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PARSÎLER Skip to content III-IV. (IX-X.) yüzyıllarda İran’dan Hindistan’a göç eden Mecûsîler’e verilen isim.
1/2 Müellif: ESKO NASKALİ Bölüme Git
İran’ın müslümanlar tarafından fethinin ardından Mecûsîliği terketmeyen zümreler, Emevîler ve Abbâsîler döneminde zaman zaman takibata uğramaları ve t…
2/2 Müellif: ŞİNASİ GÜNDÜZ Bölüme Git
DİNLER TARİHİ. Gucerât Parsî toplumu farklı yerleşim merkezlerinde müstakil cemaatler halinde gelişmiş ve her biri bir rahip grubunun idaresi altında …
İran’ın müslümanlar tarafından fethinin ardından Mecûsîliği terketmeyen zümreler, Emevîler ve Abbâsîler döneminde zaman zaman takibata uğramaları ve tapınaklarının mescide dönüştürülmesi üzerine önce Horasan’a, II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ortalarında İran’ın güneydoğusuna Hürmüz Boğazı civarına ve bu yüzyılın sonlarında Hindistan’ın batı sınırlarına göç etmek zorunda kaldılar. “Pârsî” (Pehlevîce Pârsîk: “Fars kökenli olanlar”) adı verilen bu zümreler III-IV. (IX-X.) yüzyıllarda Hindistan’ın kuzeybatısındaki Gucerât’a gittiler. Bölgenin mahallî yöneticileri Gucerât dilini öğrenme, silâh taşımama, yerel Hint kıyafetleri giyme vb. şartlarla kendilerine topraklarında yerleşme hakkı tanıdı. İran’dan Sencân ve Sârî şehirlerinden geldikleri için Gucerât’ta kurdukları şehirlere de aynı adı veren Parsîler’in ilk dönemleri hakkında Hindistan’daki ilk âteşkede olan Âteş Behrâm’ı kurmaları dışında bilgi bulunmamaktadır.
Yeni yerleşim bölgelerinde Parsîler zamanla yerel kültür ve geleneklerden etkilendiler; bu çerçevede Gucerât dilini ana dili olarak benimsediler. İbadetler esnasında hâlâ beyaz elbise giyseler de günlük hayatta Hint elbiseleri kullanmaya başladılar. Ayrıca Hindu geleneğinin tesiriyle sığır yerine keçi kurbanı geleneğine yöneldiler. Muhtemelen yine aynı geleneğin etkisiyle kuzenlerin birbiriyle evlenmesini yasakladılar.
XIII. yüzyılda bölgeye hâkim olan müslüman hânedanlar Parsîler’e ehl-i zimmet statüsü uygulayarak onları cizyeye bağladılar. XVI. yüzyılda Ekber Şah’ın bütün dinlere yönelik olumlu tavrı sebebiyle Parsîler’den cizye kaldırıldıysa da Ekber Şah’tan sonra tekrar cizye ödemek durumunda kaldılar. Bu arada yöredeki çeşitli müslüman ve Hindu yöneticilerinin güç mücadelesinden Parsîler’in yaşadıkları yerleşim birimleri de olumsuz etkilendi, şehirleri yağmalandı, halk zarar gördü.
