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RECEB PAŞA, Topal Skip to content (ö. 1041/1632)
Osmanlı sadrazamı.
Hayatının ilk yılları hakkında bilgi yoktur. Bosna asıllı olup Enderûn-ı Hümâyun’da yetişti. Devrin kaynaklarında bahsedilen ilk görevi bostancıbaşılıktır. Onun I. Ahmed döneminden itibaren saray çevrelerinde tanınmış bir şahsiyet olduğuna şüphe yoktur. Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir Efendi, 1025 (1616) yılı sonlarında şehid düşen yeniçeri ağasının yerine bostancıbaşı Hüseyin Ağa’nın tayin edildiğini, ondan boşalan makama da Receb Ağa’nın getirildiğini belirtirse de bu tayinin tam tarihi ve Receb Ağa’nın bir önceki görevi hakkında bilgi vermez (Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir Efendi Târihi , I, 649). Karaçelebizâde ise Hüseyin Ağa’nın yeniçeri ağası oluşunun tarihini 1025 Zilhiccesi (Aralık 1616) olarak kaydeder (Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi’nin Ravzatü’l-Ebrâr Adlı Eseri , s. 237), bundan da dolaylı olarak Receb Ağa’nın bostancıbaşılığa tayin tarihi ortaya çıkar. Onun böyle önemli bir makama getirilmesi saray içinde etkili bir gruba mensup bulunduğunu düşündürür. Muhtemelen I. Ahmed’in de yakın çevresindeki adamlarından biridir. II. Osman’ın tahta cülûsunun ardından saraydaki mühim iktidar değişiklikleri sırasında giderek öne çıkmaya başladığı söylenebilir. Ayrıca Harem’in güçlü siması Dârüssaâde Ağası Hacı Mustafa Ağa ekibi içinde yer almış olması ihtimali kuvvetlidir. Nitekim başlangıçta Hacı Mustafa Ağa ile birlikte hareket eden Vezîriâzam Güzelce Ali Paşa’nın iktidara gelişinden hemen sonra 1029 Saferinde (Ocak 1620) kendisine vezâret pâyesi verildi (a.g.e. , s. 246). Receb Paşa, vefat eden Vezîriâzam Ali Paşa’nın yerine getirilen Ohrili Hüseyin Paşa’dan boşalan altıncı vezirliğe 17 Rebîülâhir 1030 (11 Mart 1621) tarihinde tayin edildi (BA, KK, Ruûs, nr. 257, s. 29). Atâî’ye göre bostancıbaşılığı sırasında nikris hastalığı yüzünden emekliye ayrıldı, fakat ardından kendisine vezâret pâyesi verildi (Atâî, s. 769). Topal lakabı da bu hastalık sebebiyle hafifçe aksak yürümesinden dolayıdır.
II. Osman ile birlikte Lehistan seferine giden Receb Paşa, dönüşte Edirne’de Vezîriâzam Mehmed Paşa’nın dul eşi I. Ahmed’in kızı Gevherhan Sultan ile evlendirildi (Muharrem 1031 / Aralık 1621). II. Osman’ın yanında yer aldı ve güvendiği adamlardan biri oldu. Mehmed b. Mehmed ise onun vezirlikle taşra çıktıktan sonra Halep beylerbeyi iken II. Osman’ın kız kardeşiyle nikâhlandığını belirtir (Mehmed b. Mehmed er-Rûmî [Edirneli]’nin Nuhbetü’t-tevârîh ve’l-ahbâr’ı , s. 57). II. Osman’ın tahttan indirilmesi ve katledilmesi olayı sırasındaki (19 Mayıs 1622) durumu hakkında kaynaklar sessiz kalmıştır. II. Osman hacca gitme niyetiyle İstanbul’dan ayrılmadan önce diğer güvendiği vezirler gibi onu da Bursa’da muhafaza hizmetiyle görevlendirdi (Kâtib Çelebi, III, 672). Ancak II. Osman olayının patlak vermesi üzerine buraya gitmeyip İstanbul’da kalmış olmalıdır. I. Mustafa’nın cülûsu sırasında Mere Hüseyin Paşa’nın vezîriâzamlığında beşinci vezirlik makamında