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RAMAZAN Skip to content Oruç tutmanın farz olduğu hicrî yılın dokuzuncu ayı.
1/2 Müellif: HACI MEHMET GÜNAY Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “günün çok sıcak olması, güneşin kum ve taşları çok ısıtması, kızgın yerde yalınayak yürümekle ayakların yanması” anlamlarındaki ramad masdar…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
Kültür ve Edebiyat. Ramazanla birlikte sosyal hayatta görülen hareketlilik ve değişmeler kültür, edebiyat ve sanat dünyasına yansımış ve bir ramazan f…
Sözlükte “günün çok sıcak olması, güneşin kum ve taşları çok ısıtması, kızgın yerde yalınayak yürümekle ayakların yanması” anlamlarındaki ramad masdarından veya “güneşin güçlü ısısından çok fazla kızmış yer” mânasındaki ramdâ’ kelimesinden türeyen ramazân kamerî yılın şâbandan sonra, şevvalden önce gelen dokuzuncu ayının adıdır. “Yaz sonunda ve güz mevsiminin başlarında yağıp yeryüzünü tozdan temizleyen yağmur” anlamındaki ramadî kelimesinden ya da “kılıcı veya ok demirini inceltip keskinleştirmek için iki yalçın taş arasına koyup dövmek” anlamındaki ramd masdarından türediği de ileri sürülmüştür. Genellikle “şehr” (ay) kelimesine izâfe edilip şehru ramazân şeklinde kullanılır. Zayıf bir hadise (Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ , IV, 201-202; Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî, II, 187) ve bazı tâbiîn sözlerine dayanan bir kısım âlimler ramazanın Allah’ın isimlerinden biri olduğunu, dolayısıyla “ay” kelimesini zikretmeksizin veya oruç ayının kastedildiğine dair bir karîne olmadan tek başına kullanılmasının câiz olmadığını ileri sürmüşse de bu görüş çoğunluk tarafından isabetli bulunmamıştır. Buhârî ve Nesâî birer bab ayırarak ramazan kelimesinin tek başına geçtiği hadisleri zikretmişlerdir (Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 5; Nesâî, “Ṣıyâm”, 6). Bu ayın İslâm’dan önce Arab-ı bâide (Âd ve Semûd) döneminde “deymur” veya “ẕeymur” diye adlandırılıp senenin bu ayla başlatıldığı, Arab-ı âribe döneminde de “nâtık” veya “nâfik” ismiyle anıldığı, ramazan isminin ise hicrî takvimde yer alan diğer ay isimleriyle birlikte Arab-ı müsta‘ribe devrinde kullanılmaya başlandığı, İslâmiyet’in ortaya çıktığı dönemde de Araplar’ın bu isimleri kullanmakta olduğu nakledilir. Bazı kaynaklarda, bu isimlerin milâdî V. yüzyılın başlarında Hz. Peygamber’in beşinci dedesi Kilâb b. Mürre tarafından belirlendiği kaydedilmektedir. Klasik kaynaklarda “ramazânü’l-muazzam” olarak da adlandırıldığı belirtilen bu ay (Kalkaşendî, II, 405) Osmanlı belgelerinde (ن ) kısaltmasıyla gösterilmiş ve “mübarek, şerif, mükerrem” gibi sıfatlarla birlikte yazılmıştır.