XVII. yüzyılın başlarında Bâbürlü Hükümdarı Cihangir döneminde İngilizler’in oluşturduğu Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin Sûret, Lahor gibi şehirlerde ticaret kolonileri kurması sonucunda bu kentler birer ticaret merkezi haline geldi ve Gucerât’ta tarımla uğraşan Parsîler’in büyük kısmı bu işletmelerde çalışmaya başladı. 1661’de İngiliz denetimine geçen Bombay’ın (Mumbai) Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’ne kiralanmasının ardından şirket merkezi 1686’da Bombay’a taşınınca Parsîler de bu şehre yerleştiler. İngilizler’in açtığı okullarda iyi bir eğitim alan ve İngilizce öğrenen Parsîler sömürgeci İngilizler’le yerel halk arasındaki ilişkilerde önemli rol oynadılar ve İngilizler tarafından yönetici tayin edildiler. XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarında Bombay ve Sûret’in ticarî hayatı Parsîler’in hâkimiyetindeydi. Ticaret sayesinde zenginleşen Parsî aileleri Hindu olmadıklarından bir kast sistemi geliştirmediler, ancak Bombay Parsî Pençâyet (Bombay yaşlılar meclisi) gibi müesseseler kurarak örgütlü bir cemaat haline gelmeyi başardılar. Okul, vakıf ve hayır kurumlarının yanı sıra sahip oldukları banka ve şirketlerle güçlendiler, kendi cemaatlerinin idarî ve medenî hukukla ilgili işlerini kendileri yapar hale geldiler. XIX. yüzyıl başlarında nüfusları 85.000’in üzerinde olan Parsîler bu sırada Hindistan halkları arasında eğitim, kültür ve ekonomik açıdan en seçkin topluluklardandı. Parsîler, Bombay şehrinin sanayileşmesiyle birlikte bankacılık, ağır sanayi, tersane, deniz ve demiryolu taşımacılığı gibi alanlara yöneldiler. 1885’te oluşturulan Indian National Congress’in kurucuları ve liderleri arasında yer alarak siyasî hayatta önemli rol oynadılar. XX. yüzyılın başlarında 100.000’den fazla olan Parsî nüfusu göçler ve nüfus artış hızının gerilemesi yüzünden günümüzde 70.000 civarına düştü. Göçler özellikle İngiltere, Kanada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Avustralya’ya yapılmaktadır. Nüfuslarının azlığına rağmen Parsîler bugün de eğitim seviyelerinin yüksekliği sebebiyle Hindistan’ın siyasal, ekonomik ve kültürel hayatında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Kendilerine özgü hastahaneleri, okulları, kütüphaneleri ve gazeteleri vardır. İdarî ve hukukî açıdan özerk olan Parsîler, büyük çoğunluğu Hindistan’da olmak üzere Pakistan’da Karaçi’de ve Sri Lanka’da yaşamaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
S. H. Hodivala, Studies in Parsi History , Bombay 1920, s. 94-117.
C. Clemen, Die Nichtchristlichen Kulturreligionen , Leipzig 1921, s. 34-40.
M. Boyce, “Diyânet-i Zerteştî der Deverân-ı Müteʾaḫḫir”, Diyânet-i Zerteştî: Mecmûʿa-i Se Maḳāle (trc. Feridun Vehmen), Tahran 1348, s. 138-148.
a.mlf., “On the Calendar of the Zoroastrian Feasts”, BSOAS , XXXIII/3 (1970), s. 513-539.
C. Cesary, Indian Gods, Sages and Cities , Delhi 1987, s. 147-150.
M. Monier-Williams, Modern India and the Indians , Delhi 1987, s. 80-96, 160-162.
A. Pagliaro, “Parsîler”, İA , IX, 510-512.
D. Menant, “Parsis”, ERE , IX, 640-650.
Willard G. Oxtaby, “Parsis”, ER , XI, 199-201.
John R. Hinnells, “Bombay, i. The Zoroastrian Community”, EIr. , IV, 339-346.
a.mlf., “Bombay Parsi Panchayat”, a.e. , IV, 349-350.
a.mlf., “Pārsīs”, EI2 (İng.) , VIII, 273-275.
Şinasi Gündüz, “Mecûsîlik”, DİA , XXVIII, 280, 283.
