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Peyami Safa’nın Yazılarında Yahudi İmajı Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 241 – 264, 30.06.2024
Murat Kaya
https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1448575
Öz Çok eski zamanlardan beri farklı milletlerle değişik düzeyde ilişkiler geliştiren Yahudiler, bazen olumlu bazen de olumsuz özelliklerle anılmış, özellikle Avrupalılarla ilişkileri söz konusu olduğunda yaygın şiddet olaylarıyla karşılaşmıştır. Yüzyıllarca dinî sebeplerden kaynaklanan anti-Judaismin (Yahudi düşmanlığı) baskısı altında kalan Yahudiler, 19. yüzyıldan itibaren dünyevî sebeplerden kaynaklanan antisemitizmin baskısı altında kalmıştır. Avrupa’da yaşayan Yahudiler böyle bir akıbete uğrarken Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda yaşayan Yahudiler, dinî ve dünyevî açıdan derin bir hoşgörü altında yaşamıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarih sahnesinden çekildikten sonra Türkiye Cumhuriyeti kurulduğunda, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Yahudilere yönelik hoşgörüsü devam ettirilmekle birlikte hareket noktası değişmiştir. 20. yüzyılda dünyadaki yönetim anlayışı farklı bir noktaya evrilmiştir. İmparatorluklar çağının millet (dinî) anlayışı yerine modern dünyanın millet (dünyevî ulus) anlayışı benimsenmiştir. Bu yeni anlayış doğrultusunda kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde, Yahudilere yönelik bakış açısı bu yeni millet anlayışı doğrultusunda şekillenmiştir. Bu yeni dönemde, devlet, Yahudileri din temelli millet sistemi yerine vatandaşlık bağına ve kendi millî değerlerine gösterdikleri sadakate göre değerlendirmiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun son dönemlerini yaşayan ve cumhuriyetin kuruluşuna tanıklık eden Peyami Safa, Yahudiler hakkında yazdığı yazılarla bu geçiş dönemini ve bakış açısındaki farklılığı başarılı bir şekilde yansıtmıştır. Peyami Safa’nın bu özelliği, onun Yahudiler hakkındaki düşüncelerini önemli ve araştırmaya değer kılmıştır. Peyami Safa’nın düşüncelerini önemli kılan bir diğer husus da yazdığı yazıların yaşadığı dönemin zaman aralığıyla sınırlı kalmayıp günümüzde de ilgiyle okunması ve araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmesidir. Peyami Safa’nın Yahudiler hakkındaki düşünceleri, gazetelerde ve dergilerde yazdığı yazılarından oluşmaktadır. Kırk yıldan fazla bir zaman yazı yazan ve geçimini yazılarından kazandıklarıyla sağlayan Peyami Safa, bu süreçte pek çok gazete ve dergide, yüzlerce yazı kaleme almıştır. Bu yazılar, yaşanılan zamanın değişen şartları doğrultusunda, bazen kendi adıyla, bazen müstear adla bazen de adı olmadan kaleme alındığından Peyami Safa’nın Yahudiler hakkındaki düşüncelerine ulaşma ve onları konularına göre tasnif etmede zorluk oluşturmaktadır. Bu konuda karşılaşılan bir diğer zorluk da Peyami Safa’nın zamanın şartlarına göre değişen düşünceleridir. Onun zamanının şartlarına göre değişen düşünceleri, Yahudilere bakış açısını da etkilemiş ve bu değişikliğe bağlı olarak Yahudiler hakkında farklı düşünceler ileri sürmüştür. Bu durum, onun Yahudiler hakkındaki yazılarının bağlamlarına inilmeden anlaşılmasını zorlaştırmıştır. Peyami Safa, bir Türk milliyetçisi olduğundan ve 20. yüzyılı bir milliyet yüzyılı olarak değerlendirdiğinden yazılarında, Yahudileri, ulusal ve uluslararası olmak üzere iki boyutta ele almıştır. Ulusal boyutta, Türkleşme ve Türkçe konuşma bağlamında Yahudilere eleştiriler yönelten Peyami Safa, uluslararası boyutta İkinci Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında gerçekleşen Arap-İsrail Savaşları bağlamında Yahudilere eleştiriler yöneltmiştir. Onun ulusal boyutta yönelttiği eleştirilerin temelinde, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndan cumhuriyete geçiş sürecinde elde edilen tecrübeler bulunmaktadır. Yabancıların ve azınlıkların zararlı faaliyetlerini tecrübe eden ve işgal dönemine tanıklık eden Peyami Safa, Yahudilere yönelik eleştirilerinde bu tecrübelerden hareket etmiş ve bir güvenlik endişesi duymuştur. Bu güvenlik endişesi de onun Yahudilere yönelik eleştirel bir tavır takınmasına ve yazılarında genellikle olumsuz bir Yahudi imajı oluşturmasına neden olmuştur. Uluslararası boyuttaki eleştirilerinin temelinde ise onun Almanlara yakınlığı ile Yahudilerin Arap-İsrail savaşındaki tutumu bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Peyami Safa’nın bu düşünceleri konu edilmiş, gazete arşivleri incelenerek onun Yahudiler hakkındaki yazılarına ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma, Peyami Safa’nın zihinsel arka planı, dünya görüşü ve Yahudiler hakkındaki düşünceleri olmak üzere üç bölüme ayrılmış, kronolojik ve tasvirci bir yöntemle onun yazılarında ortaya çıkan Yahudi imajı ifade edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Dinler Tarihi, Yahudi İmajı, Türk Milliyetçiliği, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, Peyami Safa
Etik Beyan Bu makale "Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Entelektüel Çevresinde Yahudi İmajı” başlıklı doktora tezinden (Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2024, Kayseri) yararlanılarak hazırlanmıştır.
