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PENCAP Skip to content Günümüzde büyük kısmı Pakistan’da, küçük bir kısmı Hindistan’da kalan bölge.
1/2 Müellif: AZMİ ÖZCAN Bölüme Git
İçinden geçen İndus nehriyle onun dört kolundan dolayı “beş su” (penç âb) anlamında bir isim taşıyan Pencap, Hint alt kıtasının kuzeybatısında yer alı…
2/2 Müellif: HALİL TOKER Bölüme Git
Pencap Dili. Hindistan’ın Delhi şehrinden başlayarak Pakistan’ın Sind eyaletindeki Hayrpûr, Peşâver ve Kagân vadisi, Cammû ve Srinagar’a kadar yayılan…
İçinden geçen İndus nehriyle onun dört kolundan dolayı “beş su” (penç âb) anlamında bir isim taşıyan Pencap, Hint alt kıtasının kuzeybatısında yer alır. Eskiden siyasî bakımdan bir bütün olan bölge 1947’de 50.362 km2 ’si Hindistan’da, 206.433 km2 ’si Pakistan’da kalacak şekilde iki devlet arasında paylaştırılmıştır. Kuzeydoğudan güneybatıya doğru hafif eğimle alçalan bölge verimli topraklara sahiptir; başlıca tarım ürünleri buğday, darı, pirinç, arpa, mısır, pamuk ve şeker kamışıdır.
Arkeolojik bulgular, Pencap’ın etnik açıdan genelde Türkistan ve Orta Asya ile bağlantılı olduğunu ve yerleşik hayatın günümüzden 9000 yıl öncesine kadar gittiğini göstermektedir. Milâttan önce III. binyıla ait Harappa ve Mohenjo-Daro harabeleriyle tanınan İndus medeniyetinin yaşadığı bu bölge dünyada ilk tarihî dönemlerin başladığı yerlerden biridir. Zaman içinde İranlılar, Makedonyalılar, Afganlar, Araplar ve Türkler gibi çeşitli unsurların yerleşmesine sahne olmuş, bu durum etnik ve dinî yapısını, kültürünü etkilemiştir.
Pencap’a İslâmiyet, Emevî Kumandanı Muhammed b. Kāsım es-Sekafî’nin Mültan’ı fethetmesiyle geldi (94/712). X. yüzyılda Gazneli Mahmud’un Hindistan seferleri sırasında burada Hindûşâhîler hüküm sürmekteydi. Gazneliler’den sonra Gurlular’ın hâkimiyetine giren bölge 1206’da Kutbüddin Aybeg tarafından ele geçirilerek Delhi Sultanlığı’nın bir eyaleti haline getirildi. XV. yüzyıldan itibaren bölgede Sih dini gelişmeye başladı. Bâbürlüler’in 1526’da Delhi Sultanlığı’na son vermesinin ardından yeni bir döneme girildi. Ekber Şah zamanında gerçekleştirilen idarî yapılanmada Lahor, Mültan ve Delhi Pencap eyaletine katıldı. Bâbürlüler’in zayıflamasıyla birlikte bölgeyi XVIII. yüzyılda Avşarlı Nâdir Şah ve Ahmed Şah Dürrânî ele geçirdi. Arkasından Sihler’in hâkimiyet mücadelesine sahne oldu ve XIX. yüzyılın başlarında burada güçlü bir Sih krallığı kuruldu. 1849’da Sihler’i mağlûp eden İngilizler’in idaresine girdi.