Kaynaklarda bu aya ramazan adının niçin verildiği hakkında farklı açıklamalar yer alır. En fazla kabul gören yoruma göre bu ay rastladığı mevsim gereği çok sıcak ve yakıcı bir özelliğe sahip olduğu için bu adla anılmıştır. Kamerî takvimde yer alan “cumâdâ” ve “rebî‘” gibi ay adlarının da belirli mevsimlere ve hava şartlarına işaret etmesi bu açıklamayı destekler niteliktedir (bk. CEMÂZİYELEVVEL ; REBÎÜLEVVEL ). Kamerî aylar belirli mevsimlerde sabit olmayıp farklı mevsimleri dolaştığı için bu izahı benimseyen bilginler, Araplar’ın kamerî ayların eski adlarını değiştirirken her aya tesadüf ettiği zamanın özelliğine göre isim verdiklerini, ramazan isminin konulmasının da şiddetli sıcaklığın hüküm sürdüğü bir mevsime denk geldiğini belirtir. Bazı kaynaklarda Araplar’ın bu isimleri tesbit ederken soğuk ve sıcağın aylara göre yer değiştirdiğini bilmedikleri kaydedilmektedir (Mes‘ûdî, II, 204). Ancak kamerî ayların mevsimlerle irtibatında Araplar’ın nesî uygulamasını da göz önünde bulundurmak gerekir (Cevâd Ali, VIII, 459-462). Nitekim kaynaklar, Araplar’ın haram aylarla ilgili kuralların getirdiği kısıtlamalardan kurtulmak ve hac merasimini daha uygun iklim şartlarında yapmak amacıyla nesî uygulamasına gittiklerini, bunun için bir taraftan ayların yerlerini değiştirirken bir taraftan da seneyi iki veya üç yılda bir on üç aya çıkararak güneş takviminde olduğu gibi ayların her zaman belirli mevsimlere denk gelmesini sağladıklarını bildirmektedir.
Ramazan kelimesinin kök anlamıyla ilgili olarak oruç tutulan bu ayda açlık ve susuzluğun etkisiyle insanın içinin yandığı, orucun hararetiyle günahların yakıldığı, güz yağmurlarının yeryüzünü yıkadığı gibi ramazan orucunun da müminleri günahlardan yıkayıp temizlediği için aya bu ismin verildiği yönünde bazı kitaplarda yer alan açıklamaların ise İslâm’dan sonra orucun etkilerine bakılarak yapılan ve tarihî bilgilerle pek örtüşmeyen yakıştırmalar olduğu anlaşılmaktadır; çünkü hicrî takvimde yer alan ay isimlerinin İslâm’dan önce konulduğunda şüphe yoktur.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de adı geçen ve değerine vurgu yapılan yegâne ay ramazan ayıdır. Orucun farz kılındığını bildiren âyetlerin hemen ardından ramazanın insanlara doğru yolu gösteren ve hakkı bâtıldan ayıran Kur’an’ın indirildiği ay olduğu belirtilir ve bu aya ulaşanların oruç tutması emredilir (el-Bakara 2/185). Hadis kaynaklarında da Hz. Peygamber’den nakledilen, ramazan ayının fazileti, başlangıcının ve sonunun nasıl tesbit edileceği, süresi ve bu aya mahsus ibadetlerle ilgili çok sayıda rivayet yer almaktadır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “rmḍ” md.). Klasik ve çağdaş literatürde ramazana dair hadisleri derleyen müstakil eserler mevcuttur (bk. bibl.). Resûl-i Ekrem, “mübarek bir ay” olarak nitelendirdiği ramazan ayı girdiğinde cennet kapılarının açılıp cehennem kapılarının kapandığını ve şeytanların bağlandığını (Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 5; Müslim, “Ṣıyâm”, 1, 2), inanarak ve karşılığını Allah’tan bekleyerek ramazan orucunu tutan kişinin geçmiş günahlarının bağışlanacağını (Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 6; Müslim, “Müsâfirîn”, 175) haber vermektedir. Nitekim rivayetler ramazan geldiğinde Resûlullah’ın mânevî yaşantısında farkedilecek derecede bir değişiklik meydana geldiğini, bu ayda Cebrâil ile buluşup karşılıklı Kur’an okuduklarını, özellikle bu günlerde onun cömertliğinin doruk noktasına ulaştığını (Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 7; Müslim, “Feżâʾil”, 50), ramazan ayının son on günü girdiğinde onun geceleri ihya edip ev halkını uyandırdığını ve kendisini tamamen ibadete hasrederek eşleriyle ilişkisini kestiğini (Buhârî, “Leyletü’l-Ḳadr”, 5; Müslim, “İʿtikâf”, 7, 8) bildirmektedir.
