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PERVÎZ, Gulâm Ahmed Skip to content (1903-1985)
Kur’âniyyûn ekolünden Tulû-i İslâm Hareketi’nin kurucusu, müfessir.
9 Temmuz 1903 tarihinde Hindistan sınırları içindeki Doğu Pencap’ta Amritsar yakınlarındaki Gordaspûr şehrine bağlı Batâle kasabasında doğdu. Babası Çôdrî (geniş toprak sahibi) Fazluddin, dedesi Çiştiyye tarikatının Nizâmiyye kolundan Hanefî âlimi ve tabip Mevlevî Rahîmbahş’tır. İlk eğitimini dedesinden aldı. Bir misyoner lisesinde orta öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra (1921) Lahor’da devlet matbaasında kâtip olarak göreve başladı ve matbaa müdürlüğüne kadar yükseldi. Ardından İçişleri Bakanlığı’nda görev aldı (1927), müsteşar yardımcılığından emekli oluncaya kadar (1955) bu kurumda kaldı. Bu arada Pencap Üniversitesi’ni bitirdi (1934). Lahor’da bulunduğu sırada Muhammed İkbal ile görüştü ve onun düşüncelerini kendisinden öğrenme fırsatı buldu. Pervîz’in Kur’an’a dair çalışmalarında bu görüşmelerin derin etkisinin olduğu kabul edilir (Chawla, s. 6). Onun üzerinde önemli etkisi bulunan bir diğer şahsiyet, Delhi’deki Câmia Milliyye İslâmiyye’nin öğretim üyelerinden Muhammed Eslem Cerâcpûrî’dir. Pervîz, Cerâcpûrî ile ilk defa 1931 yılında görüştü ve aralarındaki yakınlık Cerâcpûrî’nin vefatına (1955) kadar sürdü (Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz, Câmiʿa, LXXIX/3-5 [1982], s. 78-80).
İkbal tarafından ortaya atılan, Hint alt kıtasının müslümanlarla Hindular arasında bölünmesini öngören iki millet nazariyesini benimseyen Pervîz bunu yazılarında savundu, bu sebeple Pakistan’ın kurucusu Muhammed Ali Cinnah’ın takdirini kazandı. 1937-1938 yıllarında Cinnah’ın müşavirliğini yaptı. Emekliliğinin ardından anayasa hazırlık çalışmalarını yürüten İslâm Hukuku Komisyonu’na üye tayin edildiyse de (1957) General Eyyûb Han’ın askerî darbesi (1958) yüzünden komisyon çalışmaları sona erdi. Pervîz 1958’de Karaçi’den ayrılarak Lahor’a yerleşti. Burada özel dersler verdi, kolej ve üniversitelerde okuyan kesimden büyük ilgi gördü. Özellikle Batı tarzı eğitim alan kesim onun yenilikçi düşüncelerine önem veriyordu.
Pervîz’in Kur’âniyyûn hareketi çerçevesinde başta hadise bakışı ve fıkhî konulara yaklaşımı olmak üzere pek çok konudaki aykırı düşünceleri İslâm ilim geleneğine bağlı ulemânın tepkisini çekiyordu. Bu kesim bir yandan Pervîz aleyhinde kitaplar neşrederken bir yandan da ona karşı birlik kurmaya çalışıyordu. Sonunda geleneksel ekol içinde yer alan 1000 kadar âlim bir fetva hazırlayarak Pervîz’in İslâm dairesinden çıkıp “kâfir” olduğunu ilân etti. Pervîz key Bârey meyn ʿUlemâʾ ka Müttefeḳa Fetvâ adıyla kitap halinde de yayımlanan fetva çalışması (Karaçi, ts.) onun görüşlerini bir araya getirmesi bakımından önemli bir kaynaktır. Bu fetva karşısında resmî makamların bir müeyyide uygulamaması sebebiyle Pervîz fazla bir sıkıntı çekmedi. Eserlerinde ortaya koyduğu görüşleri inceleyen başta Emîn Ahsen Islâhî ve Mevdûdî olmak üzere birçok âlim tarafından ana çizgiyi aştığı kabul edildi (meselâ bk. Tefhîm-i Dîn, s. 170-174; Sünnet ki Âʾinî Ḥays̱iyyet, tür.yer.); ancak bu gruptaki âlimler Pervîz’i tekfir etmedi. Pervîz 24 Şubat 1985’te Lahor’da vefat etti.
Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz hakkında yapılan çalışmaların bazısında onun XX. yüzyılın büyük bir filozofu olduğu ileri sürülürken bir kısmında orijinal bir fikrinin bulunmadığı, Karl Marx’ın ekonomi ve Darwin’in evrim teorilerini aynen kopya ettiği söylenmiştir. Pervîz özellikle siyasî, içtimaî ve iktisadî konuları işlediği kitaplarında çok sayıda Batılı ilim ve fikir adamının eserlerinden alıntı yapmıştır. Ancak yer yer aktarmaları arasında uyum bulunmadığı ve yersiz bilgiler topladığı görülmektedir (Târîḫ-i Edebiyyât-ı Müselmânân-ı Pâkistân u Hind, X, 322). Azîz Ahmed’e göre Pervîz, Seyyid Ahmed Han’dan sonra Batılılar’ın görüşlerini en çok kullanan ve bunlara güvenen bir kişidir (Islamic Modernism, s. 224-225). Diğer bir grup ise Pervîz’i modernist olarak takdim etmiş, bu niteliğiyle Seyyid Ahmed Han’ın ve İkbal’in görüşlerini geliştirdiği ileri sürülmüştür (Chawla, s. 9-10). Esasen Pervîz, gerek eserlerinde gerekse konuşmalarında Seyyid Ahmed Han için olumlu ifadeler kullanmış, onu önder kabul etmiş ve hakkında bir kitap yazmıştır. Pervîz’in Kur’âniyyûn çizgisinde olduğunun delillerinden biri de onun ekol mensubu diğer ilim adamları hakkındaki değerlendirmeleridir (Abdurrahman Kîlânî, s. 128-131).
Pervîz’in siyasal, ekonomik ve sosyal görüşleri üzerine çalışma yapan Muhammad Iqbal Chawla, onun 1947 öncesi görüşleriyle daha sonraki görüşleri arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunduğunu söyler. 1938’de yazdığı bir makalede Hz. Ebû Bekir örneğinden hareketle zekâtın toplanması hususunda devletçiliği savunurken Pakistan’ın kurulmasının ardından devletin zekât toplamasına karşı çıkmıştır. 1960 öncesinde sosyalizmin aşırı muhaliflerinden iken Zülfikar Ali Butto’nun başbakan olmasıyla gündeme getirilen İslâm sosyalizmi görüşünün gönüllü savunucusu olmuştur. Muhammed Iqbal Chawla, Pervîz’i yaşadığı döneminin ürünü olarak tanıtır; ona göre İslâm’ın ilerleme dini olduğunu ve bu sebeple dini günün ihtiyaçlarına göre yorumladığını belirtir. Pervîz’in ortaya koyduğu yorumların en önemli noktası siyasal ve ekonomik teorisidir. Aslında onun gündeme getirdiği konu ve kavramlar tamamen yeni değildir (A Study of Islamic Writings in Pakistan, s. 8-9). Pervîz’in eserleri üzerinde yapılan bir inceleme onun -1938’e kadar, 1947’ye kadar ve Pakistan’ın kuruluşundan sonra olmak üzere- genelde üç fikrî dönem geçirdiğini göstermektedir.
Pervîz’in en sert eleştirileri sünnetin dindeki yeri hakkındadır. Resûl-i Ekrem’in otoritesini ve sünneti teorik olarak kabul edip Kur’an’ın en iyi şekilde Resûlullah tarafından anlaşılabileceğini söylemekle birlikte Kur’an’ı açıkladığı belirtilen hadislerin sağlam bir şekilde günümüze intikal etmediğini ileri sürer. Maḳām-ı Ḥadîs̱ adıyla bir kitap yazan ve diğer eserlerinde de konuya temas eden Pervîz hadis ve sünnet malzemesini yok hükmünde görmüş, eserlerinde hadislere yer vermemiştir (ayrıntılı bilgi için bk. Mevdûdî, tür.yer.; Abdurrahman Kîlânî, s. 453-780; Hatiboğlu, Çağdaşlaşma ve Hadis Tartışmaları, s. 263-338). Pervîz’in vefatından sonra Tulû-i İslâm Hareketi mensupları, aleyhte yayınlar sebebiyle cemaatin sünnet ve hadis konusundaki tavrı hakkında bazı açıklamalar yapmış, mevzû olanların dışındaki hadislerin kendileri için bir kriter sayıldığını bildirmiştir.
Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz’in ilk yazıları 1937-1938 yıllarında A‘zamgarh’ta yayımlanan Maʿârif, Sarây-ı Mîr’de yayımlanan Iṣlâḥ ve Haydarâbâd’daki Tercümânü’l-Ḳurʾân dergilerinde çıkmış, ancak düzenli yazarlık hayatına Urduca Mecelle-i Ṭulûʿ-i İslâm ile başlamıştır. Bu dergi arkadaşı Seyyid Nezîr Niyâzî tarafından 1935 yılında İkbal’in hâtırasına çıkarılmış, fakat ertesi yıl yayımı durmuştur. Dergi 1938’de Pervîz tarafından yeniden neşredilmiş, kendisi vefatına kadar derginin sahibi, editörü ve yazarı olmuştur. Mecelle-i Ṭulûʿ-i İslâm’ın yayımı 1942 yılında durmuşsa da 1948’de Karaçi’de yeniden başlamış, Pervîz’in 1958’de Lahor’a yerleşmesiyle burada çıkarılmasına devam edilmiştir. Derginin neşri günümüzde de sürmektedir. Pervîz başlatmış olduğu harekete ve kurduğu cemaate Tahrîk-i Tulû-i İslâm adını vermiştir. Bu hareket zamanımızda devam etmekte, cemaatin Pakistan dışında Amerika, İngiltere, Kanada, Avusturalya ve Güney Afrika gibi ülkelerde şubeleri bulunmaktadır (ayrıca bk. KUR’ÂNİYYÛN).
Eserleri. Kur’âniyyûn ekolünün en velûd yazarlarından olan Pervîz kırk kadar eser kaleme almıştır. Tamamına yakını Urduca olan bu çalışmalarının çoğu Kur’an ve tefsire dairdir (tefsirle ilgili eserleri ve tefsirciliği hakkında bk. Birışık, s. 371-390). 1. Men ü Yezdân (Delhi 1941; Lahor 1958). Pervîz’in ilk dönemde yazdığı ve burada ilk sırada verilen yedi kitabı Maʿârifü’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla bir seri halinde düzenlenmiş, bu seri sonraki baskılarında ayrı kitaplar halinde neşredilmiştir. Men ü Yezdân’da Allah’ın varlığı, isimleri, sıfatları, fiilleri vb. geniş biçimde ele alınmıştır. 2. İblîs ü Âdem (Delhi 1945; Lahor 1954, 1972, 1983, 1993). Eserde insanın yaratılışı, Âdem kıssası, İblîs, şeytan, cinler, melekler, vahiy ve risâlet konuları Kur’an’a dayalı olarak anlatılmaktadır. 3. Cûʾey Nûr (Karaçi 1955; Lahor 1986, 4. bs.). “Nur ırmakları” anlamına gelen bu eser peygamberler hakkındadır. 4. Berḳ-ı Ṭûr (Karaçi 1955; Lahor 1956, 1973, 1993). İsrâiloğulları’ndan ve onlardan gelen peygamberlerden bahsedilen kitapta Zülkarneyn konusu da ele alınmıştır. 5. Şuʿle-i Mestûr (Lahor 1958, 1971). 6. Miʿrâc-ı İnsâniyyet (Karaçi 1949; Lahor 1976, 1993, 5. bs.). Hz. Peygamber’in hayatına dairdir. 7. İnsân ney Kiya Sôça? (Karaçi 1955; Lahor 1959). Eflâtun’dan modern döneme kadar insanların geçirdiği düşünce evreleri hakkındaki eserde müellif yer yer Kur’an âyetleriyle mukayeseler yapmaktadır. 8. Luġātü’l-Ḳurʾân (I-IV, Lahor 1941, 1960-1961, 1984). Pervîz’in gençlik yıllarında Kur’an’dan faydalanmak için yaptığı bir çalışma olup ilmî objektiflik bakımından başta gelen eseridir. Müellif burada Kur’an’daki belli başlı kelime ve kavramları, yer ve şahıs isimlerini alfabe sırasına göre ele almış ve güvenilir kaynaklardan hareketle açıklamıştır. 