bulunuyordu (Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir Efendi Târihi , II, 765). Kendisine ayrıca Karadeniz donanması kaptanlığı görevi verildi. Mehmed b. Mehmed’e göre 1031 yılı sonlarında (1622 sonbaharı) Karadeniz’e sefere çıkmış ve Kazaklar’dan on beş şayka zaptederek İstanbul’a dönmüştü. Beraberinde 500’den fazla esirle şayka ve gemiler olduğu halde İstanbul’a geldiğinde top şenlikleriyle karşılandı (23 Zilkade 1031 / 29 Eylül 1622). Mere Hüseyin Paşa da onu 1032 Cemâziyelâhirinde (Nisan 1623) rakibi Halil Paşa’nın yerine vezirlikle kaptanıderyâlığa getirdi (Mehmed b. Mehmed er-Rûmî [Edirneli]’nin Nuhbetü’t-tevârîh ve’l-ahbâr’ı , s. 57). Aynı yıl Akdeniz muhafazası için denize açıldı ve Mora kıyılarını dolaştı, oradan Rodos’a döndü (Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir Efendi Târihi , II, 782). Mere Hüseyin Paşa olayı sırasında muhtemelen İstanbul’daydı ve IV. Murad’ın tahta cülûsuyla da vezirliğini korumayı başardı. Bu esnada Kösem Sultan ekibiyle giderek daha da yakınlaştı. Kırım hanlığı için Rodos’ta gözetim altında bulunan Mehmed Giray’ın tayini kararlaştırılınca onu Kırım’a götürmekle görevlendirildi. İstanbul’a döndüğünde devleti en çok uğraştıran mesele olan Abaza isyanıyla ilgili istişarelere katıldı, Çerkez Mehmed Paşa’nın Mayıs-Haziran 1624’te Abaza üzerine çıktığı sefer sırasında ikinci vezirdi (a.g.e. , II, 789, 794).
Mehmed b. Mehmed’e göre, tam bu sıralarda uygunsuz hareketleri yüzünden hanlıktan azledilen Mehmed Giray’ın yerine getirilen Canbeg Giray’ı Kırım’a götürdü. Ancak Mehmed Giray ve kardeşi Şâhin Giray’ın sert tepkisiyle karşılaştı. Mehmed Giray ile Şâhin Giray’ı ikna edemedi, çıkan savaşta Osmanlı birlikleri, Leh ve Kazak kuvvetleriyle takviye edilen Şâhin Giray’ın ordusuna mağlûp oldu. Receb Paşa donanmasıyla iki ay boyunca Kefe’de kalarak meseleyi halletmeye çalıştı, sonunda Mehmed Giray’ın hanlıktan alınma kararından vazgeçildi. Ancak Kazaklar 150 şayka ile Karadeniz kıyılarını vurmaya başlayınca donanmayla Varna sahillerine hareket etti. Bu sırada Mehmed Giray da kardeşi Şâhin Giray’ı Kili, Akkirman, İsmâil taraflarını yağma etmek üzere yollamıştı. Receb Paşa kırk üç kadırga ve kalyeteden ibaret gemileriyle Varna’dan itibaren Balçık, Kaligra, Mangalya, Karaharman, Kili sahillerini dolaşıp muhafaza hizmetinde bulundu. Özü karşısında Kılburun yöresinde iken 300 civarında Kazak şaykasının göründüğü ve Karadeniz sahillerini hedeflediği haberini aldı. Bunlarla Karaharman önünde karşılaştı, yaptığı zorlu deniz savaşında önemli bir başarı kazandı, mücadele sırasında Kazaklar onun baştardasına bile çıkmışlar ve güçlükle püskürtülmüşlerdi. 170 civarında şayka ile 781 esir ele geçirildi. Mehmed b. Mehmed’e göre zaferle İstanbul’a dönen Receb Paşa’ya, “Sana bu yakınlarda bir dahi hizmet teklifi revâ değildir, birkaç eyyam istirahat eyle” şeklinde hatt-ı hümâyun verilmiş ve haslar tayin edilerek vezirlik makamında kalmak, artık başka bir yere gitmemek gibi büyük bir ayrıcalık tanınmıştı (Mehmed b. Mehmed er-Rûmî [Edirneli]’nin Nuhbetü’t-tevârîh ve’l-ahbâr’ı , s. 58).
