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RASSÂS Skip to content Ebû Muhammed Hüsâmüddîn el-Hasen b. Muhammed b. el-Hasen er-Rassâs (ö. 584/1188)
Zeydî kelâmcısı ve fıkıh âlimi.
546 (1151) yılında doğdu. Kendisi ismini, İbn Metteveyh’e ait el-Mecmûʿ fi’l-Muḥîṭ bi’t-teklîf adlı eserin kendisinde bulunan bir nüshasının kenarına düştüğü notta Hasan b. Muhammed b. Hasan b. Ebû Bekir Muhammed er-Rassâs olarak kaydeder. Kaynaklarda genellikle Ebû Muhammed künyesiyle anılırken bazan Ebû Ali ve Ebü’l-Hasan künyeleri de zikredilir. Soyu Necid kökenli Cüheyne kabilesine dayanır. Atalarından bazıları Yemen’de Zeydî imâmetini kuran Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin’in (ö. 298/911) ashabındandır. Brockelmann onun Usvan’da (Asvan) doğduğunu ve Fâtımîler tarafından Yemen’e elçi olarak gönderildiğini, Mısır’da halifeliğini ilân ettiğini, fakat Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin Mısır’ı fethetmesiyle buradan kaçtığını yazarsa da (GAL Suppl. , I, 700) bütün bu bilgiler yanlıştır. Bu hata, Brockelmann’ın kaynak olarak kullandığı ve Rassâs ile çağdaşı Kādî Reşîd olarak bilinen Ebü’l-Hasan Ahmed b. Ali b. İbrâhim b. Zübeyr el-Gassânî el-Asvânî arasındaki tartışmayı İbn Ebü’r-Ricâl’in Maṭlaʿu’l-büdûr ’undan aktaran Griffini’yi yanlış anlaması ve burada Kādî Reşîd hakkında verilen bilgileri Rassâs’a atfetmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır.
Rassâs, Yemen Zeydîleri içinde Basra Mu‘tezilesi’nin görüşlerini benimseyenlerle Bağdat Mu‘tezilesi’nin öğretisini benimseyen Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin’in görüşleri temelinde yükselen ve bu sebeple Bağdat Mu‘tezilesi’ne yakın olan, önderliğini Mutarrif eş-Şihâbî’nin yaptığı Mutarrifiyye mezhebinin mensupları arasında yoğun tartışmaların gerçekleştiği bir dönemde yaşadı. Kendisi, bu mücadelede aktif bir şekilde yer alan ve Mutarrifiyye’yi sert bir dille eleştiren Kādî Ca‘fer b. Ahmed’in (ö. 573/1177) öğrencisidir. Kādî Ca‘fer’den büyük bir ihtimalle medresesinin bulunduğu Senâ’da ilim tahsil etmeye başladı. Zeyd b. Ali’nin el-Mecmûʿ , Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın el-Emâlî , Ebû Ali es-Saffâr’ın Kitâbü’l-Erbaʿîn ile Ḥadîs̱ü’l-ʿâbid adlı eserlerini hocasından 557’de (1162) okumuş olması ilim tahsiline erken yaşta başladığını göstermektedir. Henüz on dört yaşında iken edebiyat, on beş yaşında iken kelâm alanında eser yazdı. Kādî Ca‘fer’in ölümünden sonra onun öğrencileri tarafından önder kabul edildi. Böylece yirmi beş yaşında hocasının yerini aldı ve telif faaliyetleri yanında öğrenci okutmaya başladı. Yetiştirdiği öğrencilerin başında Yemen’deki Zeydîler Devleti’nin 1187-1217 yılları arasında imamlığını yapan Mansûr-Billâh Abdullah b. Hamza gelir. Şehâbeddin Ebü’l-Kāsım b. Hüseyin b. Şebîb et-Tihâmî, Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Velîd el-Kureşî, Süleyman b. Abdullah el-Hurâşî ve kendi oğlu Ahmed b. Hasan önde gelen diğer öğrencileridir. Rassâs 28 Şevval 584 (20 Aralık 1188) tarihinde erken yaşta San‘a’da vefat etti, burada hocasının mezarının yanına defnedildi. Rassâs’ın soyundan pek çok âlim yetişmiştir. Bunların içinde oğlu Ahmed b. Hasan ile “Hafîd” lakabıyla bilinen torunu Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Hasan en tanınmış olanlarıdır.