Müslümanlarca sabır, ibadet, rahmet, mağfiret ve bereket ayı olarak kabul edilen, büyük bir coşku ve heyecanla karşılanan ramazanın başlıca özellikleri şu şekilde sıralanabilir: 1. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm bu ayda indirilmeye başlanmış olup âyet ve hadislerde bin aydan daha hayırlı olduğu bildirilen (el-Kadr 97/3; Nesâî, “Ṣıyâm”, 5) Kadir gecesi de bu ayın içindedir. Bir âyette Kur’an’ın ramazan ayında, bir başka âyette mübarek bir gecede, bir diğerinde Kadir gecesinde inmeye başladığı haber verilmektedir (el-Bakara 2/185; ed-Duhân 44/1-3; el-Kadr 97/1). Kadir gecesi ramazan içinde mübarek bir gece olduğundan âyetler arasında bir çelişki yoktur. 2. İslâm’ın beş şartından biri olan oruç bu ayda tutulur (el-Bakara 2/183-185; Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 1; Müslim, “Îmân”, 8, 9). 3. Hz. Peygamber’in inanarak ve sevabını Allah’tan bekleyerek kılan kişinin geçmiş günahlarının bağışlanacağını bildirdiği ve kendisi de bizzat kılarak ümmeti için sünnet olduğunu gösterdiği (Buhârî, “Ṣalâtü’t-terâvîḥ”, 1; Müslim, “Müsâfirîn”, 173-178) teravih namazı bu aya mahsus ibadetlerdendir. 4. Malî bir ibadet olan fitrenin (fıtır sadakası) bu ayın sonunda ve bayramdan önce ödenmesi gerekir. Bu ayda yapılan diğer yardımların da öteki aylara göre daha sevap ve faziletli olduğuna dair hadisler vardır (Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 7; Müslim, “Feżâʾil”, 50; Tirmizî, “Zekât”, 28). Bu sebeple, ramazanda ödenmesi gerekli olmamakla birlikte müslümanlar zekâtlarını bu ayda ödemeyi âdet haline getirmişlerdir. 5. Bu ayın sonunda itikâfa girmek sünnettir. Kaynaklar Resûl-i Ekrem’in ramazanın son on gününde itikâfa girdiğini ve bu âdetini vefatına kadar devam ettirdiğini, onun ardından hanımlarının da itikâfa girdiğini (Buhârî, “İʿtikâf”, 1; Müslim, “İʿtikâf”, 1-5) haber vermektedir. 6. Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer alan bazı hadislerde bu ayda umre yapanın hac sevabı alacağı ifade edilirken (Buhârî, “ʿUmre”, 4; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 221, 222), zayıf olduğu kaydedilen bazı hadislerde ise diğer ibadet ve amellere de öteki aylara göre daha çok mükâfat verileceği bildirilmiştir (İbn Huzeyme, eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ , III, 191-192; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, Şuʿabü’l-îmân , V, 224). 7. Kur’an ayı denilen ramazan ayında çokça Kur’an okuyup tefekkür etmek müstehap kabul edilmiştir. Hz. Peygamber’in Cebrâil ile karşılıklı Kur’an okumasına dayanan mukabele uygulaması da bu aya mahsus geleneklerdendir.
Ramazan ayının girmesi orucun vücûb sebebini oluşturduğundan bu ayın başlangıç ve bitişinin nasıl tesbit edileceği hususu fıkıh kitaplarında geniş biçimde incelenmiş, günümüz şartlarında bu konuda izlenebilecek yöntemlerin belirlenip müslümanlar arasında birliğin sağlanması amacıyla toplantılar düzenlenmiştir (bk. HİLÂL ). Her zaman sevinç ve coşkuyla karşılanan ramazan ayında çeşitli etkinlikler gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu çerçevede ülkemizde ve İslâm dünyasında ramazana has birçok dinî ve sosyal içerikli gelenek oluşmuştur. Camilerde kandillerin yakılması, minareler arasına mahya kurulması, iftar davetleri, ihtiyaç sahiplerine yardımların arttırılması sokaklarda davul çalınıp mâniler söylenerek sahur vaktinin halka duyurulması, ramazan gecelerinde oyun ve eğlencelerin tertiplenmesi, ramazana has yiyeceklerin hazırlanması gibi uygulamalar farklı şekillerde de olsa varlığını sürdürmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “rmḍ” md.