IV. Murad ve saray çevrelerinde itibarı hayli artan Receb Paşa giderek merkezdeki iktidar oyunlarının önemli bir aktörü haline geldi. IV. Murad’ın henüz duruma tam hâkim olamadığı bu dönemde saltanat nâibi gibi hareket eden kayınvâlidesi Kösem Sultan’la daha da yakınlaştı. Kazandığı başarının kendisine vezîriâzamlık yolunu açacağı düşüncesiyle harekete geçti. İlk hedefi İstanbul kaymakamı olan Gürcü Mehmed Paşa oldu. Kapıkulu zorbalarıyla gizlice iş birliği içine girdi, Gürcü Mehmed Paşa’nın katlini sağlamaya çalıştı. Âsiler, Bağdat seferine çıkan sadrazama yardımda bulunmadığını iddia ettikleri Gürcü Mehmed Paşa’nın katlini istediler. Ancak IV. Murad onu azledeceğini, fakat katle rıza göstermeyeceğini bildirmek için Receb Paşa’yı zorbaların toplandığı Fâtih Camii’ne yolladı. Receb Paşa buraya uğramayıp Tersane’ye gitti (Ercan, s. 298). Âsiler de sarayda mahpus durumdaki Gürcü Mehmed Paşa’yı katletti (Temmuz 1626). Ondan boşalan kaymakamlık görevine Receb Paşa tayin edildi. Bu sırada Sultanahmet Meydanı’ndaki İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı kendisine tahsis edildi. Receb Paşa da kendini bir bakıma padişahın yeni gözde adamı olarak görüyordu. Kayınvâlidesi nezdinde itibarı çok yüksekti, hatta alışılmışın aksine Gevherhan Sultan’dan bir kızı doğduğunda vâlide sultan ona göz kamaştırıcı hediyeler sundu (Hasanbeyzâde Ahmed, III, 1028). Ayrıca cephedeki sadrazam Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’nın görevden alınması üzerine yerine kimin tayin edileceği konusundaki istişare Receb Paşa’nın sarayında yapıldı ve Kayserili Halil Paşa’nın bu makama getirilmesi kararlaştırıldı (12 Rebîülevvel 1036 / 1 Aralık 1626).
Kaymakamlığı sırasında Receb Paşa’nın yabancı elçilerle diplomatik konularda görüştüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Özellikle İngiliz elçisi Roe ile Habsburglar’la olan barış meselesini uzun uzadıya müzakere ettiği dikkati çeker. Burada mesele, Avrupa’da Otuzyıl savaşlarının hüküm sürdüğü ortamda Habsburglar’ın barışı yenileme gayretleridir. Receb Paşa 1627’de Szöny’de akdedilen anlaşma hususunda elçiyle temas kurmuştu. Onun da Habsburg elçisiyle görüştüğü bilinmektedir. Yine İspanya ile barışı destekleyen cephede yer aldığı raporlarda belirtilir. Bu vasıflarıyla Receb Paşa’nın dış gelişmelerden haberdar olan bir devlet adamı kimliği ortaya koyduğu düşünülebilir. Bununla beraber yükselme hırsı onun bu becerilerini gölgeleyecek derecelerde müessir oldu, IV. Murad’ı tam anlamıyla kendi etkisi altına alma çabaları da iç siyasette büyük tepkiye yol açmakta gecikmedi. Abaza Paşa karşısında yetersiz kalan Sadrazam Halil Paşa’nın azli gündeme geldiğinde yapılan istişarede Receb Paşa belirleyici rol oynadı. Aslında divanda en önde gelen vezir olarak kendisinin sadâret makamına tayin edilmesi gerekiyordu, fakat muhtemelen bu karışık ortamda sefer meşakkatini de düşünerek henüz beylerbeyilik bile yapmamış yeniçeri ağası Hüsrev Paşa’nın bu makama getirilmesini destekledi. Hüsrev Paşa önce Diyarbekir beylerbeyi yapıldı ve ardından vezîriâzam oldu (1 Şâban 1037 / 6 Nisan 1628). Receb Paşa için İstanbul’dan uzaklaşmamak önemli görünüyordu, sonu belirsiz bir sefere çıkmayı gerektiren sadrazamlığı üstlenmekten kaçınmıştı. Ona çok güvenen Kösem Sultan artık söz dinlemeyen, kendi başına hareket eden oğlunu kontrol etmesi ve nasihatte bulunması için damadına mektuplar yolluyordu. Aslında padişahın böyle oyalanması, cirit oyununa merak duyması ve av vesilesiyle saraydan uzaklaşması Receb Paşa’nın da işine geliyordu. Ancak padişahın yavaş yavaş güçlü bir şekilde kendi otoritesini tam anlamıyla tesis etme yolundaki niyetini farkedince onu kendi etkisi altında tutma yolunda yeni planlar yapmaya başladı. Özellikle yeniçeri ve sipahi zorbalarıyla yakın temas içindeydi.