Kaynaklarda yaşadığı dönemin önde gelen Zeydî âlimi olarak nitelendirilen Rassâs vefatında, “Kelâm ilmi öldü” denilecek kadar (Abdullah b. Miftâh, I, 46) kelâm ilmindeki vukufuyla öne çıkmıştır. Basra Mu‘tezilesi’nin ve özellikle Behşemiyye ekolünün görüşlerini benimseyen bir âlim olarak ilmî mücadelesini özellikle Mutarrifiyye’ye karşı yapmıştır. Bunun yanında, Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin fikirleri temelinde yükselerek Basra Mu‘tezilesi içinde Behşemiyye’ye rakip olarak çıkan ve etkisi Yemen’de gittikçe yayılmaya başlayan Hüseyniyye ekolüne karşı da mücadele vermiştir. Rassâs’ın kelâm alanındaki eserleri daha ziyade “dakīku’l-kelâm” denilen tabiat konularına yoğunlaşmıştır. Bunda rakip ekol Mutarrifiyye’nin Basra Mu‘tezilesi’nin tabiat konusundaki görüşlerini eleştirmesinin payı büyüktür.
Eserleri. 1. Kitâbü’l-Müʾes̱s̱irât ve miftâḥi’l-müşkilât. Rassâs’ın en meşhur eseridir. Kitap Allah’ın sadece cisimleri yarattığını, cisimlerdeki oluşların, değişikliklerin ise Allah’a bağlı olmadan meydana geldiğini, diğer bir ifadeyle arazların illetinin cisimlerin bizzat kendisi olup doğrudan Allah tarafından yaratılmadığını söyleyerek tabiatta keskin bir sebeplilik anlayışını kabul eden Mutarrifiyye’nin iddialarını reddetmek amacıyla yazılmıştır. Rassâs eserinde, daha önce Hâkim el-Cüşemî’nin et-Teʾs̱îr ve’l-müʾes̱s̱ir ’inde yaptığına benzer şekilde kavram analizleri yapar. Öncelikle “bir hükmü yahut sıfatı ortaya koyan şey” diye tanımladığı müessirleri ve müessir yerine geçen unsurları fâil, illet, sebep, muktezî, şart ve dâî şeklinde belirleyip tariflerini verir. Ardından bu müessirlerin etkiye yol açmasını tercih (sıhhat ve ihtiyar) ve zorunluluk (îcâb) ekseninde inceler. Eser boyunca müessirleri bu iki temel kriter (etkiyi tercihe dayalı yahut zorunlu olarak ortaya koyma) çevresinde çeşitli şekillerde tasnif ederek bunların birbiriyle olan benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını ortaya koyar, böylece Mutarrifiyye’nin katı sebeplilik anlayışını reddetmeyi mümkün kılacak kavramsal bir alt yapı hazırlamaya çalışır. Pek çok yazma nüshası bulunan eser Jan Thiele tarafından Kausalität in der mu’tazilitischen Kosmologie adı altında detaylı bir analizle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Das Kitāb al-Mu’aththirāt wa-miftāh al-muškilāt des Zayditen al-Ḥasan ar-Raṣṣāṣ [st. 584/1188] , Leiden-Boston 2011). Zeydî âlimi Ali b. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Bekrî esere Şerḥu’l-Müʾes̱s̱irât olarak da bilinen Miṣbâḥu’ẓ-ẓulumât fî keşfi meʿâni’l-Müʾes̱s̱irât adıyla bir şerh yazmıştır. 2. el-Kâşif li’l-beṣâʾir ʿan is̱bâti’l-cevâhir. Yine atomculuk teorisini reddeden ve bölünemeyen cüzü (cüz’-i lâ yetecezzâ) kabul etmeyen Mutarrifiyye fırkasına karşı bölünemeyen cüzlerin varlığını kanıtlamaya yönelik bir eserdir. Bilinen tek nüshası Milano’dadır (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ar., nr. E 460/II, vr. 25-110). 3. el-Muḫtaṣar fî is̱bâti’l-aʿrâż. Atomcu âlem anlayışının iki temel kategorisinden biri olan arazlar hakkında yazılan bu eserde Rassâs, arazları idrak edilebilen ve idrak edilemeyenler olmak üzere sınıflandırarak bunların varlıklarını kanıtlamaya çalışır (Milano Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ar., nr. E 460/V, vr. 138-145). 