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İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ, Feżâʾilü ramażân (nşr. Abdullah b. Hamed el-Mansûr), Riyad 1415.
İbn Huzeyme, eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ (nşr. Muhammed Mustafa el-A‘zâmî), Beyrut 1395/1975, III, 191-192.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , II, 204-208.
Bîrûnî, el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye ʿani’l-ḳurûni’l-ḫâliye (nşr. C. E. Sachau), Leipzig 1923, s. 60-63, 68-69, 325, 331-333.
Beyhakī, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ , IV, 201-202.
a.mlf., Şuʿabü’l-îmân (nşr. M. Saîd b. Besyûnî Zağlûl), Beyrut 1410/1990, III, 305-306.
a.mlf., Feżâʾilü’l-evḳāt (nşr. Adnân Abdurrahman Mecîd el-Kaysî), Mekke 1410/1990, s. 135-324.
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Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin) , II, 401-407.
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Abdülganî b. İsmâil en-Nablusî, Feżâʾilü’ş-şühûr ve’l-eyyâm (nşr. Mustafa Abdülkādir Atâ), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 44-54.
Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, Bulûġu’l-ereb (nşr. M. Behcet el-Eserî), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), III, 76-80.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , I, 642-644; IV, 2529-2531.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VIII, 454-462.
S. D. Goitein, Studies in Islamic History and Institutions , Leiden 1968, s. 90-110.
a.mlf., “Zur Entstehung des Ramaḍān”, Isl. , XVIII/3-4 (1929), s. 189-195.
Enîs Ferîha, Esmâʾü’l-eşhür ve’l-ʿaded ve’l-eyyâm ve tefsîrü meʿânîhâ , Trablus 1988, s. 73-75.
M. Plessner, “Ramaḍān”, EI2 (İng.) , VIII, 417-418.
“Rüʾyetü’l-hilâl”, Mv.F , XXII, 22-40.
“Ramażân”, a.e. , XXIII, 140-146.
A. Neuwirth, “Ramadān”, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān (nşr. J. D. McAuliffe), Leiden 2004, IV, 338-348.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 433-435 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu bölüm en son 02.05.2020 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.
Kültür ve Edebiyat. Ramazanla birlikte sosyal hayatta görülen hareketlilik ve değişmeler kültür, edebiyat ve sanat dünyasına yansımış ve bir ramazan folkloru ortaya çıkmıştır. Ramazan, divan edebiyatında ramazâniyye ve bayramiyye gibi şiir türleri yanında kaside ve gazellerden beyit ve müfredlere kadar değişik formlarda estetik yönleriyle yer bulmuştur. Dinî-tasavvufî Türk edebiyatında ise ramazanın yansımaları daha çok didaktik örneklerle ortaya konmuştur. Batı tesiri altında gelişen yeni Türk edebiyatında da ramazana dair şiir, fıkra, hâtıra, deneme, mektup türlerinde zengin bir edebî birikim bulunmaktadır.
Edebî eserlere ramazanla ilgili olarak yansımış bulunan uygulamaları hilâlin görüldüğünü ve ramazanın başladığını ilân için atılan toplar, yakılan mahyalar ve uçurulan kandiller, ramazanda dolup taşan camiler, vaazlar, türbe ve kabir ziyaretleri, cami ve evlerde okunan mukabeleler, selâtin camileri avlularında açılan ramazan sergileri, çarşı ve pazarlar, iftar ziyafetleri, sahur yemekleri, ramazanın etkilemesiyle öne çıkan Bektaşîler, tiryakiler, ramazan mollaları, ramazan mânileri, hırka-i şerif ziyareti, Kadir alayları, Kadir gecesi ve bayram kutlamaları olarak kaydetmek mümkündür.