İngilizler’in yönetim politikaları mahallî güç ve iktidar sahiplerinin kontrolü esasına dayanıyordu. Bu dönemde Pencap eyaleti idarî bakımdan İngiliz toprakları ve özerk yönetimler arasında paylaştırıldı. Yeni bir hukuk sistemi ve toprak düzeni getirildi; çeşitli eğitim kurumları açıldı. Ancak geleneksel yapıyı zorlayan bu değişiklikler misyonerlik faaliyetleriyle birleşince halk arasında dinî duyguların ve farklılıkların canlanmasına ve çatışmalarına sebep oldu. Hindu, müslüman ve Sihler arasında Arya Samâc, Dev Samâc (Hindu); Ehl-i hadîs, Ehl-i Kur’ân, Kādiyânîlik (müslüman); Namdharis, Nirankaris (Sih) gibi sosyal ve siyasal nitelikli birçok dinî hareket ortaya çıktı. Bağımsızlığın kazanılması sürecinde kendilerine ait bir devlet kurma amacı her grubu diğerlerinin aleyhine güç elde etme yarışına soktuğundan Pencap, müslümanlarla Hindular ve Sihler arasında cereyan eden toplumsal savaşların en yoğun ve şiddetli olduğu bölge haline geldi. Hindistan ile Pakistan birbirinden ayrıldığı zaman sınır Pencap’ı ikiye böldüğü için Hindistan’da kalan müslümanlar Pakistan’a, Pakistan’da kalan Hindular ve Sihler Hindistan’a zorunlu bir göç yaşadı. Bölge genelinde bu göçe her iki taraftan toplam 10 milyonu aşkın insanın katıldığı tahmin edilmektedir.
Pencap kimliği büyük oranda Ravalpindi, Mültan ve Ambala şehirlerinin oluşturduğu üçgen alanda konuşulan Pencâbî’ye dayanır. İslâm kültürünün derin etkilerini taşıyan Pencâbî, bu kültürün aktarılmasına aracılık ettiği gibi ayrıca Sih dinî metinlerinin dilidir ve Urduca’nın müslümanlar arasında gittikçe yaygınlaşması üzerine Sih kimliğinin bir unsuru olmuştur. Bölgede yaşayan müslümanların nüfusu 80 milyon civarındadır. Pencap müslümanları genelde Sünnî-Hanefî’dir; Şiîler’in oranı ise % 1’den azdır. Bölgenin İslâmlaşması büyük ölçüde Nakşibendiyye, Kādiriyye ve Çiştiyye gibi tarikatlar vasıtasıyla gerçekleştiği için tasavvufun köklü bir geleneği vardır ve halen çok canlıdır.
Pencap’ın Hindistan’da kalan kısmı idarî bakımdan birkaç defa bölünüp farklı şekillerde tekrar birleştirildikten sonra 1966’da yapılan yeni bir düzenlemeyle Haryana ve Pencap eyaletleri olarak ikiye ayrıldı. 1980’lerde bir kısım Sihler, Pencap’ın bağımsızlığı için silâhlı eylemlere girişti. Bunun üzerine 1984’te merkezî hükümet müdahale etti ve Sihler’ce kutsal sayılan Amritsar’daki Altın Tapınak ele geçirilerek isyancılar öldürüldü. Ardından Başbakan İndira Gandi iki Sih korumasının suikastına kurban gidince Hindular’la Sihler arasında çatışmalar başladı ve çoğunluğu Sih binlerce kişi hayatını kaybetti. Nüfusu 26.434.800 olan (2007) Hindistan Pencabı’nın merkezi Chandigarh (971.940), diğer önemli şehirleri Ludhiana (1.624.700), Amritsar (1.154.900) ve Jalandhar’dır (830.100). Pencap’ın Pakistan’da kalan kısmı 1949 yılında Batı Pencap adıyla bir eyalet haline getirildi. Nüfusu 89.465.100, merkezi Lahor (6.659.540), diğer önemli şehirleri Faysalâbâd (2.658.180), Mültan (1.506.420), Ravalpindi (1.843.410), Bahâvelpûr (600.450) ve Sargodha’dır (566.310). Pakistan’ın en eski üniversitelerinden biri olan Pencap Üniversitesi 1882’de Lahor’da kurulmuştur. Toplam nüfusun yarıdan fazlasını teşkil eden Batı Pencaplılar ülkede özellikle askerî, siyasî ve idarî alanlarda hâkim durumdadır. Günümüzde bütün dünyada yaşayan Pencap asıllıların sayısının 120 milyonu geçtiği tahmin edilmektedir. 