4. Mesʾele fî keyfiyyeti’l-aʿrâż (Keyfiyyetü vücûdi’l-aʿrâżi’l-mûṣıle fî beyâni ẕâlike ilâ eblaġi’l-aġrâż). Rassâs’ın arazları varlığa geliş biçimlerine göre düzenlediği bir eserdir (San‘a el-Câmiu’l-kebîr; el-Mektebetü’l-garbiyye, nr. 3255, vr. 11-18; Dahyân Mektebetü Muhammed b. Abdülazîm el-Hâdî). 5. Keyfiyyetü keşfi’l-aḥkâm ve’ṣ-ṣıfât ʿan ḫaṣâʾiṣi’l-müʾes̱s̱irât ve’l-muḳteżiyât. Basra Mu‘tezilesi’nin sıfat anlayışına dair olan eseri Rassâs öğrencisi Ebü’l-Kāsım et-Tihâmî’nin teşvikiyle yazmıştır ve onun Basra Mu‘tezilî öğretisine yönelik eğiliminin en belirgin şekilde görüldüğü kitaptır. Rassâs, burada bazı küçük değişikliklerle birlikte büyük oranda Ebû Hâşim el-Cübbâî’nin zât-sıfat ilişkisini açıklamak için geliştirdiği ahvâl teorisini kabul eder (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, Glaser, nr. 29, vr. 1-61; nr. 80, vr. 64-113; Leiden Universiteitsbibliothek, Or., nr. 6355/5, vr. 171-236; Dahyân Mektebetü Muhammed b. Abdülazîm el-Hâdî, Sa‘de Mektebetü Âli’l-Hâşimî, nr. 181/3). Kāsım b. Ahmed b. Humeyd el-Mahallî (VIII./XIV. asrın ilk yarısı) esere Taʿlîḳa ʿale’l-Keyfiyye başlığıyla bir ta‘lik kaleme almıştır. 6. et-Taḥṣîl fi’t-tevḥîd ve’t-taʿdîl (Kitâbü’t-Taḥṣîl fî ʿilmi’l-uṣûl). Geliştirilmiş bir kelâm kitabı mahiyetindeki eser tevhid, sıfatlar, adalet, nübüvvet, imâmet, emir bi’l-ma‘rûf ve nehiy ani’l-münker, va‘d-vaîd, el-menzile beyne’l-menzileteyn konularını içerir (Milano Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ar., nr. E 206/II, vr. 212-284). Eser üzerine Rassâs’ın oğlu Ahmed er-Rassâs et-Teẕkire li-fevâʾidi’t-Taḥṣîl (kısa bir şerh), öğrencisi Süleyman el-Hurâşî Kitâbü’t-Tafṣîl li-cümeli’t-Taḥṣîl (hacimli şerh), Ebü’l-Kāsım et-Tihâmî’nin talebesi olan diğer bir öğrencisi Hüseyin b. Müsellem et-Tihâmî de el-İklîl şerḥu meʿâni’t-Taḥṣîl adıyla bir şerh yazmıştır. 7. et-Tibyân li-Yâḳūteti’l-îmân ve vâsiṭati’l-burhân. Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın öğrencisi Ebü’l-Fazl Abbas b. Şervîn’in Yâḳūtetü’l-îmân ve vâsıṭatü’l-burhân fî uṣûli’d-dîn adlı kitabı üzerine kurulan eser, kelâm ilminin bütün konularını içerecek şekilde tasarlanmış, ancak Rassâs muhtemelen genç yaştaki ölümü sebebiyle eseri tamamlayamamıştır. Kitabın başlangıçta eksiklikler içeren bir nüshası Milano’da (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ar., nr. E 208/I, vr. 1-151), başında ve sonunda kısmî eksiklikler bulunan başka bir nüshası San‘a’dadır (el-Câmiu’l-kebîr; el-Mektebetü’ş-Şarkıyye, nr. 2401). 8. ʿAşrü’l-fevâʾidi’l-lâzime ʿan ṣîġati delîlin vâḥid. Mu‘tezile’nin insan fiilleri konusundaki tefvîze dair görüşünü on soru bağlamında açıklayan bir eserdir (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ar. nr. E 460/III, vr. 114-125). Thiele eserin tanımlanmamış bir nüshasının Münih’te olduğunu belirtir (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod Arab, nr. 1192/II, vr. 160-163; Arabica , LVII [2010], s. 550). 