Ramazana ait edebî örnekler bazan müstakil eserlerde, bazan da farklı konularda yazılmış kitaplarda ayrı başlıklar altında yer almıştır. Ramazan ve oruçla beraber teravih, mukabele, Kadir gecesi ve faziletleri, bayram, fıtır sadakası gibi konular dinî-tasavvufî mesnevilerle din, ahlâk ve âdâb gibi konularda bilgi veren eserlerde ve manzum ilmihal kitaplarında ele alınmıştır. XV. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde yazılmış manzum bir ilmihal olan Devletoğlu Yûsuf’un Vikāyenâme ’si, Hatiboğlu Mehmed’in Bahrü’l-hakāik adlı mesnevisinin ikinci bölümü, İbrâhim Tennûrî’nin Gülzâr-ı Ma‘nevî ’sinin 100 beyitlik “Beyân-i Savm-ı Ma‘nevî” bölümüyle Nahîfî’nin Fazîlet-i Savm adıyla neşredilen mesnevisi bu tür eserler hakkında fikir veren örneklerdendir.
İftar ve sahur sofralarından ziyaret edilecek camilere ve çeşitli ramazan âdetlerine kadar geniş bir alanı içine alan ramazan destan ve mânileri ramazan edebiyatına ayrı bir renk katmıştır. Eyüplü Mustafa Şükrü’nün Ramazan ve Bayram Davulcusu (İstanbul 1338 r./1340), Mehmed Halid Bayrı’nın Bekçi ve Ramazan Manileri (İstanbul 1959), Âmil Çelebioğlu’nun Ramazannâme ’si (İstanbul 1973), M. Sabri Koz’un Bekçi Baba: Ramazan Fasılları (İstanbul 1998) adlı derlemesi bu gibi destan ve mânileri ihtiva etmektedir.
Dinî Türk mûsikisinde önemli bir yer tutan ramazan ilâhileri de güfteleri itibariyle bu edebiyatın türleri arasında yer alır (bk. RAMAZAN İLÂHİSİ ). Adında latife, letâif, fıkra gibi kelimelerin bulunduğu kitaplarda ramazanla ilgili fıkralar yer almaktadır. Bunların birçoğu ramazan fıkraları genel başlığı altında bir araya toplanarak yayımlanmıştır. Mehmed Hilmî b. Osman’ın Ramazan Geceleri Eğlenceleri (İstanbul 1326) ve Gülünçlü Letâif-i Ramazan ’ı (İstanbul 1327), Fikret Madaralı’nın Top Patladı Oruç Bozuldu adlı eseri (İstanbul 1948), Selahattin Güngör’ün Ramazan Fıkraları ile (İstanbul 1954) Mahmut Bayraktaroğlu’nun Ramazan Fıkraları (İstanbul 1966) bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Bu tür eserlerde Bektaşî, Nasreddin Hoca, İncili Çavuş, Bekri Mustafa, tiryaki, ramazan mollası (ramazan ayında cerre çıkan medrese talebesi) gibi tiplere izâfetle anlatılan fıkraların yanı sıra daha genel anlamda kişi ve olaylara bağlı olarak anlatılan fıkralar da vardır.
Tezkere, risâle, tebrik ve davetiyeler de ramazandan bahseden edebî eserler arasında zikredilmelidir. Nâmık Kemal’in Tasvîr-i Efkâr ’da neşrettiği 1283 (1867) ramazanına ait müşahedelerini aktaran Ramazan Mektubu türün en tanınmış örneğidir. Nurefşan Çağlaroğlu’nun derlediği, çocukların ramazana ait duygularını aktaran Ramazan Mektupları (İstanbul 2004) türün yeni bir boyutunu oluşturmaktadır.