Habsburg elçisinin raporuna göre 1629 yılından beri devlet iki kişinin eliyle yönetiliyordu. Bunlar ikisi de Boşnak asıllı olan Hüsrev ile Receb paşalardı. İlki sert tabiatlı haşin, ikincisi haris, ikiyüzlü ve kötü huyluydu (Hammer, IX, 132). Receb Paşa, Hüsrev Paşa cephede iken Murtaza Paşa ile birleşerek rakipleri olan sarayın diğer bir damadı Hasan Paşa’yı uzaklaştırmaya çalıştı, çünkü Hasan Paşa’nın gözünün kendi makamında olduğunun farkına varmıştı. Sonunda Hasan Paşa kaptanıderyâlıktan azledildi ve Budin beylerbeyiliğiyle merkezden uzaklaştırıldı, fakat yolda Tırhala’da âni vefatı Receb Paşa tarafından zehirletildiği şâyialarına yol açtı (Naîmâ, Târîh , III, 690-691; Hammer, IX, 132). Receb Paşa’nın bir diğer önemli hedefi de Hüsrev Paşa’nın azliyle sadrazam olan Hâfız Ahmed Paşa oldu. Hüsrev Paşa taraftarı zorba başılarını gizlice tahrik etti ve büyük bir isyanın çıkmasına yol açtı (16 Receb 1041 / 7 Şubat 1632). Bunlar, içlerinde Receb Paşa’nın da rakip gördüğü padişaha yakın kimselerin kendilerine teslim edilmesini istediler. Ayak divanına çıkan IV. Murad onların taleplerini reddettiyse de Receb Paşa ona âsilerin teskin edilmesinin gerektiğini, kimi isteseler hatta kendisini bile isteseler vermesinin icap ettiğini, aksi halde bunların zorla istediklerini alacaklarını ve saltanatı tehlikeye düşüreceklerini söyledi. Bunun üzerine Hâfız Ahmed Paşa getirtildi ve âsilere teslim edildi. Padişahın gözü önünde katledilen Hâfız Paşa’nın yerine Receb Paşa vezîriâzamlığa getirildi (19 Receb 1041 / 10 Şubat 1632).
Sonunda uygun şartlarda vezîriâzam olduğuna inanan Receb Paşa kendine yakın kimseleri önemli görevlere getirmeye çalıştı. Ahîzâde Hüseyin Efendi şeyhülislâm oldu, ancak padişahın işleri kendi eline alma yolundaki teşebbüsleri Receb Paşa için sonun başlangıcını oluşturdu. IV. Murad, âsi zorbalara dayanan Receb Paşa’ya karşı kendisine sadık adamlarıyla yeni bir cephe meydana getirdi. Önce âsilerin isyanına sebep olan Hüsrev Paşa’yı Tokat’ta idam ettirdi; fakat onun idam haberi üzerine Receb Paşa’nın tahrikiyle yeni bir hareketlenme baş gösterdi. Receb Paşa, Hüsrev Paşa’nın kesik başının saraya geldiği haberini el altından yaydı. Zorbalar yeniden harekete geçerek saraya geldi. Bu defa istekleri padişahın en sevdiği yakın adamlarıydı. Receb Paşa böylece padişahın oluşturduğu cepheyi tam anlamıyla yıkmak istiyordu. Hatta padişahın musahibi Mûsâ Çelebi’nin adını da gizlice âsilere bizzat o vermişti. Hasan Halîfe ve Başdefterdar Mustafa Paşa’yı İstanbul’da saklandıkları yerlerde bulup katleden âsiler Mûsâ Çelebi’yi de talep ettiler. Bu sırada şehzadelere dokunmaması için padişahı uyarıp onların kendilerine gösterilmesini istediler. Hatta padişahtan kefil talebinde bile bulundular. Receb Paşa ile Ahîzâde ona kefil olunca saraydan ayrıldılar. Mûsâ Çelebi’yi âsilere teslim etmek istemeyen padişahı Receb Paşa ikna etmeye çalıştı. Receb Paşa, Mûsâ Çelebi’yi kurtaracağını söyleyip kendi sarayına getirtti ve onu âsilere teslim etmeyeceklerine dair Kaptanıderyâ Canbolatzâde Mustafa Paşa ile birlikte padişaha söz verdi. Fakat buna rağmen Mûsâ Çelebi’nin kendi sarayında olduğunu âsilere bildirdi ve katledilmesini sağladı, ancak bunu yaparken haberi yokmuş gibi davranmayı da ihmal etmedi. Bu gelişme üzerine IV. Murad, öteden beri yaptıklarından dolayı büyük kin duyduğu Receb Paşa’yı ortadan kaldırmak için fırsat kollamaya başladı. Receb Paşa’nın da bu durumun farkında olduğunda şüphe yoktur. Muhtemelen IV. Murad’ın yerine saraydaki şehzadelerden birini tahta geçirme planlarını devreye sokmayı düşünüyor ve padişahın artık hareketsiz kaldığını, etrafında kimsenin bulunmadığını, dolayısıyla kendisine karşı bir tehdit oluşturmadığını zannediyordu. Fakat IV. Murad onun hiç beklemediği bir anda harekete geçti.
