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PEZDEVÎ, Ebü’l-Usr Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen Ebü’l-Usr Fahrü’l-İslâm Alî b. Muhammed b. el-Hüseyn b. Abdilkerîm el-Pezdevî (ö. 482/1089)
Hanefî fakihi ve Hanefî fıkıh usulü müellifi.
400 (1010) yılları civarında Nesef’e (Karşı) Buhara yönüne doğru 30 km. uzaklıktaki bir kale şehir olan Pezde’de, ilim adamlarıyla meşhur bir aile içinde dünyaya geldi. Hayatıyla ilgili çok az bilgi bulunan Pezdevî (Bezdevî) hakkındaki ilk kaynak kendisiyle bir defa görüştüğünü söyleyen, kardeşi Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî’nin öğrencisi Hanefî âlimi Necmeddin Ömer en-Nesefî’nin el-Ḳand adlı eseridir. Burada babasının ve dedesinin tanınmış birer âlim olduğu belirtilmektedir. Kendisinden yaklaşık yirmi yaş küçük olan kardeşi Ebü’l-Yüsr ile onun ve kendisinin oğulları da ilmiye sınıfına dahil olmuş, Buhara ve Semerkant’ta kadılık yapmıştır. Hanefî fıkıh literatüründe genellikle Fahrü’l-İslâm el-Pezdevî ve kardeşinin üslûbunun kolaylığı sebebiyle “Ebü’l-Yüsr” lakabıyla anılmasına karşılık “Ebü’l-Usr” şeklinde tanınmakta ve bu adlandırmanın eserlerinde zor bir üslûp kullanmasından kaynaklandığı belirtilmektedir. Babasından ve Mâtürîdî’nin öğrencisi olan dedesinden hadis rivayet ettiğine göre Pezdevî ilk eğitimini baba ocağında almış olmalıdır. Ancak Hanefî fıkıh geleneğini kendisinden öğrendiği esas hocası Şemsüleimme el-Halvânî’dir. Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî ile Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî’ye de ders veren Halvânî, Buhara Medresesi’nin en önemli isimlerinden biri olarak dönemin Mâverâünnehir Hanefî fıkıh okulunun imamı kabul edilmektedir. Yetiştirdiği öğrenciler vasıtasıyla Hanefî fıkhı ve usulünün gelişimine büyük katkıda bulunan Halvânî’den fıkıh, fıkıh usulü ve hadis okuyan Pezdevî’nin kelâm ve tefsire dair eserler de kaleme aldığı göz önüne alındığında onun Semerkant’ta Mâtürîdî’nin öncülüğünü yaptığı kelâm ve tefsir ekolünden yararlanmış olduğu söylenebilir. Buhara ve Sermekant’ta ilmî faaliyetlerini sürdüren Fahrülislâm el-Pezdevî’nin pek çok öğrenci yetiştirdiği ve Buhara kadılığı yaptığı bilinmektedir. Fıkıh ve kelâm âlimi Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, Ebü’l-Meâlî Ziyâd b. İlyâs ve Bilâd-ı Rûm (Anadolu) kadısı diye meşhur olan Ebû Saîd Abdülmecîd b. İsmâil el-Kaysî el-Herevî onun öğrencilerinden bazılarıdır. Pezdevî, Nesefî’nin bildirdiğine göre 5 Receb 482 (13 Eylül 1089) tarihinde Semerkant’ın yaklaşık 80 km. güneyinde yer alan Kiş (Kis, günümüzde Şehrisebz) şehrinde vefat etti ve naaşı Semerkant’a getirilerek Çâkerdîze Şehitliği’ne defnedildi. Küçük yaştaki oğlu Hasan’ı kardeşi Ebü’l-Yüsr yetiştirmiş ve bu zat hem Semerkant’ta hem Buhara’da kadılık görevinde bulunmuştur.
Fıkıh usulü alanındaki başarılı çalışması yanında Hanefî fıkıh doktrininde de önemli bir yeri olan Fahrülislâm el-Pezdevî, klasik sonrası dönem Hanefî âlimlerince yapılan yedili müctehid-mukallid tabakası sıralamasında Serahsî ile beraber üçüncü tabakaya, meselede müctehid grubuna dahil edilmiştir (İbn Âbidîn, I, 253). Kaynaklarda kendine has bir yöntem ve yaklaşım sahibi (sâhibü’t-tarîka fi’l-mezheb) olarak nitelenen ve eserlerinde son derece sistematik bir yol izleyen Pezdevî’nin özellikle fıkıh usulüne dair eseri hem başvuru kaynağı hem ders kitabı olarak yaygın biçimde kullanılmıştır. Pezdevî ayrıca mezhebin temel metinlerini ezberinden aktarabilme konusunda örnek gösterilen bir âlimdir.