9. el-Berâhînü’ẓ-ẓâhiretü’l-celiyye ʿalâ enne’l-vücûd zâʾid ʿale’l-mâhiyye. Küçük bir risâle olup Rassâs’ın bağlı olduğu Behşemiyye’ye rakip diğer bir Mu‘tezilî ekol olan Hüseyniyye’nin vücûd-mahiyet konusundaki görüşlerine dair reddiyesidir. Risâlede Hüseyniyye’nin görüşlerini İbnü’l-Melâhimî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-mütekellimîn fi’r-red ʿale’l-felâsife adlı eserinden isim vermeden nakleden Rassâs, Hüseyniyye’nin vücûd ile mahiyeti özdeşleştiren anlayışını reddederek Behşemiyye’nin vücûd-mahiyet ayırımını kabul eden anlayışını savunur. Sonunda eksiklikler bulunan bir nüshası Yemen’de özel bir kütüphanedeki bir mecmua içinde olan eseri (San‘a, Mektebetü Muhammed b. Mansûr) Hassân Ensârî bilinen tek nüshasına dayanarak bir makale içinde neşretmiştir (bk. bibl.). 10. el-Fâʾiḳ fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh. Sonraki Zeydî kaynaklarında esere sıkça atıf yapılmıştır (Viyana Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Glaser, nr. 157; Bingazi Mektebetü Câmiati Bingāzî [daha önce: Câmiatü Kâryûnus], nr. 612). 11. Faṣl fî şürûṭi’t-tenâḳuż ve’t-teʿâruż fi’l-ḫiṭâb. Müellifin el-Fâʾiḳ ’te zikrettiği eser, Kur’an ve Sünnet’in birbiriyle çelişkili gibi görünen ibarelerinin telifine dairdir (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ar. nr. F 177/III, vr. 191-193). 12. el-İntiṣâr li-meẕâhibi’l-ʿiṭreti’l-eṭhâr. Rassâs’ın Zeydiyye içinden çıkan Bütriyye mezhebine mensup adı bilinmeyen bir kişinin yine adı belirtilmeyen eserine reddiyedir. Müellifin eserde yer alan taklid, imâmet, şer‘î esasların kaynakları, icmâ konularındaki görüşlerini reddeden Rassâs reddiyesinin sonuna, müellifin cevaplandırması için özellikle kelâm ve fıkıh usulünün çeşitli konularıyla ilgili sorular içeren bir bölüm eklemiştir (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ar. nr. A 22/I, vr. 2-156). 13. el-Maḳṣûd fi’l-maḳṣûr ve’l-memdûd (Vatikan Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, nr. 1777/9, vr. 148-155). 14. Taḳrîbü’l-baʿîd min mesâʾili’r-Reşîd. Cevâbü’l-Ḳāḍî er-Reşîd olarak da bilinen eser, Kādî Reşîd Ebü’l-Hasan el-Asvânî’ye karşı yazılmış polemik türü bir kitaptır. Eserin günümüze ulaşan bir nüshası bilinmemektedir. 15. Naḳż ʿale’l-Medḫal ilâ Ġureri’l-edille. Bu eseri Rassâs’ın öğrencisi Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Velîd el-Kureşî zikreder ve onun Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin Ġurerü’l-edille ’sinde ileri sürdüğü imâmet konusundaki görüşlerin reddini içerdiğini belirtir (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, XX/2, s. 263-264). Bu kitabın da nüshası bilinmemektedir. 16. eṭ-Ṭarâʾiḳu’l-müstaḥdes̱e. Tabakat kitaplarında yer almayan eseri Rassâs diğer bazı eserleri içinde zikreder. Kitabın eksik bir nüshası Milano’dadır (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ar. nr. E 208/II, vr. 151-160; Thiele, Arabica , LVII [2010], s. 548). 17. el-Maḳāṣıd. Gazzâlî’nin fikirlerine karşı yazılmış bir reddiye olup günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir. 18. Münâḳażâtü ehli’l-manṭıḳ. Büyük bir ihtimalle Grek mantığını eleştiren bir eserdir. 19. er-Risâletü’ḍ-ḍâminetü’l-vefiyye bi-ifhâmi nâṣıri meẕhebi’l-Ḳaderiyye. İsminden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla Cebriyye’nin anlayışına reddiye olarak yazılmıştır.