20 milyondan fazla Pencaplı daha çok Avrupa’da ve Amerika ile Kanada gibi ülkelerde yaşamaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA J. Hutchison – J. Ph. Vogel, History of the Punjab, 1799-1947, Lahore 1933; E. Churchill, “Printed Literature of the Punjabi Muslims, 1860-1900”, Punjab History (ed. W. E. Gustafon – K. E. Johes), Delhi 1975, s. 253-336; I. Talbot, Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947, Delhi 1988; a.mlf., “Pand̲j̲āb”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 254-255; Ikram Ali Malik, History of the Punjab, 1799-1947, New Delhi 1993; J. S. Grewal, Later Mughal History of the Punjab (1707-1793), Lahore 1996; S. Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, Lahore 1997; S. Vohra, Punjab then and Now, 1846-1999, Delhi 2000; H. R. Gupta, Social and Cultural History of the Punjab: Prehistoric, Ancient and Early, New Delhi 2004; S. Singh, “Muslim Saints in the Mughal Province of Punjab”, IC, L (1960), s. 89-107; M. Tufeyl, “Pencâb Meyn ʿArabî aôr Dînî ʿUlûm”, Fikr u Naẓar , XXII/1, İslâmâbâd 1984, s. 27-50; a.mlf., “ʿUlemâʾ-i Pencâb kî Tefsîrî Ḫidmât (.Arabî Zebân Meyn)”, a.e., XXII/2 (1984), s. 53-104; Iftikhar H. Malik, “Identity Formation and Muslim Politics in the Punjab, 1897-1936”, Modern Asian Studies, XXIX/2, Cambridge 1995, s. 293-323; A. Sattar, “Punjab’s Role in the Pakistan Movement”, Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, XXXIII/1, Lahore 1995, s. 29-50; Jawed Ali Khan, “Two Historical Works of Punjab: Gulshan-ı Puncab and Makhzan-ı Punjab”, JPHS, XLIV/4 (1996), s. 309-334; C. C. Davies, “Pand̲j̲āb”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 252-254; C. Shackle, “Pand̲j̲ābī”, a.e., VIII, 255-257; K. W. Jones, “Puncab”, Encyclopedia of Asian History, New York 1983, III, 286-288; Tahir Ali, “Punjabis Muslim Community of India and Pakistan”, Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims (ed. N. Kr. Singh – A. M. Khan), Delhi 2001, III, 1197-1201.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 224-225 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Pencap Dili. Hindistan’ın Delhi şehrinden başlayarak Pakistan’ın Sind eyaletindeki Hayrpûr, Peşâver ve Kagân vadisi, Cammû ve Srinagar’a kadar yayılan Pencap bölgesinde ve Pencap kökenliler arasında konuşulur. Günümüzde bu dile verilen Pencâbî adı XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Daha öncesine ait yazılı kaynaklarda Mültânî, Hindiyye, Hinduî, Hindî, Zebân-i Catân-i Pencâb, Catkî ve Lahorî adlarıyla anıldığı görülür.
Pencâbî’nin hangi dil ailesine mensup olduğu kesin biçimde tesbit edilememiştir. Şarkiyatçı Sir George Abraham Grierson, 1894’te Hint dilleri üzerine yayımlamaya başladığı on dokuz ciltlik ünlü eseri Linguistic Survey of India’da onu dış ve merkezî diye ikiye ayırdığı, Pencap’ta konuşulan Hint-Ârî dillerin merkezî grubuna yerleştirmektedir (IX/1, s. 607-825). Buna göre Pencâbî bölgenin merkez ve doğu yöresinin dilidir; batı diyalektleri ise Lahnda adı altında sınıflandırılmıştır (EI2 [İng.], V, 610-611). Grierson’un görüşünün yanlış olduğunu ileri süren Muhammed Âsaf Han, ilk dönemlerde Pencâbî ile ilgili araştırmalar yapılırken Harappa ve Mohenjo-Daro gibi büyük medeniyet merkezlerinin gün ışığına çıkarılmamış bulunduğunu, bu sebeple bilgileri bölgenin en eski dili saydıkları Hindu metinlerinin yazıldığı Sanskritçe ile sınırlı