9. Tebvîbü’l-Ḳurʾân (I-III, Lahor 1977, 1984). Kur’an’ın konu fihristidir. Eserde belli bir sistem içinde oluşturulan başlık ve alt başlıklar mânalandırılmış, ardından çizilen anlam çerçevesine hangi âyetlerin ne tür özellikleri sebebiyle alındığı belirtilmiştir. 10. Meṭâlibü’l-furḳān (I-V, Lahor 1975; VI, 1984; VII, 1991). Pervîz’in yıllar süren Kur’ân-ı Kerîm derslerinin teybe kaydedildikten sonra yazıya geçirilmiş şekli olup müellif eserin hayatta iken basılan ilk altı cildini okumuştur. Diğer ciltler ise teyp kasetlerinin çözümlenmesiyle meydana gelecektir. Ancak müellif yoğun açıklamalarının ilk ciltlerde bulunduğunu ifade etmiştir (Meṭâlibü’l-furḳān, Mukaddime, I, ḳ). 11. Mefhûmü’l-Ḳurʾân (Lahor 1960-1961; diğer baskıları için bk. Ahmed Han, s. 165; Cemîl Nakvî, s. 53). Pervîz bu çalışmasında Kur’an âyetlerinden anladıklarını rahat bir anlatımla kaleme almıştır. Bu açıdan eser çok kısa açıklamalarla yetinilen bir Kur’an tercümesi mahiyetindedir. Müellif bu eserini yirmi beş-otuz yıllık bir emeğinin ürünü olarak göstermektedir (Mefhûmü’l-Ḳurʾân, I, 12). 12. Ḳurʾânî Fayṣaley (Lahor 1987, 1992). Âyetler çerçevesinde ibâdât, muâmelât ve ukūbât konularının işlendiği eserde aile ve toplum, siyasî, içtimaî ve iktisadî hayat, Allah, insan, peygamber, Kur’an, hadisler, köle ve câriyelik mevzuları yer alır. 13. Ḳurʾânî Ḳavânîn (Lahor 1978). Daha çok hukuka ve devletin işleyişine dair konuların Kur’an ışığında işlendiği bir eserdir. 14. İkbâl aor Ḳurʾân (I, Lahor 1955, 1975, 1987; II, 1988). Müellifin İkbal hakkında yazdığı makalelerin bir araya getirilmesiyle oluşan eser İkbal’in Kur’an’a bakışını ve Kur’an’ı yorumlayışını içermektedir. 15. Niẓâm-ı Rubûbiyyet (Karaçi 1954; Lahor 1978). Pervîz, “nizâm-ı rubûbiyyet” ifadesiyle Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de mevcut dinî, siyasî, içtimaî ve iktisadî sistemi anlatmaya çalışmaktadır. Doğu ve Batı dünyasının ekonomik sistemlerinin eleştirildiği eserde ekonomik konular geniş biçimde ele alınmıştır. 16. Cihân-ı Ferdâ (Lahor 1969, 1987). Ölüm, öldükten sonra dirilme, hesap, cennet ve cehennem gibi konuların işlendiği kitapta Ehl-i sünnet inancına ters düşen pek çok görüş yer almaktadır. 17. Meẕâhib-i ʿÂlem ki Âsmânî Kitâbeyn (Lahor 1977). İlâhî olan ve olmayan belli başlı dinlerle ilgili bir çalışmadır. 18. Taṣavvuf ki Ḥaḳīḳat (Lahor 1981, 1992). “Tasavvuf ve İslâm”, “Tasavvuf ve İkbal” adlı iki bölümden oluşan kitapta tasavvufta çok kullanılan terimlerin tahlili yapılır ve büyük mutasavvıfların görüşleri üzerinde durulur. Eserde tasavvufa yönelik eleştiriler de yer almaktadır. 