Hâtırat türü eserlerde ramazanla ilgili zengin malzeme bulunmaktadır. Çaylak Tevfik’in İstanbul’da Bir Sene (1299-1300), Semih Mümtaz S.’nin Tarihimizde Hayal Olmuş Hakikatler (İstanbul 1948), Ahmed Esad Benim’in Ramazan Geldi Hoş Geldi (İstanbul 1949), Halit Fahri Ozansoy’un Eski İstanbul Ramazanları: Bütün Âdetleri, Eğlenceleri, Hatıraları, Fıkraları (İstanbul 1968), Balıkhâne Nâzırı Ali Rızâ Bey’in İstanbul’da Ramazan Mevsimi (haz. Ali Şükrü Çoruk, İstanbul 1998), Ahmet Süheyl Ünver’in Bir Ramazan Binbir İstanbul (haz. İsmail Kara, İstanbul 1997) adlı eserleri bunlardan bazılarıdır. Bir tekke mensubu olan Ahmed Esad Benim’in eseri ramazanların toplum hayatına getirdiği değişikliklere zamanın tanınmış imam, hâfız ve vâizlerinin isimlerine varıncaya kadar temas etmiş olması bakımından önemlidir. XX. yüzyılın başlarında bazı yayınevleri tanınmış yazarlara ramazan dolayısıyla armağan türü kitaplar hazırlatmıştır. Abdullah Cevdet’in (İbn-i Ömer Cevdet adıyla) Ramazan Bahçesi ’yle (İstanbul 1308) Muhammed Şemseddin (İstanbul 1308), Şerefeddin Mağmûmî (İstanbul 1311) ve Hâfız Mustafa Remzi’nin Ramazan Hediyesi (İstanbul 1338 r./1340) bunlar arasında zikredilebilir. Ramazan birçok şarkiyatçı ve yabancı yazarın ilgisini çekmiştir. Miss Julia Pardoe, Edmondo de Amicis, Charles White, Robert Mantran, Russell Aleksandre, Erwin Rüsehkamp gibi isimlerin hâtıra ve yazıları yanında Gérard de Nerval’in Doğuya Seyahat Ramazan Geceleri (trc. Muharrem Taşcıoğlu, Ankara 1984) adlı eseri doğrudan ramazanı konu alan bir örnektir.
XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren gazete ve dergilerde ramazanın dinî ve folklorik yönlerini öne çıkaran birçok yazı yayımlanmıştır. Bu konudaki yazılarıyla bilinen Ahmed Râsim’in doğrudan ramazanla ilgili gazete yazıları Muzaffer Gökman tarafından sadeleştirilerek Ramazan Sohbetleri adıyla yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 1967). Cenab Şahabeddin’in 1920 yılı ramazanında Alemdar gazetesinde çıkan yazılarını Abdullah Uçman İstanbul’da Bir Ramazan adıyla derlemiş (İstanbul 1994), eserin ikinci baskısına yazarın 1922’de Peyam-Sabah gazetesinde çıkan on üç makalesini de eklemiştir (İstanbul 2006).
Ramazan din hizmetleriyle vaaz ve irşad hayatına farklı yaklaşımlar getirmiştir. Osmanlı sarayının bu konudaki geleneksel uygulaması XVIII. yüzyılda başlayıp XX. yüzyıla kadar sürmüş olan huzur dersleridir (bk. HUZUR DERSLERİ ). Halk arasında yaygın olan irşad uygulaması kürsü şeyhlerinin ve vâizlerin selâtin camilerinde verdiği vaazlardır. Köyler dahil bütün yerleşim birimlerini kapsayan daha yaygın bir uygulama ise medreselerde okuyan talebenin dinî hizmetler için ülke sathına yayılmasıdır. Öğrencilerin hem pratiklerini geliştirme hem harçlıklarını çıkarma hem de kitlelere din hizmeti götürme yolundaki bu çalışmalarına halk arasında “cerre çıkma” adı verilmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren bu ay boyunca her gün yapılması gereken vaazlar için özel kitaplar hazırlanmıştır. Kâmil Miras’ın Ramazan Musâhabeleri (İstanbul 1949), Yakup Altın’ın Otuz Ramazan Otuz Mevıza Vaaz Notlarım (İstanbul 1969), Abdullah Nasıh Ulyan’ın Otuz Ramazan-ı Şerif Vaazı (İstanbul, ts.) bu tür eserlerin örneklerindendir.
