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RÂVİ Skip to content Öğrendiği hadisi rivayet eden kimse anlamında terim.
Sözlükte “su başına gidip su içmek; hadis nakletmek” anlamlarındaki rivâyet kökünden türeyen râvî (çoğulu ruvât ), terim olarak “hadisi öğrenen ve onu eda terimlerinden biriyle nakleden kişi” mânasında kullanılır. Terim “hadisi ilk defa söyleyene nisbet ederek rivayet eden kimse”, bazan da “hadis hakkında bilgisi olsun veya olmasın onu senediyle rivayet eden kimse” şeklinde müsnid in karşılığı olarak tarif edilmektedir. Râvi kelimesinden fıkhü’r-râvî, adâletü’r-râvî, bid‘atü’r-râvî, fısku’r-râvî, cehâletü’r-râvî ; çoğulu olan ruvâttan da tesmiyetü’r-ruvât, tabakātü’r-ruvât, hâlü’r-ruvât (ahvâlü’r-ruvât ), büldânü’r-ruvât (evtânü’r-ruvât ve büldânühüm ) gibi terimler ortaya çıkmıştır. Râvi ayrıca kıraat ilminin terimlerinden olup “kıraatleri imamlardan doğrudan veya başkası aracılığı ile alıp nakleden kişi” anlamında kullanılmıştır (bk. KIRAAT ). Râvi kelimesi, “Hz. Peygamber’den duyup öğrendiklerini başkalarına öğreten ve aktaran kişi” mânasında İslâm’ın ilk günlerinden itibaren kullanılıyordu. Resûlullah sözünü dinleyip anlayanların onu başkalarına öğretmesini teşvik etmiş (Müsned , I, 437; Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿİlim”, 10), sahâbîler de Resûl-i Ekrem’den duyduklarını diğer müslümanlara öğretmeyi dinî bir görev kabul etmiştir.
I. (VII.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısında râvilik büyük önem kazanmıştır. Hadislerin yaygın olarak rivayet edilmeye başlandığı bu dönemde hayatta olan Abdullah b. Amr b. Âs, Abdullah b. Abbas, Abdullah b. Ömer, Ebû Saîd el-Hudrî, Câbir b. Abdullah, Enes b. Mâlik gibi sahâbîler yalancılara karşı hadisleri koruma konusunda büyük çaba harcamıştır. Bu sahâbîlerin öğrencileri olan Ebü’l-Âliye er-Riyâhî, Saîd b. Müseyyeb, İbrâhim en-Nehaî, Şa‘bî ve Muhammed b. Sîrîn gibi muhaddisler hadiste sened sormaya ve râvilerin durumunu araştırmaya yönelmiştir. II. (VIII.) yüzyıl boyunca İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, Yezîd b. Ebû Habîb, Eyyûb es-Sahtiyânî, Hişâm b. Urve, Abdullah b. Avn, Evzâî, Şu‘be b. Haccâc, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Mâlik b. Enes, Hammâd b. Zeyd, Abdullah b. Mübârek, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân, Abdurrahman b. Mehdî ve Şâfiî gibi hadis otoriteleri râviler üzerindeki araştırmalarını sürdürerek hadislerin senedinde adları geçen râviler hayatta ise her zorluğu göze alarak hadisi onlardan öğrenmeye çalışmıştır. Râvilerin güvenilir olup olmadığı tesbit edilirken biyografileri yazılmış ve râvilerle ilgili müstakil bilim dalları ve telif türleri ortaya çıkmıştır.