19. Şâhkâr-ı Risâlet ʿÖmer Fârûḳ (Lahor 1974). Hz. Ömer hadis rivayeti karşısındaki tutumu, Kur’an’ı öne çıkaran söz ve uygulamaları sebebiyle Kur’âniyyûn ekolünün çok önemsediği bir şahsiyettir. Pervîz bu hacimli kitabında Hz. Ömer’i tanıtırken onun görüşlerinden kendisine deliller çıkarmaya çalışır. 20. Maḳām-ı Ḥadîs̱ (Lahor 1957, 1965, 1975, 1992, 2001). Pervîz ile hocası Muhammed Eslem Cerâcpûrî’nin yazılarını ihtiva eden eserde sünnetin dindeki yeri, mevsukıyeti, hadis kitaplarının durumu, hadise farklı yaklaşan âlimlerin görüşleri gibi konular ele alınmıştır. Kitapta, Ebû Hanîfe’nin hadisleri çok sert bir dille eleştirdiği iddiasının yer aldığı bir bölüm bulunmaktadır. 21. İslâm Kiyâ he (Lahor 1964, 1992). İslâm, din ve insanla ilgili çeşitli konuları içerir. Aynı konular müellif tarafından Islam-A Challenge to Religion adlı eserde de büyük oranda işlenmiş olup (Lahor 1968, 1989) bu kitap onun tercümesi niteliğindedir. 22. Esbâb-ı Zevâl-i Ümmet (Karaçi 1952; Lahor 1976, 1993, 8. bs.). Daha önce Mecelle-i Ṭulûʿ-i İslâm’da tefrika edilen bir risâle olup Pervîz’in dinî görüşlerinin bir özeti mahiyetindedir. Bu sebeple kitap büyük rağbet görmüş ve birçok baskısı yapılmıştır. 23. Selîm key Nâm Ḥuṭûṭ (I, Lahor 1953, 1954, 1959; II, Lahor 1959, 1992; III, 1960; I-III, 1981, 1984, 1986). Sistematiği itibariyle modern tarzda kaleme alınan eserde geleneksel İslâm’a ve topluma karşı mücadele eden Selîm adlı hayalî bir gence yazılmış mektuplar yer almaktadır. Bu mektuplarda Allah tasavvurundan Hz. Muhammed’in dindeki yerine, komünizm-İslâm ilişkisinden namaz ve zekâta kadar pek çok konu işlenmiştir. 24. Ṭâhire key Nâm Ḫuṭûṭ (I-II, Lahor 1957, 1969, 1976, 1989). Tâhire isimli hayalî bir kıza hitaben yazılmış on üç mektuptan oluşan kitapta nikâh, talâk, çok evlilik gibi konular ele alınmıştır. Mektuplardan birinde Pervîz, miras ve şahitlik hususunda kadınlarla erkekler arasındaki eşitsizliği kabullenilemez bir durum olarak nitelendirmiştir (Ṭâhire key Nâm Ḫuṭûṭ, s. 35-36; Pervîz’in eserleri için bk. Hâdim Hüseyin İlâhîbahş, s. 52-54).
Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz hakkında muhtelif kişiler tarafından çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bunların arasında Freeland Abbott, Erwin I. J. Rosenthal, Sheila McDonough, J. M. S. Baljon, Aziz Ahmad, G. E. von Grunebaum, M. Iqbal Chawla, Muhammed Ömer Dirâz, Abdurrahman Kîlânî, Muhammed Dîn Kāsımî, İbrahim Hatiboğlu ve Abdülhamit Birışık sayılabilir (bu yazarların eserleri için bk. bibl.; Pervîz hakkında yapılan diğer çalışmalar için bk. Ṭulûʿ-i İslâm, LII/7 [2000], s. 3-5). Münevver Hüseyin Dihlevî’nin Ḳurʾânî Taʿẕîrât be-Cevâb-ı Pervîzî Ḥurâfât (Lahor 1947), Münşî Abdurrahman Han’ın İntisâb (Mültan 1984), Muhammed Âşık-ı İlâhî Bülendşehrî’nin Fitne-i İnkâr-ı Ḥadîs̱ (Lahor 1986), Reşîd Ahmed’in Fitne-i İnkâr-ı Ḥadîs̱ (Karaçi 1403) adlı kitaplarında ve Muhammed Şefî‘in “Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz per Küfr ka Fetvâ” (Şihâb, V/9 [Lahor 1962], s. 12), Velî Hasan Tonkî’nin “Küfriyyât-ı Pervîz” (Beyyinât, I/1 [Karaçi 1962], s. 33-48), Muhammed Sıddîk’ın “Ḳurʾân aôr Pervîz” (Beyyinât, XI/3 [Karaçi 1987], s. 50-63) isimli makalelerinde Pervîz’in görüşleri eleştirilmiştir. Bu eleştirilere Mecelle-i Ṭulûʿ-i İslâm dergisinde yayımlanan makalelerin yanı sıra Sâbir Sıddikī’nin Ebleh-i Mescid (Lahor 1989, 2. bs.) ve Muhammed İslâm’ın Taḥrîk-i Pâkistân aôr Pervîz (Lahor 1988) adlı eserlerinde cevaplar verilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz, Meṭâlibü’l-furḳān, Lahor 1975, Mukaddime, I, k; a.mlf., Mefhûmü’l-Ḳurʾân, Lahor, ts. (İdâre-i Tulû-i İslâm), I, e-g, 1-13; a.mlf., Tebvîbü’l-Ḳurʾân, Lahor 1984, I, 9; a.mlf., Ṭâhire key Nâm Ḫuṭûṭ, Lahor 1989, s. 35-36; a.mlf., “Vo Merd-i Dervîş”, Câmiʿa, LXXIX/3-5, Delhi 1982, s. 78-80; E. I. J. Rosenthal, Islam in the Modern National State, Cambridge 1965, s. 260-265; F. Abbott, Islam and Pakistan, New York 1968, s. 210-217; Sheila McDonough, The Authority of the Past: A Study of Three Muslim Modernists, Chambersburg 1970, s. 35-49; Aziz Ahmad, Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan: 1857-1964, London 1970, s. 224-236; a.mlf. – G. E. von Grunebaum, Muslim Self-Statement in India and Pakistan 1857-1968, Wiesbaden 1970, s. 167-181; Târîḫ-i Edebiyyât-ı Müselmânân-ı Pâkistân u Hind, Lahor 1972, X, 320-328; Ahmed Han, Ḳurʾân-ı Kerîm key Urdû Terâcim: Kitâbiyât, İslâmâbâd 1987, s. 165; Hâdim Hüseyin İlâhîbahş, el-Ḳurʾâniyyûn ve şübühâtühüm ḥavle’s-sünne, Tâif 1409/1989, s. 47, 52-54; Mohammad Iqbal Chawla, A Study of Islamic Writings in Pakistan, Lahore 1990, s. 6, 8-10; Cemîl Nakvî, Urdû Tefâsîr-Kitâbiyât, İslâmâbâd 1992, s. 53; Muhammed Ömer Dirâz, Devlet-i Pervîz, Lahor 1992; Emîn Ahsen Islâhî, Tefhîm-i Dîn, Lahor 1992, s. 170-174; J. M. S. Baljon, Kur’an Yorumunda Çağdaş Yönelimler (trc. Şaban Ali Düzgün), Ankara 1994, tür.yer.; Mevdûdî, Sünnet ki Âʾinî Ḥays̱iyyet, Lahor 1995, tür.yer.; Abdurrahman Kîlânî, Âyîne-i Pervîziyyet, Lahor 2001, s. 128-131, 453-780; Abdülhamit Birışık, Hind Altkıtası Düşünce ve Tefsir Ekolleri, İstanbul 2001, s. 371-390; İbrahim Hatiboğlu, İslâm Dünyasında Çağdaşlaşma Serüveni, İstanbul 2004, s. 205-210; a.mlf., Çağdaşlaşma ve Hadis Tartışmaları, İstanbul 2004, s. 263-338; Muhammed Dîn Kāsımî, Cenâb Ġulâm Aḥmed Pervîz Apney Elfâẓ key Âʾiney meyn, Lahor 2006; “ʿAllâme Ġulâm Aḥmed Pervîz-Ek Teʿârüf”, Ṭulûʿ-i İslâm, XLIX/2, Lahor 1996, s. 12-24; a.e., LIII/7 (2000), s. 3-5; Muhammed Evvâb es-Sibtîn, “Pervîz, Ġulâm Aḥmed”, Dânişnâme-i Cihân-ı İslâm, Tahran 1379/2000, V, 579-580.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 247-249 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.