Kıraati düzgün imam ve hâfızların saray, konak ve evlerde teravih kıldırmak, mukabele okumak üzere ücretle tutulması ramazana has bir uygulamadır. Mukabele okutan kişiler Kadir gecesi veya bayram öncesinde devrin bir duahanına hatim duası yaptırırlardı. Duahanların ağdalı bir Türkçe ile yaptıkları bu duaların özelliği hatim sahiplerinin bütün geçmişlerinin dua metni içinde adları sayılarak zikredilmesidir. İftar sofralarında ve özellikle padişahların verdiği iftarlarda topluca yapılan dualarla ramazan vaazları öncesi ve sonrasında yapılan dualar da burada zikredilmelidir. Edirne Müftüsü Fevzi Efendi’nin Mevhibetü’l-vehhâb fî ta‘bîrâti’l-elkāb ve münâcâti rabbi’l-erbâb adlı kitabında (İstanbul 1314) bu tür dualara birçok örnek mevcuttur.
Gazete ve dergilerde eskiden beri ramazan sayfaları hazırlanmış, bu gelenek daha sonra yaygınlaşan radyo ve televizyon yayınlarıyla da sürdürülmüştür. Eyüp Sabri Hayırlıoğlu, Mustafa Âsım Köksal, Mustafa Runyun, Kemal Edip Kürkçüoğlu gibi isimler Türkiye radyolarında dinî sohbetlerin yayımlanmaya başlandığı 1952’den itibaren radyoda bu ayla ilgili konuşmalar yapmışlardır; bu konuşmalar daha sonra kitap haline getirilmiştir: Radyo Konuşmaları: Ramazan 1966-1967 (Ankara 1967), Radyoda 1967 Ramazanı Dinî Ahlâkî İftar Sohbetleri (Ankara 1963). Kemal Edip Kürkçüoğlu’nun Ramazan’a Girerken adlı eseri (Ankara 1956) özellikle dinî konuların anlatımında geliştirdiği ifade tarzıyla dikkati çekmektedir. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’nın yayımladığı Radyoda Dinî ve Ahlâkî Konuşmalar adlı hacimli eserde de (Ankara 1954-1955) ramazan konusunda birçok konuşma metni yer almaktadır.
Yeni Türk edebiyatında ramazanla ilgili şiirler bir hayli yekün tutar. Bunların bir kısmında Osmanlı Devleti’nin çöküş süreci içinde bulunduğu yıllarda yazılmış olmaları sebebiyle bir münâcât havası hâkimdir. Mehmed Âkif Ersoy’un 1910 yılında kaleme aldığı, “Yâ rab, şu muazzam ramazan hürmetine / Kaldır aradan vahdete hâil ne ise” beytiyle başlayan şiiri bunların karakteristik örneğidir. Tevfik Fikret’in “Ramazan”, yine Mehmed Âkif’in “Bayram”, Yahya Kemal Beyatlı’nın “Atik Valde’den İnen Sokakta” isimli şiirleri de ramazanla ilgili tanınmış örnekler arasında zikredilebilir. Fevziye Abdullah Tansel’in Dinî Şiirler (Ankara 1962), Filiz Kılıç ve Muhsin Macit’in Türk Edebiyatında Ramazan Şiirleri: Güldeste (Ankara 1995) adlı derlemelerinde bu tür şiirlerin değişik örnekleri bulunmaktadır. Özlem Olgun’un hazırladığı Ramazan Kitabı da (İstanbul 2000) bu çeşit yazı ve hâtıraların pek çoğunun yer aldığı hacimli bir antolojidir.
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Hüseyin Elmalı, “Erzurum’dan Ramazan Hatıraları”, Diyanet Dergisi , sy. 122, Ankara 2001, s. 36-43.
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Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 435-437 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.