Kaynakça Angın, Zeynep. “Peyami Safa’nın Eserlerinde "Biz " ve ‘Öteki’ Kavramlarına Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış”. KARE 14 (15 Aralık 2022), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.38060/kare.1144044 Atay, Falih Rıfkı. Batış Yılları. İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları, 2012. Atay, Korhan. Serteller. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2021. Ayvazoğlu, Beşir. Peyami: Hayatı, Sanatı, Felsefi Dramı. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 1999. Bali, Rıfat N. “II. Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında Nazilerin Türk Basınını Etkileme Çabaları”. Toplumsal Tarih 152 (2006), 26-30. Guttstadt, Corry. Türkiye, Yahudiler ve Holokost. çev. Atilla Dirim. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2012. Johnson, Paul. Yahudi Tarihi. çev. F. Orman. İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları, 2001. Karesh, Sara E. – Hurvitz, Mitchell M. Encyclopedia of Judaism. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006. Kaya, Murat. Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Entelektüel Çevresinde Yahudi İmajı. Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2024. Safa, Peyami. 20. Asır Avrupa ve Biz. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 1999. Safa, Peyami. “Almanyada ve Filistinde Yahudi”. Cumhuriyet (7 İkinciteşrin 1938), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Avusturyanın Mezarı Önünde”. Cumhuriyet (23 Mart 1938), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Azlıkların Cenneti”. Tasvir-i Efkâr (29 İlkkânun 1942), 1-2. Safa, Peyami. “B. Salamon’un Müdafaası”. Ulus (23 Ekim 1948), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Beklediğimiz Yasak”. Cumhuriyet (02 Mart 1937), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Bir Akının İçyüzü”. Ulus (27 Ekim 1948), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Bir Film ve Yahudiler”. Ulus (03 Haziran 1949), 1. Safa, Peyami. “Bir Musevi Hanımın Mektubu”. Milliyet (25 Aralık 1957), 2. Safa, Peyami. Biz İnsanlar. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2022. Safa, Peyami. “Bizden Olanlar ve Olmayanlar”. Milliyet (17 Kasım 1957), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Dönmek Yok!” Tasvir-i Efkâr (23 İlkkânun 1942), 1-2. Safa, Peyami. “Düetto”. Cumhuriyet (08 Nisan 1937), 3. Safa, Peyami. Eğitim, Gençlik, Üniversite. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 1999. Safa, Peyami. “Filistin Savaşı”. Ankara (20 Mayıs 1948), 1. Safa, Peyami. “Güle Güle!” Ankara (05 Mayıs 1949), 1. Safa, Peyami. “İki Cins Yahudi”. Cumhuriyet (23 Temmuz 1938), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Lord Kimlere Derler?” Tasvir-i Efkâr (29 Birincikânun 1940), 3. Safa, Peyami. Mahşer. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2023. Safa, Peyami. “Memleket İkiye mi Ayrılıyor?” Son Posta (11 Teşrinievvel 1931), 3. Safa, Peyami. Nasyonalizm, Sosyalizm, Mistisizm. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınlar, 2003. Safa, Peyami. “Ne Vatanı?” Tasvir (28 Ekim 1945), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Serseri Yahudi”. Cumhuriyet (03 Nisan 1933), 3. Safa, Peyami. Siz Bir Alçaksınız! Hikâyeler. ed. Seval Şahin – Esin Hamamcı. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2022. Safa, Peyami. Sosyalizm, Marksizm, Komünizm. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2020. Safa, Peyami. Sözde Kızlar. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2022. Safa, Peyami. “Türk Olmak Şartı”. Büyük Doğu 8/1 (21 Aralık 1945), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Yahudiler Ne Olacak?” Cumhuriyet (16 Mart 1938), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Yahudi’nin Suçu Ne?” Yedigün 1/5 (1933), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Yalman Ne Demek?” Tasvir (14 Ekim 1945), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Zaferin Şartları”. Tasvir-i Efkâr (18 Temmuz 1942), 1. Safa, Peyami. “Zaman ve Mekân”. Tasvir-i Efkâr (29 Temmuz 1942), 1. Şarhon, Karen Gerson. “Judeo-Espanyol/Ladino: Türkiye Yahudilerinin Dili”. Antik Çağ’dan XXI. Yüzyıla Büyük İstanbul Tarihi: Edebiyat Kültür ve Sanat. ed. Coşkun Yılmaz. 7/122-124. İstanbul: İBB Kültür A.Ş, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi, 2015. Vatandaş, Saniye vd. “Batılılaşan Türkiye’nin Kadim Mekânı: Beyoğlu”. Humanitas – Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11/22 (2023), 447-466.