Eserleri. Başta fürû-i fıkıh ve fıkıh usulü olmak üzere kelâm, tefsir, hadis ve edep üzerine eserler verdiği belirtilen Fahrülislâm el-Pezdevî’nin eserlerinin tamamı günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî üzerine yazdığı kısa şerh, fürû-i fıkha dair el-Câmiʿu’l-kebîr şerhi, Sîretü’l-meẕheb fî ṣıfati’l-edeb adlı eseriyle çok hacimli olduğu söylenen (110 cüz) Keşfü’l-estâr adlı tefsir çalışması bunlar arasındadır.
Fürû-i Fıkıh. 1. Şerḥu’l-Câmiʿi’ṣ-ṣaġīr . Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin eseriyle ilgili bu şerhin birçok yazması mevcuttur (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 605, 662, Karaçelebizâde Hüsâmeddin, nr. 115, Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 753; Murad Molla Ktp., nr. 851).
2. Şerḥu Ziyâdâti’z-Ziyâdât (Şerḥu’z-Ziyâdât) . Yine İmam Muhammed’in eseri üzerine yapılan bu çalışmanın bilinen tek nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Fâtih, nr. 1665).
3. Kitâbü’l-Mebsûṭ li’l-Fetâvî . Kaynaklarda on bir cilt olduğu belirtilen eserin “Nikâh” bölümünün başından “Ümmühâtü’l-evlâd” kısmının sonuna kadar olan bir ciltlik yazması Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1454). Eserin müellife ait fıkıh usulü metnindekine benzer sistematiği dikkat çekici olup öğrencisi Semerkandî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-fuḳahâʾ ve onun şerhi olan Kâsânî’nin Bedâʾiʿu’ṣ-ṣanâʾiʿ adlı kitapların sistematiği üzerinde bu çalışmanın etkisinin olduğu düşünülebilir.
Kelâm. Pezdevî’nin eserlerinin, kelâmcı kişiliği daha belirgin olan kardeşi Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî’ninkilerle zaman zaman karıştırıldığı dikkate alınarak onun kelâma dair eserleri hakkında ihtiyatlı olmak gerekir. Günümüze ulaşan iki eseri mevcuttur.
1. el-Müyesser fi’l-kelâm . Brockelmann, Râmpûr’da bir yazmasının bulunduğunu belirtmektedir (GAL Suppl. , I, 638).
2. Şerḥu’l-Fıḳhi’l-ekber . Bir nüshası Manisa İl Halk Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (nr. 963).
Fıkıh Usulü. Pezdevî’nin bu alanda kaleme aldığı iki eserden Debûsî’nin Taḳvîmü’l-edille ’sine yazdığı şerhe literatürde çok atıf yapılmasına rağmen eser mevcut değildir. Diğeri Uṣûlü’l-Pezdevî ’dir. Kütüphane kayıtlarında ve son dönem literatüründe daha çok Kenzü’l-vüṣûl ilâ maʿrifeti’l-uṣûl adıyla bilinen eserin bu isminin sonraki bir yakıştırma olması muhtemeldir. Kütüphanelerde yüzlerce yazması bulunan Uṣûlü’l-Pezdevî birçok defa basılmıştır (I-IV, İstanbul 1307; Kahire 1929; nşr. Muhammed el-Mu‘tasım-Billâh el-Bağdâdî, I-IV, Beyrut 1417/1997). Hanefî / fukaha metoduna göre yazılan fıkıh usulü eserlerinin en etkilisi olan kitabın başarısı uzun bir ilmî geleneği taçlandırmasından kaynaklanır. Cessâs’ın Bağdat Hanefî fıkıh muhitinin usulünü tedvin ettiği el-Fuṣûl fi’l-uṣûl , daha sonra Hanefî fıkıh usulünün temel kavram ve konularının teşekkülünde belirleyici olmuştur. Bunun sebebi, eserin İmâm-ı Âzam Ebû Hanîfe’den kendi zamanına kadar Hanefî fıkıh çevresinin birikimini ihtiva etmiş olmasıdır. Ancak Cessâs’tan sonra bu konudaki özgün çalışmalar, Bağdat ve çevresinde değil daha çok Orta Asya ve Horasan (Kuzey İran) bölgesinde devam etmiştir. Debûsî, Irak Hanefî fıkıh usulü mirasını devşirerek Buhara Hanefî mektebinde yeniden canlandırmıştır. Onun Taḳvîmü’l-edille ’si, bir taraftan Cessâs’ın eserinin temel felsefesini ve konu dizimini