Rassâs’ın günümüze ulaşmayan, fakat kendisinin bazı eserlerinde ve tabakat kitaplarında zikredilen Kitâbü Keşfi’l-aʿrâż ʿani’l-aḥvâl, el-Mesâʾilü’l-ʿişrûn ve el-Ḳāṭıʿ li’l-vetîn min licâci’l-müteʿannitîn (bazı kaynaklarda er-Risâletü’l-ḳāṭıʿa li’l-evrâd min licâci’l-müteʿannit mine’l-emrâż ) adlı eserlerine yapılan sınırlı sayıdaki atıflardan anlaşıldığı kadarıyla tabiat konuları özellikle varlık-sıfat ilişkisi meselelerine dairdir. Ayrıca Rassâs’ın Bâtıniyye’ye karşı bir reddiye yazdığı bilinmektedir. Nitekim bu eserine reddiye yazan kimliği meçhul bir Bâtınî için Mişkâtü’l-envâri’l-ḫâdime li-ḳavâʿidi’l-Bâṭıniyyeti’l-eşrâr başlığıyla bir reddiye kaleme alan Müeyyed-Billâh Yahyâ b. Hamza eserinde Rassâs’ın reddiyesinden bazı alıntılar yapmıştır (Ahmed el-Hüseynî, III, 21; Thiele, Arabica , LVII [2010], s. 551).
Rassâs’a atfedilen es̱-S̱elâs̱ûne’l-mesʾele (Abdullah b. Miftâh, I, 46) oğlu Ahmed er-Rassâs’a aittir. Bu sebeple kendisine atfedilen Şerḥu s̱elâs̱îne mesʾele adlı eserin de (Ziriklî, II, 214) ona ait olmaması gerekir. Yine kendisine izâfe edilen el-Ḫulâṣatü’n-nâfiʿa bi’l-edilleti’l-ḳāṭıʿa adlı eser de (Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 279) oğlu Ahmed er-Rassâs’a aittir. el-Ḫulâṣa fî maʿrifetillâh adıyla Rassâs’a nisbet edilen kitap (Vecîh, Meṣâdirü’t-türâs̱ , II, 289) ya oğlu Ahmed er-Rassâs’ın el-Ḫulâṣatü’n-nâfiʿa ’sıyla ya da hocası Kādî Ca‘fer b. Ahmed’in el-Ḫulâṣatü’l-fevâʾid ’iyle, er-Risâletü’l-Hâşimiyye li-ünfi’ḍ-ḍalâl adıyla izâfe edilen eser ise (Ekva’, II, 959; Vecîh, Aʿlâm , s. 344) Mütevekkil-Alellah Ahmed b. Süleyman’ın aynı adlı eseriyle karıştırılmış olmalıdır. Yine ona izâfe edilen er-Risâletü’ṭ-Ṭavâfe (Ahmed el-Hüseynî, I, 387), Rassâs’ın isteği üzerine öğrencisi Mansûr-Billâh Abdullah b. Hamza tarafından yazılmıştır. Jan Thiele bazı modern kaynaklarda (Ekva‘, II, 959; Vecîh, Aʿlâm , s. 344) Rassâs’a atfedilen er-Risâletü’n-nâṭıḳa adlı eserin de ona aidiyetinin şüpheli olduğunu söyler (Arabica , LVII [2010], s. 554). Eserlerinin yakın zamanlarda ortaya çıkması dolayısıyla Rassâs, ancak son dönemde tanınmaya ve modern çalışmalara akademik çevreler tarafından konu edilmeye başlanmıştır. Hakkında şu ana kadar yapılan kayda değer tek çalışma tabiat felsefesiyle ilgili görüşlerini inceleyen Jan Thiele’nin eseridir (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 413-415 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.