Muhaddisler seneddeki râvileri tabakalar halinde inceleme yöntemini geliştirmişler, en hayırlı nesillerin kendi çağdaşları ile onları takip eden iki nesil olduğunu belirten hadisi (Buhârî, “Şehâdât”, 9; Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 45) esas almışlar ve ilk üç tabakayı sahâbe, tâbiîn, tebeu’t-tâbiîn olarak belirlemişlerdir. Sahâbe nesli hadis rivayeti açısından âdil kabul edilmiştir. Zehebî râvi sahâbîlerin 1500 civarında olduğunu söyler (Tecrîdü esmâʾi’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe , mukaddime, I, s. c). Sahâbe dönemi, vahyin başlangıcından (m. 610) en son sahâbînin vefat ettiği 110 (728) yılına kadar devam eder. Tâbiîn nesliyle onlardan sonra gelenlerin güvenilir olup olmadığına araştırma sonucunda karar verilir. Başta hadis olmak üzere İslâmî ilimlerin tedvin, tasnif ve neşrinde önemli görev alan bu ikinci kuşak râvilerin sayısı belli olmayıp muhadramlar da tâbiîlerden sayılır. Bu dönem Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından (11/632) 180 (796) yılına kadar devam eder. Tebeu’t-tâbiîn denilen üçüncü nesil râvilerinin de sayısı bilinmemektedir. İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı ve Abdürrezzâk b. Hemmâm es-San‘ânî’nin el-Muṣannef ’i başta olmak üzere hadis edebiyatının ilk ciddi ve sistemli ürünleri tebeu’t-tâbiîn döneminde (728-835) tasnif edilmiştir. Ardından gelen dördüncü nesil râvileri 260’ta (873), beşinci nesil râvileri 300 (912) yılında sona ermektedir. Hadis tarihinde Kütüb-i Sitte müellifleri olarak bilinen altı hadis imamı dördüncü ve beşinci tabaka râvileri arasında yer alır. Zehebî, sahâbeden başlayarak kendi dönemine kadar (730/1329) yaşayan 2424 hadis hâfızı ve râvisini yirmi sekiz tabakaya (el-Muʿîn , s. 17 vd.), İbn Hacer el-Askalânî ise ilk üç asra ait beş râvi tabakasını isnaddaki yakınlıkları, hocaları, akranları ve daha başka ortak noktaları dikkate alarak on iki tabakaya ayırmıştır.
Bir hadisin sıhhatini tesbitte en önemli unsur râvidir. Senedde yer alan râvilerden biri veya birkaçı güvenilir değilse sıhhat için gerekli sayılan diğer ölçülere bakılmaksızın hadisin sahih olmadığına hükmedilir. Râvilerin güvenilir olması kendilerinde bazı özeliklerin bulunmasıyla mümkündür, bunlar da adâlet ve zabt sıfatlarıdır. Tamamı adâlet sahibi kabul edilen sahâbe dışındaki râvilerde aranan adâlet vasfında müslüman olmak, bulûğa ermiş olmak, akıllı olmak, takvâ sahibi olmak ve mürüvvet (kötü davranışlardan uzak durmak) gibi özellikler bulunur. Bunlardan birinin yokluğu halinde râvi güvenilirliğini kaybeder. Adâlet sahibi râvinin hadisine itibar edilebilmesi için onun zabt vasfına da sahip olması gerekir. Zabt vasfında unutkan ve dalgın olmamak, ezberden rivayet ediyorsa hadisi kusursuz bir şekilde ezberlemiş olmak, kitaptan rivayet ediyorsa kitabını dikkatli bir şekilde yazmış, kontrol etmiş ve korumuş olmak, mâna ile rivayet ediyorsa hadis metninde değiştirdiği kelimelerin mânalarını iyi bilmek ve hadisin mânasında herhangi bir değişikliğe yol açmamak gibi hususlar yer alır. Bu özelliklerden biri veya birkaçında kusuru bulunan râvilerin hadisine itibar edilmez. Adâlet ve zabt özelliklerine sahip olan râviye “sika” (güvenilir) denir ve rivayet ettiği hadisle amel edilir. Bu vasıfları değersiz kılacak nitelikte kusuru veya kusurları varsa “metâin-i aşere” denilen on tenkit noktası açısından durumu araştırılır ve kusuruna uygun ifadelerle değerlendirilerek cerhedilir (râvinin kusurları için bk. DİA , VII, 397).
Râvinin hadisine itibar edilebilmesi için güvenilirliği yanında rivayet ettiği hadisleri muhaddislerce belirlenmiş olan sekiz muteber hadis alma ve nakletme yollarından biriyle almış olması gerekir (bk. TAHAMMÜL ). Özellikle noktalama ve harekelemenin yaygın olmadığı ilk dönemlerde hadisi doğru okuma, tahriften koruma ve yanlış yapmayı önleme açısından büyük önem taşıyan bu usullerden biriyle hadisi alıp nakletmeyen râvinin rivayeti değersiz kabul edilir.