Jamsheed K. Choksy, “Parsis”, Encyclopedia of Religion (Second Edition), Detroit 2005, X, 6997-7001.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 174 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
DİNLER TARİHİ. Gucerât Parsî toplumu farklı yerleşim merkezlerinde müstakil cemaatler halinde gelişmiş ve her biri bir rahip grubunun idaresi altında olan beş ana bölgeye göre ayrılmıştır: Sencân, Behgâriyân, Gûdavra, Burûç ve Kâmbey (Boyce, Zoroastrians , s. 167). XVII. yüzyıl ve sonrasında Parsîler arasında bazı görüş ayrılıklarının ve mezhepleşme hareketlerinin ortaya çıktığı bilinmektedir. XV. yüzyıldan itibaren Parsî dinî hayatının merkezi olan Nevsârî’de Sencân rahipleriyle Behgâriyân rahipleri arasında dinî hizmetlerin yürütülmesi konusunda görüş ayrılığı oluştu. Behgâriyânlar tarafından yürütülen bazı dinî törenlere talip olan Sencâna grubu, bu istekleri kabul edilmeyince tapınaktaki kutsal Âteş Vahram’ı (Behram) terkederek Sencân yakınlarında yeni bir dinî merkez kurdu. Sonraki dönemlerde Behgâriyân grubu içinde de bazı ayrılıklar ortaya çıktı. Sûret’teki cemaat Behgâriyân’dan ayrılıp Sûretyalar grubunu oluşturdu. Bu yeni grup arasında da ölen kişiye ağız örtüsü takıp takmama, cesedin ayağının konumu (çapraz mı yoksa düz mü bırakılacağı) gibi hususlarda ciddi tartışmalar yapıldı, İran’dan din adamları çağrılarak onların hakemliğine başvuruldu. Takvim konusunda baş gösteren başka bir tartışmada bir grup rahip İran takviminin daha kadim olduğunu, dolayısıyla bunun kullanılması gerektiğini savunarak Parsîler’ce yüzyıllardır kullanılan geleneksel takvimden vazgeçti; bunlara Kadmîler adı verildi. Buna karşılık cemaatin Râsimîler ya da Şâhinşâhîler (Şarşaî, Şenşaî) denilen çoğunluğu geleneksel takvime bağlı kaldı. Kadmîler ve Şâhinşâhîler arasındaki ayrılık ciddi boyutlara ulaştı ve her iki topluluk kendi özel tapınaklarını kurdu. Günümüzde Hindistan’daki sekiz büyük âteşkedenin beşi Şâhinşâhî, üçü Kadmî takvimine göre dinî ritüellerini yapmaktadır. Kadmîler’e kızgınlıkları sebebiyle Şâhinşâhîler’in oluşturduğu çoğunluk, yüzyıllardır Parsîler arasında bir gelenek olan belirli konularda İran’daki din adamlarının görüşlerine başvurma âdetinden vazgeçti. Takvim konusundaki tartışmalar XX. yüzyılda da sürdü ve bu yüzyıl başlarında takvim hususunda yapılan bir diğer tartışmadan Faslîler denilen bir grup ortaya çıktı. XIX. yüzyıl ve sonrasında gittikçe yoğunlaşan hıristiyan misyonerliği ve şarkiyatçıların çalışmaları Parsîler üzerinde etkili oldu (Zeahner, s. 23-24). Bu sebeple Parsîler arasında Genç Bombay Partisi, Zerdüştî Reform Cemiyeti gibi bazı yeni anlayışlar ve modernist akımlar doğdu.
Din adamları ve sıradan cemaat üyeleri şeklinde iki gruba ayrılan Parsî toplumunda din adamları da beş bölgeye göre farklı gruplar oluşturur. Rahiplik hiyerarşisinde sıradan rahiplere “mobed”, başrahiplere “destûr” adı verilir. En yüksek dereceli rahipler ise “destûrân destûr” diye adlandırılır (EIr. , VII, 112). Diğer taraftan Kadmîler grubu din adamları için “molla” ismi kullanılır. Parsîlik’te rahiplik babadan oğula geçen bir sistemle sürdürülür. Rahip adayı olan çocuk yedi yaşından itibaren sıkı bir eğitime tâbi tutulur. Dinin soya dayalı olarak devam ettiği düşünülür, dolayısıyla dışarıdan ihtidâ olaylarına izin verilmez. Büyük ihtimalle bu, Hint toplumunda Parsîler’in ayrı bir kast olarak algılanmasıyla ilgilidir. Bununla birlikte zaman zaman görülen Parsîler’in farklı din mensubu kişilerle evliliklerinden doğan çocukların da Parsî dine giriş (Nevzot) törenine katılmasına izin verilir.