kalan şarkiyatçıların yaptıkları bütün araştırmalarda bu dili temel aldıklarını ve onun Hindistan’ın birçok dilinin kaynağı olduğunu ileri sürdüklerini belirtmiştir. Muhammed Âsaf Han gibi Pakistanlı diğer bilim adamlarına göre de Batılı ve onları izleyen genellikle Hindu yerli araştırmacılar, Hint-Avrupaî Sanskritçe’ye olan duygusal bağlılıkları sebebiyle ona bölgenin bütün dillerinin anası gözüyle bakmakta ve özellikle Sind vadisindeki eski uygarlıkları göz ardı etmektedir. Pencâbî’nin Sanskrit kökenli olduğunu savunan Hintli bilim adamlarının “Pakistan savı” dedikleri bu görüşe göre Pencâbî’de birçok Sanskritçe kelime bulunduğu ve gramerinin de belli ölçülerde bu dilden etkilendiği doğru olmakla birlikte onu Sanskritçe’nin bir uzantısı saymak yanlıştır. Başka bir iddiaya göre Pencâbî bu bölgenin kendiliğinden ortaya çıkmış ve sıradan halkın dili olarak görülen Prakrit dillerinin birinden türemiştir. Bu bilgiler ışığında Pencap dilinin kökenini Ârîler’in Hindistan’a gelişinden (m.ö. 1800’ler) çok önceki bir zamanda Sind vadisinde konuşulan dilde aramak gerekir. Bu bölgede Ârîler’in gelişinden önce hangi dilin konuşulduğu konusu kesin biçimde çözümlenememiştir; ancak bu dilin günümüze kadar etkisini sürdürdüğü şüphesizdir. Genelde kabul edilen görüş, gerçek Ârîler’in gelmesinden önce Sind vadisinde -muhtemelen Orta Asya kökenli- Dravid kabilelerinin egemen olduğudur. Hatta Ârîler gibi Dravidler de sonradan gelmiştir (m.ö. IV. binyılda) ve onlardan çok önce buralarda başka insanların oturduğu bilinmektedir; çünkü Ravalpindi yakınlarında binlerce yıl öncesinden kalma taş aletler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Dravid kabilelerinden önce bölgede bulunan insanların büyük ihtimalle Mundâ kavimlerine mensup bulundukları ve dillerinin Pencâbî’ye kaynaklık ettiği düşünülmektedir. Pencap dilinde bulunan Mundâ dillerine ait kelimeler de bunu destekler niteliktedir (Aynülhak Ferîd-kotî – Abdurrahman Melik, XIII, 212-213). Öte yandan Pencap diliyle Dravid dilleri arasında bazı ortak kelimelerin dışında gramer açısından da büyük ölçüde benzerlik bulunmaktadır. Aynülhak Ferîdkotî’nin iddia ettiğine göre Harappa ve Mohenjo-Daro’da konuşulan dil, Ârîler’in gelmesinden sonra çeşitli değişimlerden geçerek bugünkü Pencap dilini oluşturmuştur. Sanskritçe her ne kadar bu dili etkilemişse de kendisi de ondan etkilenmiş ve bölge dillerine sadece kelime katkısında bulunurken gramer üzerine pek fazla bir etkide bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak Pencâbî, Hint-Ârî dillerinden değil Dravidî dillerden türemiş, fakat zaman içerisinde Sanskritçe, Farsça, Yunanca, Arapça ve Türkçe gibi birçok dille iç içe yaşaması sebebiyle bu dillerden aldığı sayısız unsuru bünyesine katmıştır.
Pencap dilinin birçok lehçesi bulunmaktadır. Doğu Grubu. 1. Bhattiyânî: Hisar, Gorgâun, Bikâner. 2. Povâdhî: Anbâlâ, Patiala, Cend. 3. Doabî: Ludhiyana, Câlandhar, Huşyârpûr. 4. Mâlvâî: Mâlêr, Kotla, Ferîdkot, Fîrûzpûr. 5. Pahârî: Kangra, Şimla, Cammûn. Batı Grubu. 1. Sirâikî: Hayrpûr bölgesi (Sind). 2. Riyâsetî: Rahîmyâr Han, Bahâvelpûr. 3. Mültânî: Mültân, Dera Gāzî Han. 4. Hindko: Peşâver, Ebtâbâd (kuzeybatı sınır eyaleti). 5. Çhâçhî: Kembâlpûr. 6. Potûhârî: Ravalpindi. 7. Dhanî: Cehlem, Mîrpûr (Âzad Keşmir). 8. Şâhpûr: Sargodhâ, Châng. Merkez Lehçeleri: Mâchî: Lahor, Siyâlkût, Gucranvâlâ, Gurdâspûr, Amritsar.