Toplam râvi sayısı hakkında kesin bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte rivayetleri kaynaklarda yer alan ve ricâl kitaplarında cerh ve ta‘dîli yapılan 20.000 civarında râvi bulunduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Bunların büyük çoğunluğu rivayet asrı kabul edilen ilk üç asırda yaşamıştır. Rivayetlerin kitaplara yazılıp sahih, zayıf ve uydurmalarının tesbit edilmesinden sonra hadisler artık kitaplardan alınmaya başlandığı için IV. (X.) yüzyıldan sonra cerh ve ta‘dîl prensiplerine göre değerlendirilecek râvi kalmamıştır.
Hadis rivayetini meslek edinen râvilerin belli dereceleri vardır. Hadis öğrenimiyle meşgul olup rivayette bulunabilecek konuma gelenlerin ilk derecesi râvi veya müsnid mertebesidir. Râvi veya müsnidin görevi sadece rivayet etmekten ibaret olduğu için rivayet ettiği hadislerin sened ve metinleri hakkında fazla bilgi sahibi olması beklenmez. Kütüb-i Sitte , Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’i, Taberânî’nin el-Muʿcemü’l-kebîr ’i, Beyhakī’nin es-Sünen ’i gibi hadis kitaplarının metinlerini, senedlerini ve senedlerde yer alan râvilerin cerh ve ta‘dîl durumlarını öğrendiğinde râvi muhaddis mertebesine yükselir. Farklı görüşler bulunmakla birlikte bir muhaddis 100.000 hadisi sened ve metinleriyle ezberler, ricâlini de hayatları, cerh ve ta‘dîl durumlarıyla birlikte öğrenirse “hâfız”, aynı şekilde 300.000 hadisi bilecek konuma gelirse “hüccet”, sünnetin tamamına vakıf olursa “hâkim” unvanını alır. Hâkim unvanına sahip râviler arasında en yüksek seviyeye ulaşana “emîrü’l-mü’minîn fi’l-hadîs” denilir.
Cerh ve ta‘dîl kurallarına göre tenkide tâbi tutulan râviler bazı terimlerle değerlendirilmiştir (bk. CERH ve TA‘DÎL ). Bu terimlerden hareketle çeşitli tasnifler yapılmıştır. En ayrıntılı kabul edilen İbn Hacer el-Askalânî ve Süyûtî’nin on iki mertebeli râvi tasnifini temelde üç grupta toplamak mümkündür. 1. Sika râviler. Bunlar adâlet ve zabt bakımından kusursuz olan veya rivayetlerini terketmeyi gerektirmeyecek derecede az kusuru bulunan râvilerdir. Bu râvilerin yaptığı cerh ve ta‘dîller kabul edilir, rivayetleri delil olarak kullanılır. 2. Zayıf râviler. Adâlet ve zabt yönünden araştırılan râvi adâlet yönünden hadis rivayetine ehil bulunmazsa cerhedilir ve rivayeti terkedilir. Adâlet yönünden rivayete ehil ise zabt açısından durumu araştırılır. Zabt bakımından râvilerin durumları farklılık gösterir. Bunlar arasında hata ve gafletinin çokluğu yüzünden rivayeti terkedilenler olduğu gibi hata ve gafletinin azlığı sebebiyle sadece zayıf kabul edilenler de vardır. Bu râviler kesin biçimde terkedilmemekle birlikte rivayet ettikleri hadisler delil olarak kullanılmaz. Zayıf râvilerin rivayetlerinin haram ve helâl konusunda delil olarak kullanılamayacağına dair muhaddisler arasında görüş birliği vardır. Ancak onların tergīb ve terhîb, zühd ve âdâb, megāzî ve rikāk konusundaki rivayetleriyle amel etmekte bir sakınca görülmemiştir. 3. Metrûk râviler. Hadis münekkitlerine göre yalan söyleyen, yalanla itham edilen, bid‘ata davet eden, sefahate düşkün olan, çokça yanılan, güvenilir râvilere aykırı rivayette bulunan, rivayet ettiğini iyi bilmeyen ve hatasından dönmeyen râvi terkedilir ve hiçbir rivayeti kabul edilmez.