The Jewish Image in the Writings of Peyami Safa Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 241 – 264, 30.06.2024
Murat Kaya
https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1448575
Öz Jews, who have developed relations at different levels with various nations since ancient times, have sometimes been remembered with positive characteristics and sometimes with negative ones, encountering widespread violence, particularly in their relations with Europeans. Jews, who were under the pressure of anti-Judaism arising from religious reasons for centuries, have been under the pressure of anti-Semitism arising from secular reasons since the 19th century. While Jews living in Europe suffered such a fate, Jews living in the Ottoman Empire experienced deep religious and secular tolerance. When the Republic of Turkey was established after the Ottoman Empire withdrew from the historical stage, the Ottoman Empire’s tolerance towards Jews continued, but its basis changed. In the 20th century, global governance evolved. Instead of the religious-based nation concept of the age of empires, the modern world adopted a secular nation concept. In the Republic of Turkey, established in line with this new understanding, the perspective towards Jews was shaped accordingly. In this new period, the state evaluated Jews based on their citizenship and loyalty to national values, rather than the religion-based nation system. Peyami Safa, who lived through the final periods of the Ottoman Empire and saw the establishment of the Republic, successfully reflected this transition period and the difference in perspective in his writings about Jews. This feature of Peyami Safa made his thoughts about Jews important and worthy of research. Another reason Peyami Safa’s thoughts are significant is that his writings are not confined to the period in which he lived; they are still read with interest today and attract the attention of researchers. Peyami Safa’s thoughts about Jews are found in his articles in newspapers and magazines. Writing for over forty years and earning his living from his writings, Safa penned hundreds of articles in many newspapers and magazines. These articles were sometimes written under his own name, sometimes under a pen name, and sometimes anonymously, in line with the changing conditions of the time. This creates difficulty in accessing and classifying Peyami Safa’s thoughts about Jews according to their subjects. Another difficulty faced is the evolution of Safa’s thoughts according to the conditions of his time. His changing thoughts affected his perspective on Jews, leading to different viewpoints in his writings. This made it challenging to understand his writings about Jews without delving into their context. As a Turkish nationalist who evaluated the 20th century as a century of nationality, Safa discussed Jews in two dimensions: national and international. On a national scale, he criticized Jews in the context of Turkification and speaking Turkish. On an international scale, he criticized Jews in the context of the Second World War and the subsequent Arab-Israeli Wars. The basis of his national criticisms is the experiences gained during the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. Having experienced the harmful activities of foreigners and minorities and witnessed the occupation period, Safa drew on these experiences in his criticism of Jews, driven by security concerns. This security concern led him to adopt a critical attitude towards Jews, generally creating a negative image of them in his writings. The basis of his international criticism is his closeness to the Germans and the attitude of the Jews in the Arab-Israeli conflict. In this study, Peyami Safa’s thoughts are discussed, and his writings about Jews are examined through newspaper archives. The study is divided into three parts: Peyami Safa’s mental background, his worldview and thoughts about Jews, and the Jewish image that appears in his writings. The analysis is presented using a chronological and descriptive method.
Anahtar Kelimeler History of Religions, Jewish Image, Turkish Nationalism, Republic of Turkey, Peyami Safa
Etik Beyan This study was produced based on the PhD thesis named " The Image of the Jewish in the Republic Period Turkish Intellectual Circle” (Erciyes University, Social Sciences Institute, 2024, Kayseri).
