокаттуу жана колунда бар, оокаттуу бай катмарлар шарттуу түрдө аныкталат. Ушул социалдык-экономикалык катмарлардын өз ара мамилелеринин алкагында кыргыз айылдары каралат. XIX к. акыры – XX к. башындагы кыргыз коомунун негизги социалдык типтери ачыкталат. Үй-чарбада чоочун эмгекти жалдоо көрүнүшү жана экономикалык алсыз катмарлардын натуралай чарбачылыктын алкагында иштетилиши, аталган мезгилде социалдык көрүнүш болгон отурукташуу процесси, айыл-чарба шаймандарынын калктын негизги катмарлары боюнча таркалышы ж.б. сыяктуу социалдык-экономикалык маселелер ушул бөлүмдө кеңири каралмакчы. Корутундуда XIX к. экинчи жарымын – XX к. башын камтыган мезгилде Түндүк Кыргызстандын коомдук жана экономикалык түзүлүшү тууралуу аныкталган жоболор көрсөтүлүп, жалпы жыйынтыктар чыгарылат. Магистрдик иштин жазылышында тарыхты изилдөөнүн илимий кабыл алынган методдору, тарыхчылык жана объективдүүлүк принциптери колдонулду. Маселеге тийиштүү тарыхый булактардын комплекстүү изилдениши жана салыштырмалуу-тарыхий анализ, изилдөөнүн негизги методологиялык негизин түздү. Ачкыч Сөздөр: Статистикалык маалыматтар, Пишпек жана Пржевальск уезддери, кыргыз чарбалары, экономикалык-географиялык райондор, калктын социалдык-экономикалык катмарлары. Tez çalışmamız P.P. Rumyatsev başkanlığında XX. yüzyılın başlarında Yedi-Su bölgesinin sosyo-ekonomik durumunu araştıran komisyonun Kırgızlara ilişkin verdiği bilgilerin analizini içermektedir. Komisyon söz konusu çalışmaları 1909-1913 yılları arasında Türkistan general-valiliğine bağlı olan Yedi-Su bölgesinde yürütmüştür. Komisyonun araştırma alanı içerisine Kuzey Kırgızistan da girmiştir. Komisyon Kuzey Kırgızistan’ın sosyo-ekonomik durumuna ilişkin önemli bilgiler toplamıştır. Böyle bir eserin ışığında söz konusu dönemin incelenmesi Kırgızistan tarihi için faydalı neticeleri getireceği umulmaktadır. Biz çalışmamızda XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı XX. yüzyılın birinci çeyreğini ele aldık. Diğer bir ifade ile Rusya’nın Kuzey Kırgızistan’ı istila etmesiyle değişimlerin yaşanmaya başladığı dönemlerden komisyonun çalışmaya başladığı döneme kadar olan zaman dilimini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmamızda Kuzey Kırgızistan’ın Kırgız çiftlikleri ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda söz konusu araştırma alanı Yüksek Lisans tezimizin planını oluşturmaktadır. Yüksek Lisans tezimiz genel hatları ile giriş, üç ana bölüm, sonuç ve kaynakça kısmından oluşmaktadır. Tezimizin giriş kısmında komisyonun edindiği bilgiler tarihi kaynak olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte konuya ilişkin kaynaklar ve konunun araştırılma düzeyi ele alınmıştır. “Kuzey Kırgızistan’ın Doğal ve Demografik Yapısı” adını taşıyan tezimizin birinci ana bölümünün alt bölümünde “P.P. Rumyantsev’in Komisyonu Hakkında Bilgiler”e yer verilmiştir. Bu bölümde komisyonun meydana gelmesini sağlayan tarihi süreç, komisyonun oluşması ve onun ekibi, istatistiksel araştırma planı ve onun yürütülmesi, elde edilen bilgilerin değerlendirilmesi ve komisyon çalışmalarının sonucu olan “Malzemelerin…” yapısı hakkında geniş bir bilgi verilmektedir. “Kuzey Kırgızistan’ın Yönetsel-Bölgesel ve Ekonomik-Coğrafik Yapısı” adlı birinci bölümün ikinci alt bölümünde ise XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı XX. yüzyılın 9 başlarında Kuzey Kırgızistan’ı oluşturan Pişpek ve Perjevalski kazalarında yönetim biçimleri olan – uçastoklar (alt bölgeler), volostlar (nahiye idareler) ve yönetsel köyler (karyeler) hakkında bilgilere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca bu bölümde Kuzey Kırgızistan’ın doğal yapısını da göz önünde bulunduran P.P. Rumyantsev komisyonunun, bölgenin doğal yapısından yola çıkarak, kazaların topraklarını ayırmış olduğu doğal-coğrafik alanlar gösterilmektedir. Kırgız çiftliklerinin değişik bölgelerdeki gelişme seviyesini tespit etmek amacıyla belirtilen alanlar: dağlı bölge, dağ eteği, vadi ve ovalar olmak üzere üç ekonomik-coğrafi alana birleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca aynı bölümde Kırgızların sosyo-ekonomik oluşumları olan köyler, cemaatler, bunların arazileri kullanım şekilleri ve Kırgızlardaki toprağa sahip olma anlayışı hakkında etraflıca durulmaktadır. Birinci bölümün “Nüfus” olarak adlandırılan üçüncü alt bölümünde XIX. yüzyılın sonu XX. yüzyılın başında Kırgızların demografik durumu, halkın etnografik yapısı ve eğitimi üzerinde durulmaktadır. Halkın