Literatür. Muhaddisler, II. (VIII.) yüzyıldan itibaren râvilerin hayatını ve güvenilirlik derecesini ele alan eserler yazmışlardır. Bu konudaki ilk çalışmalar Leys b. Sa‘d, Abdullah b. Mübârek ile Velîd b. Müslim’in et-Târîḫ adlı eserleridir (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 252, 284; Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , I, 303). III. (IX.) yüzyılın başından itibaren râvilerin çeşitli tasniflere tâbi tutulmasıyla birlikte pek çok eser meydana getirilmiş olup bunları şöylece gruplandırmak mümkündür: 1. Tabakat türü eserler. Bunlar râvileri sadece sahâbe, tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîn gibi gruplara ayırarak ele alan çalışmalardır. Heysem b. Adî’nin Kitâbü Ṭabaḳāti men revâ ʿani’n-nebî min aṣḥâbih , Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’nin Ṭabaḳātü’t-tâbiʿîn , Müslim b. Haccâc’ın Ṭabaḳātü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe ve’t-tâbiʿîn adlı eserleri bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Bazı müellifler de sahâbeden başlayarak kendi zamanlarına kadar yaşamış olan râvileri tabakalar halinde incelemiştir. Bunlardan İbn Sa‘d’ın eṭ-Ṭabaḳātü’l-kübrâ ’sı, Halîfe b. Hayyât’ın eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt ’ı ve Berdîcî’nin Ṭabaḳātü’l-esmâʾi’l-müfrede mine’ṣ-ṣaḥâbeti ve’t-tâbiʿîn ve aṣḥâbi’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i günümüze ulaşan çalışmalardır. 2. Sika râvileri tanıtan eserler. Ebü’l-Hasan el-İclî ve İbn Hibbân’ın es̱-S̱iḳāt ’ı, İbn Şâhin’in Târîḫu esmâʾi’s̱-s̱iḳāt ’ı ve Zehebî’nin Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ ’ı bu türün zamanımıza intikal eden örnekleridir. 3. Zayıf râvileri tanıtan eserler. Buhârî, Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî ve Nesâî’nin az sayıdaki zayıf râviyi tanıtan eḍ-Ḍuʿafâʾ adlı muhtasar eserlerinden sonra İbn Hibbân Kitâbü’l-Mecrûḥîn , İbn Adî el-Kâmil fî ḍuʿafâʾi’r-ricâl , İbn Şâhin Târîḫu esmâʾi’ḍ-ḍuʿafâʾ adıyla daha hacimli eserler kaleme almış, Zehebî Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl ve el-Muġnî fi’ḍ-ḍuʿafâʾ sında, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî Lisânü’l-Mîzân ’ında zayıf râvileri toplamayı hedeflemiştir. 4. Sika ve zayıf râvileri tanıtan eserler. Hicrî ilk beş asırda bu alanda kırktan fazla eser kaleme alındığı bilinmektedir (Ekrem Ziya el-Ömerî, s. 104-109). Yahyâ b. Maîn’in Kitâbü’t-Târîḫ ’i, Buhârî’nin et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr ’i, Fesevî’nin el-Maʿrife ve’t-târîḫ ’i ve İbn Ebû Hâtim’in el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl ’i bunlar arasında en çok bilinenlerdir. 5. Belli bölgelerin râvilerini tanıtan eserler. Bunların en önemlileri Bahşel’in Târîḫu Vâsıṭ , Ebü’ş-Şeyh’in Ṭabaḳātü’l-muḥaddis̱în bi-İṣbahân , Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî’nin Aḫbâru İṣbahân , Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin Târîḫu Baġdâd ve İbn Asâkir’in Târîḫu medîneti Dımaşḳ adlı kitaplarıdır. 6. Belli kitapların râvilerini tanıtan eserler. Çok sayıda eserin kaleme alındığı bu alanda Dârekutnî Ricâlü’l-Buḫârî ve Müslim , İbn Mencûye Ricâlü Ṣaḥîḥi Müslim adlı eserlerinde bir veya iki kitabın râvilerini, Cemmâîlî el-Kemâl , Zehebî el-Kâşif , İbn Hacer el-Askalânî Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb ’de Kütüb-i Sitte râvilerini tanıtmışlardır. Bunlardan başka Müslim b. Haccâc kendilerinden sadece bir kişinin rivayette bulunduğu râvilere dair el-Münferidât ve’l-vuḥdân , Zehebî râvilerin vefat tarihlerini gösteren el-İʿlâm bi-vefeyâti’l-aʿlâm , İbn Hacer el-Askalânî müdellis râvileri tanıtan Taʿrîfü ehli’t-taḳdîs bi-merâtibi’l-mevṣûfîne bi’t-tedlîs , Burhâneddin el-Halebî ömrünün sonuna doğru hâfıza kaybına uğramış güvenilir râvilere dair el-İġtibâṭ bi-men rumiye bi’l-iḫtilâṭ adlı eserleri kaleme almış, ayrıca daha özel birtakım râvi gruplarını tanıtmak için çeşitli kitaplar yazılmıştır (bk. DİA , XV, 55-58).