18 Mayıs tarihli raporunda Habsburg elçisi Schmid, sabah erkenden diplomatik meseleleri görüşmek üzere Receb Paşa’nın sarayında bulunduğu sırada bir kapıcıbaşının gelerek kendisini saraya çağırdığını, onun da hemen ata binerek saraya gittiğini ve bir başka kapıdan içeri alınarak cellâtlarıyla karşı karşıya kaldığını yazar (Ercan, s. 147-148). Bu anlatım, Receb Paşa’nın kendine olan güvenini ve padişahın herhangi bir kötü niyetinden şüphelenmediğini açık şekilde gösterir. Osmanlı kaynaklarına göre ise divandan sonra padişahın huzuruna çıkan Receb Paşa ansızın cellâtlarla karşılaştı ve daha önce ayak divanına çıkarken kendisine abdest alarak kulun karşısına çıkmasını tembihlediğini unutmayan padişahın, “Gel beri topal zorbabaşı, bre kâfir, abdest al” şeklindeki sert hitabına mâruz kalıp orada boğduruldu (28 Şevval 1041 / 18 Mayıs 1632). O sırada divanda bulunduğunu belirten tarihçi Peçuylu İbrâhim, Receb Paşa’nın sabahleyin divan sırasında uyuşukluk içinde uyuklayıp durduğunu, bundan hareketle uykusuz kalmış olduğunu düşündüğünü yazarken îmâ yoluyla hasımlarının dolduruşuna kurban gittiğini ifade eden cümleler kullanır (Târih , II, 426). Osmanlı kaynaklarında kibirli, hilekâr, ikiyüzlü olarak tanımlanan Receb Paşa’nın büyük bir servete sahip olduğu, bunların tamamına devlet tarafından el konulduğu bilinmektedir. Mehmed b. Mehmed onun hiçbir hayratının bulunmadığını belirtir. Dönemin önemli hekimi Emîr Çelebi Enmûzecü’t-tıb adlı eserini Receb Paşa adına yazmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Atâî, Zeyl-i Şekāik , s. 769; Hasanbeyzâde Ahmed, Târih (haz. Şevki Nezihi Aykut), Ankara 2004, III, 994, 1006, 1028, 1035; Mehmed b. Mehmed er-Rûmî (Edirneli)’nin Nuhbetü’t-tevârîh ve’l-ahbâr’ı ve Târîh-i Âl-i Osmân’ı (haz. Abdurrahman Sağırlı, doktora tezi, 2000), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 57-58; Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir (Kadrî) Efendi Târihi (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), Ankara 2003, I, 649, 703-708; II, 756-758, 765, 782, 784, 789, 794, 802-803, 806; Peçuylu İbrâhim, Târih , II, 420-426; Kâtib Çelebi, Fezleke (haz. Zeynep Aycibin, doktora tezi, 2007), Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, III, 672, 725, 732-733, 746-748, 767-768, 773, 793, 825-827, 854; Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi’nin Ravzatü’l-Ebrâr Adlı Eseri (1299-1648): Tahlil ve Metin (haz. İbrahim Özgül, doktora tezi, 2010), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 237, 246; Naîmâ, Târih (haz. Mehmet İpşirli), Ankara 2014, II, 475, 477, 501, 535; III, 604, 608, 637, 690-692, 703-717; İngiltere’nin İstanbul Elçisi Thomas Roe’nun Diplomatik Yazışmaları, 1621-1628 (haz. Ahmet Büyükaksoy, yüksek lisans tezi, 2012), MÜ Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, II, 868-871, 1125-1128; Hammer (Atâ Bey), IX, 132; J. W. Zinkeisen, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi (trc. Nilüfer Epçeli), İstanbul 2011, IV, 32-36, 99-104, 317-319; Hüseyin Onur Ercan, Osmanlı-Habsburg Diplomasisi: Rudolf Schmid’in Nihai Raporunun Türkçeye Çevirisi ve Otuz Yıl Savaşlarıyla İlişkisi (1629-1643) (yüksek lisans tezi, 2013), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 147-148, 298; L. P. Peirce, Harem-i Hümayun: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Hükümranlık ve Kadınlar (trc. Ayşe Berktay), İstanbul 1996, s. 301; M. Cavid Baysun, “Murad IV.”, İA , VIII, 627-629.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 419-421 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.