değişik ekonomik-coğrafik bölgelere göre dağılımı ve gelişmişlik düzeyi hakkında bilgi verilmektedir. Kırgızların sosyal yapısında boy-aile prensibi ile boy yapısının yaşamdaki rolü ve Kuzey Kırgızistan topraklarındaki esas Kırgız uruularının dağılımına değinilmektedir. Tezimizin ikinci ana bölümü, “XIX. Yüzyılın Sonu XX. Yüzyılın Başlarındaki Kırgız Ekonomisinin Durumu” adını taşımaktadır. Söz konusu bölüm üç alt bölümden oluşmaktadır. Onun ilk alt bölümünde Kırgızların ekonomik hayatlarının temelini oluşturan “Hayvancılık” hakkında komisyonun materiyallerine göre geniş bir bilgi verilmektedir. Hayvan türlerinin doğal-coğrafik bölgeler ve halkın sosyo-ekonomik tabakalarına göre dağılımı üzerinde durulmaktadır; hayvanların kışın nasıl beslendiği anlatılmaktadır. Kuzey Kırgızistan topraklarında hayvancılıktan sonra en önemli geçim kaynağı ziraat olmuştur. Bu nedenle ikinci alt bölümde “Tarım” üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu bölümde Kırgızların tarım arazilerini işletmeleriyle ilgili bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Bununla birlikte halkın ekonomik durumunu hayvan sayısı ve tarım alanlarının büyüklüğü belirlemektedir. Bu bakımdan işlenen arazilerin halkın değişik sosyo-ekonomik tabakalarına göre nasıl tahsis edildiği ve bu tahsisatın bunlara sağladığı imkanlar üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bölgenin çeşitli ekonomik-coğrafik alanlarda tarımsal gelişmişliğin gösterdiği değişiklik doğal bir olaydır. Tarım faaliyetlerinin önemli kısımlarından olan bağ-bahçeler ve tarım aletlerine ilişkin bilgilere de bu bölümde yer verilmektedir. “Kırgız Göçebe Ekonomisinde Usul Değişiklikleri” adlı ikinci bölümün son üçüncü alt bölümünde, bölgedeki, Çarlık hükümetinin hakimiyeti altına girmesini izleyen ekonomik süreçler gösterilmektedir. Söz konusu dönemde kapitalist sistemin geleneksel Kırgız hayvancılık ve tarımcılığına olan etkisi üzerinde geniş ve ayrıntılı bir şekilde durulmaktadır. Tezimizin üçüncü ana bölümü, “Sosyal İlişkilerin Evrimi” adını taşımaktadır. Bu bölümün birinci alt bölümünde Rusya İmparatorluğu’nun Türkistan bölgesi için uygulayan esas meselelerden biri sayılan Ruslaştırma politikası ve bunu gerçekleştirme aracı olarak Rus çiftçilerini bölgeye “Göçürüp Getirme Siyaseti ve Onun Gerçekleştirilmesi” hakkında geniş bir bilgi verilmektedir. Rusya İmparatorluğu’nun 10 sömürgeleştirme politikasıyla doğrudan ilgili olan çiftçileri yerleştirme politikası sosyo-ekonomik yapıya büyük etki etmiştir. Bu bağlamda burada, Orta Asya’ya göç ettirme ve yerleştirme politikasının sosyo-siyasi yapıya göre değişen hedefleri, aşamaları, Rus çiftçilerinin bölgeye gelişleri, göçler için oluşturulan komisyonlar ve onların bölge halkının haklarını kısıtlayan hareketleri gibi meseleler üzerinde malumat verilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümün ikinci alt bölümünde “Kırgız Toplumunun Sosyal Yapısındaki Değişiklikler” incelenmiştir. Bölümde, komisyonun, hayvanların sayısına göre Kırgız çiftliklerini gruplaştırmasına göre, halkın esas sosyo-ekonomik tabakaları: fakir ve yoksullar, orta halli ve imkân sahipleri, zenginler belirlenmiştir. Bu sosyo-ekonomik tabakaların arasındaki ilişkiler çerçevesinde de Kırgız köyleri incelenmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın sonu XX. yüzyılın başında Kırgız toplumunun esas sosyal tipleri açıklanmıştır. Tarım ve hayvancılıkta ücretli emeğin kullanma olayı ve ekonomisi zayıf tabakaların işçilere emek karşılığında mal verme usulunde çalıştırılmaları, söz konusu dönemde sosyal bir olay niteliğin taşıyan yerleşik hayata geçiş süreci, tarım aletlerinin halkın esas sosyo-ekonomik tabakalarına göre dağılımı v.s. gibi sosyo-ekonomik meseleler geniş olarak ele alınmaktadır. Özet kısmında ise XIX. yüzyılın sonu XX. yüzyılın başında Kuzey Kırgızistan’ın sosyal ve ekonomik yapısına ilişkin elde ettiğimiz neticelere yer verilmektedir. Tez çalışmamızın hazırlanmasında, araştırmanın bilimsel metotları esas alınarak tarihçilik ve objektif prensiplerinden yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca konumuza ilişkin tarihi kaynakların toplu olarak incelenmesi ve karşılaştırmalı tarih analizi çalışmamızın esas yöntem temelini oluşturmuştur. Anahtar Sözcükler: İstatistik malzemeler, Pişpek ve Perjevalski kazaları, Kırgız çiftlikleri, ekonomi-coğrafi alanlar, halkın sosyo-ekonomik tabakaları.
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