Bunların yanında râvilerin çeşitli durumlarına dair eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Râmhürmüzî el-Muḥaddis̱ü’l-fâṣıl beyne’r-râvî ve’l-vâʿî isimli eserini (nşr. Muhammed Acâc el-Hatîb, Beyrut 1391/1971; 1404/1984) rivayet âdâbına uymayanlara karşı hadis râvilerini uyarmak ve korumak maksadıyla kaleme almış, Hatîb el-Bağdâdî el-Câmiʿ li-aḫlâḳi’r-râvî adlı eserinde (nşr. Muhammed Re’fet Saîd, Küveyt 1401/1981; nşr. Mahmûd et-Tahhân, Riyad 1403/1983) hadis râvilerinin öğretim esnasında uymaları ve uygulamaları gereken kurallar üzerinde durmuş, Süyûtî Tedrîbü’r-râvî ’de daha önce ele alınmayan birçok konuyu yazarak râvilere yardımcı olmayı hedeflemiştir. İbn Hibbân’ın ʿİlelü’l-aḫbâr ve maʿrifetü ruvâti’l-âs̱âr ’ı (Riyad 1422/2001), Zehebî’nin Maʿrifetü’r-ruvâti’l-mütekellem fîhim bimâ lâ yûcibü’r-redd ’i (nşr. Ebû Abdullah İbrâhim Suaydây İdrîs, Beyrut 1406/1986), İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin Kitâbü’l-Îs̱âr bi-maʿrifeti ruvâti’l-Âs̱âr ’ı (nşr. Ali b. Selim el-Abbâdî, Riyad 1417/1997), günümüzde yapılan çalışmalardan Addâb Mahmûd el-Hameş’in Ruvâtü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i (Riyad 1407/1987) ve Abdullah Karahan’ın Hadis Râvilerinin Güvenilirliği (Bursa 2005) adlı eseri râvilere dair yapılan pek çok çalışmadan bazılarıdır (ayrıca bk. RİCÂLÜ’l-HADÎS ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “rvy” md.
Müsned , I, 437.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 252, 284.
Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Kifâye (nşr. Ahmed Ömer Hâşim), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 87-163, 298 vd.
İbnü’s-Salâh, ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Nûreddin Itr), Dımaşk 1406/1986, s. 132 vd., 236-255, 387-399.
Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , I, 303.
a.mlf., Tecrîdü esmâʾi’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), mukaddime, I, s. c.
a.mlf., el-Muʿîn fî ṭabaḳāti’l-muḥaddis̱în (nşr. M. Zeynühüm M. Azeb), Kahire 1407/1987, s. 17 vd.
İbn Hacer, Taḳrîbü’t-Tehẕîb (nşr. Muhammed Avvâme), Halep 1411/1991, s. 74-75.
Süyûtî, Tedrîbü’r-râvî (nşr. Abdülvehhâb Abdüllatîf), Kahire 1385/1966, I, 299-305; II, 4-63, 125-149.
Tecrid Tercemesi , I, 8, 274-281.
Ekrem Ziya el-Ömerî, Buḥûs̱ fî târîḫi’s-sünneti’l-müşerrefe , Medine 1405/1984, s. 104-109.
M. Acâc el-Hatîb, es-Sünne ḳable’t-tedvîn , Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 219-239, 265-275.
a.mlf., el-Muḫtaṣarü’l-vecîz fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 87-97, 225-236.
Subhî es-Sâlih, ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱ ve muṣṭalaḥuh , Beyrut 1991, s. 75-80, 88-104, 107-110, 127-138, 349-358.
Mücteba Uğur, Ansiklopedik Hadis Terimleri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1992, s. 90, 96, 98, 118, 219, 319-320, 380-381, 406.
Es‘ad Sâlim Teyyim, ʿİlmü ṭabaḳāti’l-muḥaddis̱în , Riyad 1415/1994, s. 149-190.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, “Hadis”, DİA , XV, 55-58.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 472-474 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.