dikkate alırken diğer taraftan kendisi yeni tartışma alanları eklemiş, fakat daha önemlisi kavramların inceltilmesine ve olgunlaştırılmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Ayrıca Debûsî fıkıh usulünün ana konularını belirli bir sistematiğe oturtmuş ve alt konu başlıklarının teşekkülü ve ifadelendirilmesinde rol oynamıştır. Debûsî’nin içinde yer aldığı Buhara hukuk mektebinde hukuk teorisinin gelişimine katkıda bulunan bir başka isim Şemsüleimme el-Halvânî’dir. Fukaha yönteminin klasikleri kabul edilen iki usul eserinin yazarı Serahsî ve Pezdevî’nin hocası olan Halvânî’nin usule dair bir çalışması bilinmiyorsa da onun bu iki öğrencisinin usul eserleri arasındaki sıkı irtibat ve benzerliklerin kaynağının Halvânî’nin meclisi ya da Buhara mektebi olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Serahsî’nin eseri Pezdevî’ninkine göre daha geniş olup uzun tartışmalara ve konuların bütün yönleriyle ele alınmasına önem verir. Bu ayrıntılar çıkarıldığında iki metnin iskeletinin tek bir kalemden çıkmış izlenimi verecek kadar birbirine benzemesinin sebebi, bunların Cessâs-Debûsî mirasının Halvânî’nin meclisinde geliştirilmiş şekline dayanmasıdır.
Bu iki eser arasındaki benzerliklere rağmen Pezdevî’nin Uṣûl ’ünün sistematik ve konuların birbiriyle bağlantılarını kurma bakımından Serahsî’nin Uṣûl ’ünden daha gelişmiş olduğu söylenebilir. Meselâ Pezdevî mukaddimenin ardından kitap deliliyle eserine başlamış ve Kur’an’ın tanımını yaptıktan sonra onun anlaşılmasının nazım ve mânasının çeşitli açılardan bilinmesine bağlı olduğunu söylemiş, bütün fıkıh usulünün dil bölümlerini nazım-mânanın alt başlıkları olarak kurgulamıştır. Pezdevî’nin eserindeki bu gelişmiş sistematiğin aksine Serahsî böyle bir tasnif yapmaksızın mukaddimeden hemen sonra emir ve nehiy konusuyla kitabına başlamış, ardından dil bölümlerini işlemiş ve kitap dışında kalan delillere geçerken eserinin dayandığı sistematiği Debûsî’nin sistematiği doğrultusunda açıklamıştır. Serahsî’nin uzun süre hapiste kalması sebebiyle hayatının son yıllarında kaleme aldığı eseri gözden geçirme fırsatı bulamadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Cessâs, Debûsî, Pezdevî ve Serahsî’nin kitapları arasındaki benzerlikler sadece muhteva ile sınırlı kalmayıp sistematik olarak da birbirine yakındır. Hepsinde kitap-haber (sünnet)-icmâ-kıyas şeklinde dört ana bölüm mevcuttur. Ancak usul ilminin bütün tartışma konularının âdeta bir ağacın dallarının köklerine bağlanması gibi başlıklar, alt başlıklar ve bunların alt başlıkları şeklinde birbirine bağlanması bilinci en güçlü ve tutarlı biçimde Pezdevî’nin çalışmasında karşımıza çıkar. Pezdevî eserinin sistematiğini ilginç bir biçimde dört sayısı etrafında örer: Ana başlıkların yanında hemen bütün alt başlıklar ve onların alt başlıkları dörder tanedir. Nitekim kitabın altında nazım-mâna ikilisinden doğan dil bölümleri dört başlıkta toplanmış, bu alt başlıkların altındaki konular da dörtlü tasnif içinde ele alınmıştır. Kapsam açısından lafızlar dört tanedir; açıklık veya kapalılık bakımından lafızlar dörder dörder bölümlenmiştir; kullanım bakımından lafızlar dörde ayrılır ve nihayet lafızdan istidlâl yolları dört tanedir. Yine sünnetin alt başlıkları, icmâın alt başlıkları ve kıyasın alt başlıkları dörtlü tasnife tâbi kılınmıştır. Pezdevî’nin eserindeki bu özellik Debûsî’nin etkisinden kaynaklanır.