Parsî tapınağı Dâr-ı Mihr ya da Agyari olarak adlandırılır. Tapınakta kutsal ateşin bulunduğu mekâna “adarân”, törenlerin yapıldığı yere “izişngâh” denir. Adarân’da bir metal kap içerisinde kutsal ateş yakılı tutulur. Tapınaktaki ateş kültü Zerdüştî geleneğinde var olan, kalp ateşinin canlı tutulması inancının bir uzantısı görünümündedir (a.g.e. , III, 1). Tapınakta yürütülen en önemli âyin ateşin sürekli biçimde yakılı olmasını gözetmektir. Bu sebeple ateş rahiplerce günde beş vakit dualar eşliğinde temizlenmiş odunla beslenir. Bu esnada rahipler nefeslerinin ateşi kirletmemesi için ağızlarını bir örtüyle örtmek zorundadır. Tapınaklardaki ateşler kutsiyet derecesine göre üç grupta toplanır. Bunlardan en kutsalı Âteş Behrâm’dır. Ateşlerin kutsanma âyinleri çok uzun sürmekte ve ayrıntılı törenler yapılmaktadır. Gucerât’a yerleşen Parsîler’in X. yüzyılda Sencân’da yaptıkları tapınaktaki Âteş Behrâm’ları yaklaşık 500 yıl tek tapınak ateşi olarak korunmuştur. Günümüzde Hindistan’da sekiz Âteş Behrâm bulunmakta ve bunlardan Udvada’daki Âteş Behrâm’ın 1000 yıldır sürekli yakılı olduğuna inanılmaktadır (ER , XI, 200). Âteş Adarân diye adlandırılan tapınak ateşi ise ikinci derecede kutsaldır. Bunların kutsanması da yine uzun törenlerle olur. Âteş Behrâm ve Âteş Adarân’a yalnızca rahipler dokunabilir, halkın dokunması yasaktır. Son sıradaki ateşe Âteş Dâdgâh denilir. Bu ateş tapınakların yanı sıra evlerde de yakılabilir; dolayısıyla bunlara halkın dokunmasında sakınca görülmez. Her üç ateşle Parsî olmayanların temas kurmasına kesinlikle izin verilmez.
Parsî inanç sistemi Zerdüşt’ün öğretilerine dayanır. Parsîler, Mazdayasna olarak adlandırdıkları yüce varlık Ahura Mazda’nın her şeyi bilen ve her şeye gücü yeten tek rab olduğuna inanır. Genelde hâkim olan bu monoteizme karşılık zaman zaman Parsî inanç sisteminde Mecûsîlik’te olduğu gibi iyi-kötü düalizmine dayalı bir ortodoksiye de rastlanır. Ayrıca Parsîlik’te ateş, toprak ve su gibi maddî varlıkların ilâhî gücün bir çeşit tezahürü şeklinde görülmesi panteist inancın varlığına işaret eder. Parsîler Zerdüşt’ün peygamberliğine, vahye, ruhun ölümsüzlüğüne, âhirete, haşre, hesaba, cennet ve cehenneme inanır. Bir Parsî’nin hayatında “aşoy” (aşa) kavramı oldukça önemlidir. Bu kavram, hakikat ve doğrulukla birlikte iyiliği, fiziksel ve zihinsel temizliği ifade eder. Bu doğrultuda Parsî ahlâk sisteminin özünü “iyi düşünce, iyi söz, iyi davranış” ilkesi oluşturur.
İbadetleri arasında ateş kültü ön plandadır. Sanıldığının aksine Parsîler ateşe tapmaz; ancak ateşi tanrısal gücün, saflığın ve rahmetin bir sembolü olarak görür, ona büyük saygı gösterirler. Tapınaklarda sürekli yakılı tutulan ateşin sönmesi büyük belâ ve âfet habercisi şeklinde değerlendirilir. Ateş, toprak ve suyun kirletilmemesine büyük özen gösterilir. Çocuklar yedi-dokuz yaşları arasında dine girişe tâbi tutulur. Erkek ve kız çocukları için tapınakta düzenlenen törenlerde çocuklara önce banyo yaptırılır, ardından dinî elbise (südre) ve kutsal kuşak (kusti) giydirilir (Taraporewala, s. 54-55). Ayrıca çocuklara bazı dinî emir ve kurallar öğretilir. İnisiyasyon töreni sonrası bu çocuklar sorumlu birer Parsî olarak görülür.