Kaynakça Angın, Zeynep. “Peyami Safa’nın Eserlerinde "Biz " ve ‘Öteki’ Kavramlarına Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış”. KARE 14 (15 Aralık 2022), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.38060/kare.1144044 Atay, Falih Rıfkı. Batış Yılları. İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları, 2012. Atay, Korhan. Serteller. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2021. Ayvazoğlu, Beşir. Peyami: Hayatı, Sanatı, Felsefi Dramı. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 1999. Bali, Rıfat N. “II. Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında Nazilerin Türk Basınını Etkileme Çabaları”. Toplumsal Tarih 152 (2006), 26-30. Guttstadt, Corry. Türkiye, Yahudiler ve Holokost. çev. Atilla Dirim. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2012. Johnson, Paul. Yahudi Tarihi. çev. F. Orman. İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları, 2001. Karesh, Sara E. – Hurvitz, Mitchell M. Encyclopedia of Judaism. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006. Kaya, Murat. Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Entelektüel Çevresinde Yahudi İmajı. Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2024. Safa, Peyami. 20. Asır Avrupa ve Biz. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 1999. Safa, Peyami. “Almanyada ve Filistinde Yahudi”. Cumhuriyet (7 İkinciteşrin 1938), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Avusturyanın Mezarı Önünde”. Cumhuriyet (23 Mart 1938), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Azlıkların Cenneti”. Tasvir-i Efkâr (29 İlkkânun 1942), 1-2. Safa, Peyami. “B. Salamon’un Müdafaası”. Ulus (23 Ekim 1948), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Beklediğimiz Yasak”. Cumhuriyet (02 Mart 1937), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Bir Akının İçyüzü”. Ulus (27 Ekim 1948), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Bir Film ve Yahudiler”. Ulus (03 Haziran 1949), 1. Safa, Peyami. “Bir Musevi Hanımın Mektubu”. Milliyet (25 Aralık 1957), 2. Safa, Peyami. Biz İnsanlar. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2022. Safa, Peyami. “Bizden Olanlar ve Olmayanlar”. Milliyet (17 Kasım 1957), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Dönmek Yok!” Tasvir-i Efkâr (23 İlkkânun 1942), 1-2. Safa, Peyami. “Düetto”. Cumhuriyet (08 Nisan 1937), 3. Safa, Peyami. Eğitim, Gençlik, Üniversite. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 1999. Safa, Peyami. “Filistin Savaşı”. Ankara (20 Mayıs 1948), 1. Safa, Peyami. “Güle Güle!” Ankara (05 Mayıs 1949), 1. Safa, Peyami. “İki Cins Yahudi”. Cumhuriyet (23 Temmuz 1938), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Lord Kimlere Derler?” Tasvir-i Efkâr (29 Birincikânun 1940), 3. Safa, Peyami. Mahşer. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2023. Safa, Peyami. “Memleket İkiye mi Ayrılıyor?” Son Posta (11 Teşrinievvel 1931), 3. Safa, Peyami. Nasyonalizm, Sosyalizm, Mistisizm. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınlar, 2003. Safa, Peyami. “Ne Vatanı?” Tasvir (28 Ekim 1945), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Serseri Yahudi”. Cumhuriyet (03 Nisan 1933), 3. Safa, Peyami. Siz Bir Alçaksınız! Hikâyeler. ed. Seval Şahin – Esin Hamamcı. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2022. Safa, Peyami. Sosyalizm, Marksizm, Komünizm. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2020. Safa, Peyami. Sözde Kızlar. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2022. Safa, Peyami. “Türk Olmak Şartı”. Büyük Doğu 8/1 (21 Aralık 1945), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Yahudiler Ne Olacak?” Cumhuriyet (16 Mart 1938), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Yahudi’nin Suçu Ne?” Yedigün 1/5 (1933), 3. Safa, Peyami. “Yalman Ne Demek?” Tasvir (14 Ekim 1945), 2. Safa, Peyami. “Zaferin Şartları”. Tasvir-i Efkâr (18 Temmuz 1942), 1. Safa, Peyami. “Zaman ve Mekân”. Tasvir-i Efkâr (29 Temmuz 1942), 1. Şarhon, Karen Gerson. “Judeo-Espanyol/Ladino: Türkiye Yahudilerinin Dili”. Antik Çağ’dan XXI. Yüzyıla Büyük İstanbul Tarihi: Edebiyat Kültür ve Sanat. ed. Coşkun Yılmaz. 7/122-124. İstanbul: İBB Kültür A.Ş, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi, 2015. Vatandaş, Saniye vd. “Batılılaşan Türkiye’nin Kadim Mekânı: Beyoğlu”. Humanitas – Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11/22 (2023), 447-466. Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer) Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Murat Kaya Bir kuruma bağlı değildir 0000-0001-6729-278X Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mart 2024 Kabul Tarihi 27 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Kaya, Murat. “Peyami Safa’nın Yazılarında Yahudi İmajı”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 24/1 (Haziran 2024), 241-264. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1448575.
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