Uṣûlü’l-Pezdevî , fukaha metoduyla yazılan fıkıh usulü edebiyatının nihaî ve olgun düzeyini temsil eden bir klasiktir. Pezdevî’den sonra fıkıh usulü alanında üretilen eserler ve özellikle ders kitapları onun eseri model alınarak yazılmıştır. Bu muhtasar ders kitaplarının en önemlileri, meselâ Ahsîkesî’nin el-Münteḫab ’ı, Ebü’l-Berekât en-Nesefî’nin Menârü’l-envâr ’ı ve Sadrüşşerîa’nın Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’ü hep Uṣûlü’l-Pezdevî ’den yararlanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Mütekellimîn ve fukaha yöntemiyle kaleme alınan eserleri kaynaştırmaya çalışan karma yönteme göre yazılmış eserlerde Muzafferüddin İbnü’s-Sââtî’nin Bedîʿu’n-niẓâm ’ı, Sadrüşşerîa’nın Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’ü ve İbnü’l-Hümâm’ın et-Taḥrîr ’inde olduğu gibi fukaha metodu için genellikle Pezdevî’nin Uṣûl ’ü esas alınmıştır. Eser üzerine yapılan şerh çalışmaları tesbit edilebildiği kadarıyla şunlardır: 1. Hüsâmeddin Hüseyin b. Ali es-Siğnâkī, el-Kâfî fî şerḥi Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî . 704 (1304) yılında tamamlanan eser el-Kâfî şerḥu’l-Pezdevî adıyla beş cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (nşr. Fahreddin S. M. Kanet, Riyad 1422/2001). 2. Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, Keşfü’l-esrâr ʿan Uṣûli Faḫri’l-İslâm Pezdevî . Eserin en güzel ve en büyük şerhi olup bir usûl-i fıkıh külliyatı niteliğindedir (I-IV, Kahire 1307; İstanbul 1307-1308). 3. Kıvâmüddin el-Kâkî, Şerḥu Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Murad Molla, nr. 669). 4. Emîr Kâtib el-İtkānî, eş-Şâmil fî şerḥi Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî . Sekiz ciltlik bir şerhtir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 485, 487, 488, 489, 500). 5. Ekmeleddin el-Bâbertî, et-Taḳrîr fî şerḥi Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 495; Fâtih, nr. 1322, 1323). 6. Vecîhüddin Ömer b. Abdülmuhsin el-Erzincânî, Şerḥu Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî (Edirne Selimiye Ktp., nr. 550, 551). Eser et-Tekmile Şerḥu Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî adıyla da anılmaktadır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 492, 493). 7. Alâeddin Ali b. Muhammed Musannifek, et-Taḥrîr fî şerḥi’l-Uṣûl (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 1324). 8. Molla Hüsrev, Şerḥu Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1141). 9. Ebü’l-Müntehâ Ahmed b. Mehmed Manisavî, Şerḥu Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî (Antalya Elmalı İlçe Halk Ktp., TÜYATOK, nr. 70). Hâşiyeler. 1. Süleyman b. Ahmed es-Sindî, Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî (Millet Ktp., Murad Molla, nr. 642). 2. Hamîdüddin Ali b. Muhammed ed-Darîr, Ḥâşiye (Taʿlîḳa) ʿalâ Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 1319, 1321; Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa, TÜYATOK, nr. 280). 3. Nûreddin Ali b. Ramazan b. Mûsâ el-Buhârî, Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Uṣûli’l-Pezdevî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 1320, müellif nüshası). Kāsım b. Kutluboğa, Pezdevî’nin Uṣûl ’ünün hadislerini ilk defa kendisinin tahriç ettiğini belirtmiş (Tâcü’t-terâcim , s. 164) ve bu çalışma günümüze ulaşmıştır.
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Muhammed Hamîdullah, “Usûl al-Fıkh’ın Tarihi”, İTED , II/1 (1957), s. 1-18.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 264-266 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.