Günümüzde Pencâbî ikisi yaygın üç ayrı alfabeyle yazılmaktadır: Sihler’in kullandığı Gurumukhî (Guru’nun ağzından çıkan alfabe), müslümanların kullandığı Şahmukhî (şah/sultanın ağzından çıkan alfabe), bazı küçük Hindu gruplarının kullandığı Devanâgarî/Nâgarî (tanrıların yazısı). Sihler’in kutsal kitabı Adi Granth’ın kaleme alındığı Gurumukhî’nin Guru Angad Dev (1504-1553) tarafından bulunduğu görüşü yaygınsa da bizzat Sih araştırmacıları bu görüşü çürütmüşler ve söz konusu yazının Sihizm’in ortaya çıkışından çok önce kullanıldığını göstermişlerdir. Şahmukhî alfabesi, Arap alfabesine Urduca ve Hindustânî’yi yazmak için yapıldığı gibi Pencâbî’ye ait fonemleri göstermek üzere bazı harf ve işaretlerin eklenmesiyle geliştirilmiştir. Devanâgarî ise bütün Hint alt kıtası ve Sri Lanka genelinde eski Sanskritçe dahil Hint-Ârî dillerinin tamamının yazıldığı veya bazılarının yazıldıkları alfabelerin türetildiği yazı sistemidir.
Pencâbî edebiyatı Sih ve müslüman edebiyatı olmak üzere iki ayrı kanalda ilerlemiştir. En eski Sih eseri 1604’te yazılan Adi Granth adlı anonim bir divan veya şiir derlemesidir. Önde gelen Sih yazarları arasında Puran Singh, Bhai Vir Singh ve Nanak Singh sayılabilir. Müslüman Pencâbî edebiyatı daha çok tasavvufî şiir dalında gelişmiştir. En ünlü şairlerin Ferîdüddin Genc-i Şeker (ö. 1265), Mâdhô Lâl Hüseyin Şah (ö. 1599), Abdî-i Lâhûrî (ö. 1664), Abdullah Bulhe Şah (ö. 1758), Vâris Şah (ö. 1766) ve Hâce Gulâm Ferîd (ö. 1901) olduğu söylenebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA G. A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India: Western Hindī and Panjabī, Calcutta 1916, IX/1, s. 607-825; Alphabete und Schriftzeichen des Morgen- und des Abendlandes (ed. O. Harrassowitz), Berlin 1969, s. 56-58, 64; Aynülhak Ferîd-kotî – Abdurrahman Melik, “Pencâbî Zebâk ki İbtidâʾî Neşv ü Nümâ”, Târîḫ-i Edebiyât-ı Müselmânân-ı Pâkistân u Hind, Lahor 1971, XIII, 211-227; Şehbâz Melik, Pencâbî Lisâniyât, Lahor 1977, s. 79-132; B. S. Kolsa, Learn Punjabi in a Month, Yeni Delhi, ts., s. 8-14; Gurbakhs Singh, Panjabi Primer, Hiamçhal Pradeş, ts., s. 1-48; Mahmûd Şîrânî, Pencâb meyn Urdû, Leknev 1990, s. 56-96; Meymen Abdülmecîd Sindhî, Lisâniyât-ı Pâkistân, İslâmâbâd 1992, s. 316-338; Fakīr M. Fakīr, Pencâbî Zebân u Edeb ki Târîḫ, Lahor 2002, s. 18-46; Waheed Quraishi, “A Survey of Panjabi Language and Literature”, JPHS, XV/2 (1967), s. 101-129; C. Shackle, “Lahndā”, EI2 (İng.), V, 610-611; a.mlf., “Pand̲j̲ābī”, a.e., VIII, 255-257; “Pencâbî”, UDMİ, V, 663-684.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 225-226 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.