Parsîlik’te doğum, evlilik ve cenaze törenleri birer dinî hadise şeklinde değerlendirilir. Doğum sonrasında bebek tapınağa götürülür ve rahip tarafından ağzına kutsal “hom suyu” verilir. Evlilik (nikâh) törenini rahip yönetir. En dikkat çekici tören ise cenaze törenidir. Ölüm sırasında ruhun bedenden ayrıldığı düşünülür. Ceset kirli sayıldığı için bir an önce cenaze töreninin tamamlanması tercih edilir. Cenazenin gündüz vakti kaldırılması gerekir. Ceset önce yıkanıp beyaz elbise ile kefenlenir. Ceset taşıyıcıları onu bir çeşit mezarlık olan Dahma’ya (sessizlik kulesi) götürürler. Kirli sayılan cesede bu görevli kişilerden başkasının dokunması yasaktır. Silindirik taş duvarlı, üstü açık bir yapı olan Dahma’da ceset açık alanda taş bloklar üstüne yatırılır, üzerindeki elbiseler çıkarılarak açığa bırakılır, böylece akbabaların cesedi yiyip yok etmesine imkân sağlanır. Parsîler ölü bedenin toprağı kirleteceği gerekçesiyle gömülmesinin, ateşe ve suya atılmasının doğru olmadığına inanırlar; dünyadan ayrılırken onları Tanrı’nın bu iş için yarattığı akbabaların yemesine bırakmanın en doğru şey olduğunu ileri sürerler (a.g.e. , s. 59-61). Bununla birlikte Hindistan’ın iç bölgelerinde yaşayan bazı Parsîler’in cesetleri gömme âdetini uyguladığı bilinmektedir. Cesedi Dahma’ya bırakan görevliler bu işin ardından yıkanıp temizlenirler. Yaklaşık iki hafta sonra Dahma’ya giderek kalan kemikleri toplar, çürüyüp toz olması için Dahma içindeki özel bir havuza bırakırlar. Parsîler, bedenden ayrılan ruhun dördüncü günün sabahında öbür dünyadaki Çinvat (Chinvat) Köprüsü’nden geçeceğine inanırlar. İyi ile kötünün ayırt edileceği yer olan bu köprüyü ancak iyiler geçebilir; kötüler ise aşağıdaki cehenneme düşer. Çinvat Köprüsü’nün karşısında oturan Raşnu ve Mithra isimli iki ilâhî yargıç ruhların amellerini tartar (a.g.e. , s. 49-50).
Nevruz dahil olmak üzere Mecûsîler’in bayramları Parsîler’ce de kutlanır. Parsîler dinî âyinlerinde kullanılmak üzere beyaz bir boğa beslerler. Bu boğa kesilmek için değil hom suyunu süzmeye yarayan eleğin yapımında kullanılan kuyruk kılları için beslenir. Parsîler domuz ve sığır eti yemezler. Tek evlilik yapar, zorunlu olmadıkça boşanmayı uygun görmezler (Cesary, s. 150).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
R. C. Zaehner, The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism , London 1961.
M. Boyce, “Diyânet-i Zerteştî der Deverân-ı Müteʾaḫḫir”, Diyânet-i Zerteştî: Mecmûʿa-i Se Maḳāle (trc. Feridun Vehmen), Tahran 1348, s. 138-148.
a.mlf., Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices , London 1979.
a.mlf., “Ātaš”, EIr. , III, 1-5.
I. J. S. Taraporewala, The Religion of Zarathushtra , Tehran 1980.
Mûbed Keyhüsrev-i İsfendiyâr, Debistân-ı Meẕâhib (nşr. Rahîm Rızâzâde-i Melik), Tahran 1362 hş., I, 5-120.
M. Monier-Williams, Modern India and the Indians , Delhi 1987, s. 80-96.
C. Cesary, Indian Gods, Sages and Cities , Delhi 1987.
Ferhâd Âbâdânî, “Sehm-i Pârsiyân-ı Hindûstân der Nigahdârî-yi Ferheng-i Îrân”, Hüner u Merdüm , XVI/181, Tahran 1356 hş., s. 55-64.
D. Menant, “Parsis”, ERE , IX, 640-650.
Willard G. Oxtaby, “Parsis”, ER , XI, 199-201.
Mansour Shaki, “Dastūr”, EIr. , VII, 111-112.
Hikmet Tanyu, “Ateş”, DİA , IV, 53.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 174-176 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.